U.S. patent number 3,818,427 [Application Number 05/328,742] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-18 for process for recording acoustic, synthetic and microwave holograms.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Siemens Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Reiner Diehl, Dietlind Pekau.
United States Patent |
3,818,427 |
Pekau , et al. |
June 18, 1974 |
PROCESS FOR RECORDING ACOUSTIC, SYNTHETIC AND MICROWAVE
HOLOGRAMS
Abstract
The process of recording acoustic, synthetic and microwave
holograms in which the object wave field emanating from an object
is scanned point by point and row by row by a receiving transducer
which produces electrical output signals which are transformed into
light signals that are recorded as holograms on a light sensitive
medium in rows characterized by displacing every second row with
respect to every first row in a direction parallel to the rows of
the light signals being recorded to improve the signal to noise
ratio of an image reconstructed from the hologram. Preferably, the
displacement between adjacent rows is less than the resolving power
of the reconstructed image of the hologram.
Inventors: |
Pekau; Dietlind (Krailling,
DT), Diehl; Reiner (Bremen, DT) |
Assignee: |
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
(Berlin and Munich, DT)
|
Family
ID: |
5836123 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/328,742 |
Filed: |
February 1, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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|
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Feb 16, 1972 [DT] |
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2207279 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
367/8; 73/603;
367/115; 342/179; 347/225 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03H
3/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03H
3/00 (20060101); G03b 041/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/5H ;73/67.5H
;181/.5NP ;346/17R,108,109,11R ;343/17 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Farley; Richard A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hill, Gross, Simpson, Van Santen,
Steadman, Chiara & Simpson
Claims
We claim:
1. In a process of recording acoustic, synthetic and microwave
holograms in which process an object wave field emanating from an
object is scanned point by point and row by row by a receiving
transducer which produces an electrical output signal which are
transformed into light signals that are recorded as holograms on a
light sensitive medium point by point in rows, the improvement
comprising displacing every second row with respect to every first
row in a direction parallel to the rows as the light signals are
being recorded row by row on the light sensitive medium.
2. In a process according to claim 1, wherein the degree of row
displacement is less than the resolving power of the reconstructed
image of the recorded hologram.
3. In a process according to claim 1, wherein the electric output
signals are transformed into light signals by being applied to an
oscilloscope screen to produce an optical image which image is
recorded by a light sensitive medium and wherein the step of
displacing every second row with respect to every first row is
accomplished by adding a constant rectangular wave-form voltage to
the deflection voltage of the oscilloscope screen during
transforming of the electric signals of every second row, said
rectangular wave-form voltage having a frequency equal to half the
frequency of the deflecting voltage of the oscilloscope.
4. In a process according to claim 3, wherein the degree of the row
displacement is less than the resolving power of the reconstructed
image of the recorded hologram.
5. In a process according to claim 1, wherein the step of
displacing every second row with respect to every first row is
accomplished by applying time delay to the electrical signal output
of the receiving transducer for every second row of the hologram
which is to be recorded.
6. In a process according to claim 5, wherein the degree of row
displacement is less than the resolving power of the reconstructed
image of the recorded hologram.
7. In a process according to claim 1, wherein the direction of
scanning for every second row by the receiving transducer is in an
opposite direction to the direction of scanning for every first
row, and wherein the electrical signals are transformed into the
light signals by being applied to an incandescent bulb with the
displacing of the second rows with respect to the first rows
utilizing the inertia of the incandescent bulb.
8. In a process according to claim 7, wherein the degree of row
displacement is less than the resolving power of the reconstructed
image of the recorded hologram.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a process for recording
acoustic, synthetic and microwave holograms in which a receiving
transducer scans an object field emanating from an object to
produce electrical output signals which are subsequently
transformed into light signals and are recorded on a light
sensitive medium to form the hologram.
2. Prior Art
In the reconstruction of holograms, in order to spatially separate
the image of the object from non-diffracted light and the
conjugated image, conventional holography processes utilize a
reference wave which strikes at an angle to the object wave during
the recording of the hologram. In acoustic and microwave holography
since linear receivers are employed for the reception of the
microwaves or sound waves, the reference wave is generally added
electrically. There are two possibilities of electronically
producing the reference wave. The first possibility consists in
scanning the sound field point by point and at every scanned point
adding a sound or microwave frequency reference signal to the
received signal. This results in a reference wave being simulated
which runs normal to the hologram plane. In this possibility, the
object must be displaced perpendicular to the hologram normal in
order to obtain the necessary angle between the object and
reference wave. In the second possibility, a reference wave, which
falls obliquely to the hologram plane, is simulated by changing the
phase of the reference signal, which has the same frequency, at
every scanned point.
