U.S. patent number 3,818,472 [Application Number 05/257,131] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-18 for r.f. system for detecting unauthorized travel of articles through a selected zone.
Invention is credited to Kenneth G. Mauk, Peter J. O'Neal.
United States Patent |
3,818,472 |
Mauk , et al. |
June 18, 1974 |
R.F. SYSTEM FOR DETECTING UNAUTHORIZED TRAVEL OF ARTICLES THROUGH A
SELECTED ZONE
Abstract
A theft detection system and method for detecting the passage of
articles through a monitored zone including affixing a relay
transponder to the articles, transmitting a preselected frequency
signal to the zone for pickup by the transponder and retransmission
to the ambient atmosphere, receiving and detecting the
retransmitted signal, and providing simultaneous digital control to
both the transmitting and the receiving means, whereby the latter
may be alternately energized during monitoring operation to provide
maximum sensitivity and minimum average power dissipation within
the system. The relay transponder may advantageously be an LC
parallel connected resonant tank circuit tuned to the preselected
frequency of the transmitter and providing by ringing action the
retransmitted signal detected in the receiver.
Inventors: |
Mauk; Kenneth G. (St. Louis
County, MO), O'Neal; Peter J. (St. Louis County, MO) |
Family
ID: |
22975021 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/257,131 |
Filed: |
May 26, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/572.4;
334/39; 340/572.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
13/2414 (20130101); G08B 13/2474 (20130101); G08B
13/2471 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08B
13/24 (20060101); G08b 013/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/280,258C,408,224,261 ;343/6.8R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Swann, III; Glen R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kalish; Ralph W.
Claims
Having described our invention, what we claim and desire to obtain
by Letters Patent is:
1. A theft detection system for detecting the passage of protected
articles through a selected area, said system comprising:
a. a transmitter for transmitting, when activated, radio frequency
signal bursts at a predetermined frequency to said selected
area;
b. a parallel connected inductance capacitance tank circuit tuned
to said predetermined frequency and adapted for affixation to
articles passing through the selected area;
c. a superheterodyne receiver for detecting, when activated, radio
frequency signal bursts retransmitted thereto from said tank
circuit at said predetermined frequency;
d. control means connected to both said transmitter and said
receiver and operative to alternately activate same at a chosen
control frequency;
e. alarm means comprising a main alarm signal channel including a
main alarm and an error alarm signal channel including an error
alarm, said alarm means including pulse shaping means connected to
said control means for reception of control signals therefrom and
connected also to both said alarm signal channels, said pulse
shaping means incorporating timing means for sorting the radio
frequency bursts detected by said receiver into said main alarm
channel if such bursts are detected during a predetermined time
interval and into said error alarm signal channel if such bursts
are detected at times other than said predetermined interval, and
counting means for counting a predetermined number of radio
frequency bursts for energizing at least one of said alarms.
2. A theft detection system as set forth in claim 1 wherein said
pulse counting means comprises:
a. first counting means in said main alarm signal channel for
counting a predetermined number of radio frequency bursts for
energizing said main alarm means to signal passage of a protected
article through said selected area; and b. second counting means in
said error alarm signal channel for counting a predetermined number
of radio frequency bursts for energizing said error alarm to signal
detection of spurious radio frequency bursts.
3. A theft detection system as set forth in claim 2 wherein each of
said alarm signal channels includes a respective AND gate, each of
said AND gates having a first input for receiving detected radio
frequency bursts and a second input interconnected with said pulse
shaping means.
4. A theft detection system as set forth in claim 3 wherein said
first and second counting means comprise respective shift
registers.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates in general to detection systems and, more
particularly, to a system for detecting movement of articles and
the like through a predetermined zone, which system is clocked or
programmed-controlled for maximum sensitivity with a minimum
average power dissipation.
BACKGROUND
Heretofore extensive efforts have been expended for developing
automatically operated theft detection systems primarily for usage
in retail stores where in recent years pilferage has occasioned
ever increasing financial loss. This development has been
understandably abetted by the trend in such stores toward
self-service. Various systems have been contrived for monitoring
check points, that is, zones within a store which must be traversed
by a customer immediately prior to, or in the course of, leaving
the store premises. The prior art systems have not provided a
requisite level of sensitivity so that detection of "protected
articles" is not reliable; the same have extremely limited
operational range; have required sophisticated electronics to
process the detected signal; have required the utilization of
substantial average power by requiring continuous operation.
Examples of such inadequate prior developments are shown in U. S.
Pat. Nos. 3,500,376; 3,534,358; 3,577,136; and 3,582,931.
Another example of a previous effort in this field is demonstrated
by U. S. Pat. No. 3,500,373 which discloses a theft detection
system comprehending a continuosly operating transmitter for
generating electromagnetic waves at a check point which sweep
repetitively through said check point at a given rate through a
frequency range. A wafer having an LC resonant tank circuit
provided thereon is attached to articles moving through the check
point and being at a resonant frequency within the range being
transmitted. The absorption of the wafer of power emitted by the
transmitter causes a corresponding dip in the power level on the
transmitter antenna and on the leads progressing therefrom. A
suitable electric detection system is incorporated for detecting
the power dip and thereby causes an alarm. Such system requires
constant, costly operation and is effective in only a limited area,
and with the power band being quite restricted. The wafer of this
system can, understandably, absorb only so much energy consonant
with its size so that a relative increase in the transmitted power
may well prevent the detection of any power dip by reason of the
relatively limited character thereof.
THE INVENTION
The general purpose of this invention is to provide a new and
improved theft detection system having all of the advantages of
similarly employed prior art theft detection systems and possessing
none of the aforesaid described disadvantages. To attain this
purpose, the theft detection system embodying the invention
includes means for transmitting a signal to a zone selected for
monitoring the passage therethrough of articles having suitably
affixed thereto a transponder or energy relaying member adapted to
receive a signal from the transmitting means and for retransmitting
same, and means for receiving the retransmitted signal. Digital
control means are connected to both the transmitting and receiving
means and alternately energize the same at a preselected frequency.
Means are coupled to the receiving means to detect a signal from
said transponder for energizing an alarm, and with such detection
means being uniquely contrived to avoid activation of said alarm by
reason of receipt of an erroneous signal. The transponder is of
electronic character and may be a resonant LC tank circuit or
appropriate resonant device fabricated in a small, semiconductor
wafer, or on a small printed circuit board which may be readily
secured to any type or merchandise and be as easily utilized for
personnel identification purposes.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
new and improved theft detection system adapted to operate with
maximum signal sensitivity and with a minimum average power
dissipation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a theft
detection system of the character stated which is adapted for
accommodating monitoring zones of any preselected extent without
diminution in reliability.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a theft
detection system of the character stated which may be readily
installed in stores and the like in a most economical fashion and
without requiring any extensive alterations.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a
detection system of the character stated which embodies means for
preventing energization of the system from signals received from
other than the bonafide source.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a theft
detection system of the character stated which comprehends a
simplicity of components, promoting substantial ecomony in
production and assembly; which system is resistant to breakdown;
which is durable and reliable in usage.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram, being partially pictorial of
a theft detection system constructed in accordance with and
embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the transmitter.
FIG. 3 is a wave form diagram of the clock and RF signals processed
by the transmitter diagrammatically shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a transponder or energy relayer for
engagement to articles to be monitored by the present system.
FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of the receiver.
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of the signal selector.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now by reference characters to the drawings which
illustrate the preferred embodiment of the present invention, Z
broadly indicates a zone Z to be monitored by a detection system
indicated generally A; said zone Z being a passageway, check point,
or the like, having opposed, spaced-apart lateral support members
1,1' and an upper transverse member 2 extending therebetween; said
members 1,1' and 2 being of any convenient character for properly
supporting and maintaining antennas 3, 4 and 5, respectively, for
purposes presently shown. It is apparent that zone Z may be located
at any convenient point within a retail establishment, as within
departments thereof, at check-out counters, exit ways, etc.
Antenna 3 is connected by an output conductor 6 to a transmitter 7,
which latter is also interconnected to antenna 5 by another output
conductor 8. Thus, lateral and overhead antennas 3,5 are disposed
for effectively flooding, as it were, zone Z with radio waves
radiated from transmitter 7 during energization thereof and at a
predetermined frequency.
As indicated in FIG. 2, transmitter 7 may include, for example, a
fixed frequency oscillator 9 having its output 10 connected to a
gated power amplifier stage, indicated 11. The output of amplifier
stage 11 is directly connected to transmitter antennas 3,5, as
above described. Connected to amplifier stage 11 is a control input
terminal 12 continuous with one output line 13 from a programmer or
clock 14 which may, for example, be a free-running, or astable
flip-flop, such as a cross-coupled, discrete transistor, or
monolithic transistor flip-flop cross-coupled and/or any biased
system used to generate simultaneously one or more distinct control
output signals, indicated To and Ro, of any desired clock
frequency. Also, it is apparent that programmer 14 may be a digital
signal generating unit. Output signal To is provided for
controlling transmitter 7 being conducted thereto along line 13 and
terminal 12. As illustrated in FIG. 3, programmer output signal To
is a fixed frequency square wave signal and drives amplifier stage
11 "on" and "off" at such frequency to gate the bursts of radio
frequency (RF) output signal from oscillator 9 through said
amplifier stage 11 for energizing antennas 3,5. Advantageously,
oscillator 9 may be a 1.25 megacycle stable crystal oscillator.
Programmer 14 is connected by a lead 15 to a control input 16 of a
receiver 17 which latter is engaged to antenna 4 by a conductor 18.
The output signal Ro provided by programmer 14, and which is out of
phase with respect to output signal To, controls the operation of
receiver 17. Accordingly, when signal Ro is delivered to receiver
17 the latter is energized and correspondingly transmitter 7 is
activated upon receipt of signal To, as indicated above. However,
since the said signals To and Ro are 180.degree. out of phase with
each other, transmitter 7 and receiver 17 are, perforce,
alternately energized or activated so that when transmitter 7 is
transmitting, receiver 17 is in an off state, and, conversely, when
receiver 17 is operative to receive signals, transmitter 7 is
quiescent. The alternation of operation of transmitter 7 and
receiver 17 is of any desired periodicity. However, for purposes of
example, the same are turned on and off with extreme rapidity,
preferably within a range of 2,000 to 10,000 times per second.
The output of receiver 17 is connected by a lead 19 to one input of
digital signal detector 20 for control of the latter. Said signal
detector 20 is also controlled by the output signal Ro of
programmer 14, which signal is applied through a conductor 21 to
another input of said detector 20. Digital detector 20 is provided
with a pair of outputs connected by leads 22,23 to a theft alarm
indicator 24, and a false alarm indicator 25, respectively. By
reason of operation of programmer 14, detector 20 will only
generate an output alarm signal along lead 22 upon the simultaneous
application of digital signals on lead 19 and conductor 21 which,
as shown, feed into detector 20.
From the foregoing it will be seen that zone Z is intermittently
suffused with electromagnetic waves emanating from transmitter
antennas 3,5 which, having a preselected frequency, cause
energization of a transponder or energy relayer 26 disposed within
zone Z. As will be developed more fully hereinbelow, transponder 26
will accept energy from the transmitter signals during the time
period that control signal To from programmer 14 is activating
transmitter 7. During the succeeding period in which transmitter 7
is turned off, and receiver 17 is energized by reason of acceptance
of control signal Ro from programmer 14, transponder 26 acts as a
transmitter and radiates the energy previously received from
antennas 3,5 to receiving antenna 4, with the received signal being
processed in receiver 17 and detector 20.
With reference being made to FIG. 4, it will be seen that
transponder or relayer 26 comprises essentially an inductance,
capacitance (LC) parallel, resonant tank circuit indicated
generally 27, including an inductor 28 and a capacitor 29 connected
in parallel by leads 30,30' and being suitably provided on one
surface 31 of a small mounting member 32, which latter may, for
example, be an extremely small printed circuit board with inductor
28 and capacitor 29 provided by the conventional printed circuit
metallization or silk screen techniques. Also, if desired, mounting
member 32 may be a monolithic semiconductor chip having capacitor
29 diffused therein and inductor 28 either provided on the chip
surface or within the body thereof.
The LC resonant tank circuit 27 exhibits a well known "ringing"
effect if the same is energized with electromagnetic radiation of,
or close to, the frequency to which the said circuit is tuned. Such
circuit will absorb such electromagnetic radiation and thereafter,
because of the character of the current flowing in conductor 28 and
capacitor 29, will demonstrate such ringing effect and radiate the
received electromagnetic radiation into the ambient atmosphere. The
energy stored in the transponder 26 is, by proper design, quickly
radiated. The signal thus relayed or radiated by tank circuit 27 is
recognizedly less strong than the received signal and, hence, must
be accepted by a suitable receiving antenna, such as antenna 4,
from which it may be considerably amplified. This so-called ringing
action by tank circuit 27 is sufficiently strong within the period
of the kilocycle clock frequency of programmer 14 for reception and
amplification purposes.
It is apparent that transponder 26 may be of most limited size and
weight so as to be readily affixed, as by a suitable pressure
sensitive adhesive, to almost any type of article, particularly of
the character found in retail stores, and with the dimensions
thereof being such as to permit the application of such
transponders to obscure places on the articles to avoid detection,
except by authorized personnel. Thus, in the normal course of
events, transponder 26 may be guardedly removed by a sales clerk at
the time of recognizing the purchase. Articles from which the
transponder 26 have not been removed will, upon passing through
zone Z, effect the activation of an alarm, in the manner to be
discussed hereinbelow, as an alert to the potential theft.
Transponder 26 may also be appropriately utilized in conjunction
with badges and the like for individuals moving into, and from,
classified areas, as in military establishments and defense
industries to assure security personnel of the clearance of such
individuals. Therefore, the versatility of transponder 26 in
conjunction with the system of the present invention is
manifest.
By reason of the link of receiver 17 to programmer 14, the same is
uninhibited when programmer 14 turns off transmitter 7. Thus, this
synchronized action permits receiver 17 to receive energy only from
transponder 26. As shown, the inhibit/uninhibit action of receiver
17 is controlled by the Ro signal of programmer 14. As shown in
FIG. 5, receiver 17 may be of relatively conventional character but
being modified to accept the aforesaid inhibit and uninhibit
signals from programmer 14. Receiver 17 could be of the
superheterodyne type comprising an RF amplifier 33 connected to
antenna 4 for initially amplifying the received signal from
transponder 26. The output of RF amplifier 33 is connected to a
frequency converter or mixer 34, another input side of which is
suitably connected to a local oscillator 35, the output of which is
mixed with the RF carrier within mixer 34. The output of mixer 34,
that is, the intermediate frequency (IF) is then directed
sequentially to preferably a plurality of IF amplifiers 36,37.
Although in actual practice a single IF amplifier is adequate, the
provision of at least two is found to provide better peaking and
the production of less erroneous signals. The output of said
amplifiers 36,37 is applied to the input side of a detector or
demodulator 38 for removing the intermediate frequency from the
signal and thus provides a digital control signal for application
to the digital signal detector 20 via lead 19.
The control signal Ro from programmer 14 being conducted along lead
15 and input 16 may be connected to either an input, as at 39 of RF
amplifier 33 for gating the relayed signal therethrough in
substantially the same manner as control signal To is used to
control the burst of radio frequency through transmitter 7; or may
be connected to an input 40 of local oscillator 35 for controlling
the burst of intermediate frequency in the output of mixer 34; said
alternative paths being selectively determined by positioning of
switch 41.
It is understood that receiver 17 may be of any desired type, such
as even a simple tuned amplifier with intermediate frequency
filters.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a preferred embodiment of digital selector
20 is illustrated with the same including a main or alarm signal
channel 42 and an auxilary or erroneous signal channel 43. The
digital control signal from receiver 17 is conducted along lead 19
to one input of each of two AND gates 44,45 provided in signal
channels 42,43, respectively. The output of AND gate 44 is suitably
connected for driving a first shift register 46. After a
predetermined number of sequential output pulses from AND gate 44
have been counted in register 46, the same will generate an output
signal detected by a monitoring AND gate 47 and passed along a
conductor 48 to theft alarm 24. Shift register 46 may be of
conventional character utilizing a plurality of commercially
available cascaded flip flops which can be clocked from a common
clock line (not shown). Sequential decimal counting is preferred to
a binary counter.
The output of AND gate 45 in channel 43 is connected to the input
of a shift register 49, which is of the same character as register
46 and which, after having counted a predetermined number of
sequential output pulses, generates an output signal for detection
by a monitoring AND gate 50 for passage along a lead 51 to false
alarm indicator 25 for energization of the latter.
The control signal Ro from programmer 14 passes along conductor 21
for delivery to the input 52 of a one-shot pulse shaper 53 which is
within digital selector 20 and a part thereof. Said shaper 53 is
operative to generate out-of-phase pulses .DELTA.Ro and .DELTA.Ro
on output lines 54,55, respectively, which latter are connected to
second inputs 56,57 on AND gates 44,45, respectively. A timing gate
58 is provided within pulse shaper 53 for modifying the time
reference of signal .DELTA.Ro to avoid shift register 49 from
"seeing" signals at other than .DELTA.Ro time. Thus, timing gate 58
permits shift register 49 to count during any interval when shift
register 46 is not counting. Channels 42 and 43, by virtue of
timing gate 58, are alternatively enabled during the presence of
.DELTA.Ro and .DELTA.Ro signals, respectively, at the output of
shaper 53. In this manner, main channel 42 may be utilized to
detect the presence of an article bearing transponder 26 within
zone Z and then be disabled during the subsequent .DELTA.Ro pulse
which enables channel 43. The nature of the timing gate 58 is such
that shift register 46 is enabled only for a short period of time
immediately subsequent to the termination of the transmitter
signal. It is within this short period that signals would be
radiated from the transponder 26 if it is present in zone Z. During
the balance of such period, between transmitter pulses, shift
register 49 is enabled by .DELTA.Ro, thereby permitting spurious
signals to be detected by channel 43. Shaper 53 may be of standard
type, modified to produce timing signals for operation of channels
42,43.
Channel 43 serves to detect the presence of extraneous
electromagnetic radiation which may be accepted by receiver antenna
4, but which does, obviously, not emanate from transponder 26. Such
signals may originate with any of the myriad types of wave
generating devices in current use, such as, transistor radios,
heart pace makers, electrical appliances, static electricity, and
the like.
The action of timing gate 58 is such as to render the circuit
immune to external spurious signals which are of lower frequency
than the pulsing rate of the transmitter and to signals of
insufficient strength to be detected by shift registers 46,49. By
suitable choice of transmitter pulsing frequency and transmitter
power output level, the vast majority of spurious signals are
thereby automatically excluded. If, however, a spurious signal is
present of proper amplitude and frequency to be detected by
registers 46,49, it will trigger the error channel. This will cause
the error signal to be actuated, indicating that corrective action
must be taken either to remove the source of the particular
disturbance, or to adjust the power level and/or pulsing rate of
the transmitter to cause the circuit to ignore the spurious
signal.
It is apparent that theft alarm 24 and false alarm signal 25 may be
of any suitable type, such as, providing an aural signal, or a
visual signal, if desired; such being within the range of one
skilled in the art.
In view of the foregoing, it is to be observed that the present
system minimizes power dissipation by virtue of the alternative
operation of transmitter 7 and receiver 17. Also by this
arrangement a single tuned frequency may be utilized with full
reliability since receiver 17 is controlled so as to be in a
non-receiving state when transmitter 7 is operating.
Transponder 26 actually serves as a floating transmitter and may be
energized by any given frequency and with a relatively low power
level. Power may be increased or decreased as desired for
commensurately increasing or decreasing the effective volume of
zone Z.
Transponder 26, as indicated above, may be of any suitable type and
being also adapted for encapsulation in plastic and attachment to
any type of non-metallic card or the like, such as, fiber board,
cardboard, plastic, etc. One shot pulse shaper 53 may be a
monostable multi-vibrator and could be replaced by two such
shapers, one for each signal period, but being appropriately tied
together.
* * * * *