Since the maxim angle between the object and reference waves is
limited in many cases, there are regions of the object which occur
at an angle to the hologram normal which angle lies in the vicinity
of the angle of incidence of the reference wave. Therefore, in the
reconstruction of holograms, these object regions are either
separated only slightly from the non-diffracted light or partly
superimposed by the non-diffracted light. The non-diffused light is
then filtered out in the Fourier transformation plane of the
hologram but in the particular case of the small angle, a
considerable impairment of the signal/noise ratio may occur.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a process for the recording of
acoustic, synthetic or microwave holograms which during
reconstruction of the hologram enable the complete separation of
the reconstruction image from the non-diffracted light so that a
considerable improved signal to noise ratio can be obtained. The
process records the hologram by scanning point by point and row by
row the object wave field emanating from an object by a receiving
transducer which produces an electrical output signal which is
transformed into light signals that are recorded as holograms on a
light sensitive medium in rows with the improvement comprising
displacing every second row with respect to every first row in a
direction parallel to the rows as the light signal is being
recorded row by row on the light sensitive medium. Preferably, the
degree of row displacement is less than the resolving power of the
reconstructed image. In one embodiment of the process, the
electrical signals are transformed into light signals by being
presented on an oscilloscope screen and the step of displacing is
accomplished by adding to the deflecting voltage of the
oscilloscope a rectangular wave-form voltage whose frequency is
equal to half of the frequency of the deflecting voltage of the
oscilloscope. In a second embodiment, the row displacement of every
second row is accomplished by applying a time delay to the
electrical output signals from the receiving transducer when
scanning the second rows. In a third embodiment of the process of
the invention, the receiving transducer scans the first rows in one
direction and the second rows in an opposite direction and the
electrical signals are transformed by an incandescent lamp or bulb
into the light signals and the step of displacing utilizes the
inertia of the incandescent bulb to produce the desired
displacement between the rows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 schematically shows an arrangement for executing the
recording process according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a hologram with displaced rows produced by the
process of the present invention;
FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows an arrangement for a reconstruction
of the holograms with displaced rows;
FIG. 4 schematically shows an embodiment of the arrangement for
executing the recording process according to the present invention;
and
FIG. 5 schematically shows another embodiment of the arrangement
for executing the recording process according to the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The principles of the present invention are particularly useful in
the method of recording an acoustic, synthetic or microwave
hologram. For example, for recording of acoustic holograms, the
amplitude and phase distribution of a sound field produced by a
coherently irradiated object is scanned on a receiving plane
(x.sub.O, y.sub.O) by a receiver transducer such as a sound
receiver. A coherent reference signals is attached to the output of
the sound receiver and the interference signal which has thus been
formed is visibly represented on electro-optical transducer and is
then stored by being recorded on film. The sound receiver can be a
matrix of sound transducers which are electrically scanned or a
single sound transducer which is mechanically moved over the
receiving plane and thus scans the sound field in rows having
predetermined spaced intervals.
In FIG. 1, an example of a device for performing the process is
illustrated. An object which is to be recorded for example a metal
plate 1, which has holes, is arranged in a tank 2 containing
liquid. To irradiate the object 1, an oscillator 3 produces a
signal which is amplified by an amplifier 4 which drives a sound
transmitter 5 which is disposed in the tank 2 and can be a
transducer which irradiates the object 1 with coherent sound waves.
The sound waves from the transducer 5 are diffracted by the object
1 to produce a sound field having an amplitude and phase
distribution in a receiving plane 8' which is on the liquid surface
of the tank 2. The sound field in plane 8' is scanned by an
ultrasonic receiver 8.
The ultrasonic receiver 8 is a receiving transducer which as
illustrated is moved to scan the sound field in the receiving plane
8' point by point along rows. The movement of the receiver 8 is
controlled in two dimensions by a mechanical shifting device
identified as X-Y. The receiver 8 converts the ultrasonic signal
into an electrical signal which is amplified by amplifier 9 and
then conducted to a mixer stage 7. In the mixer stage 7, a signal,
which is obtained from the oscillator 3, is added to the electrical
signal obtained from the ultrasonic receiver 8. A resultant
interference signal formed by the mixing of the coherent reference
signal with the electrical signal from the receiver 8 is used to
control the brightness of an incandescent bulb 10 which is moved
synchronously with the ultrasonic receiver 8. To record the
hologram point by point and row by row, a camera 11 is focused on
the bulb 10.
The camera 11 records the optical signals from the incandescent
bulb 10 on a storage medium, such as a light sensitive medium 14,
in rows 12 and 13 which have a spacing of .DELTA.x between rows as
illustrated in FIG. 2. The improvement of the process is the
displacing of every alternative row so that every second row 13 is
displaced a distance .DELTA.y with respect to every first row 12 in
a direction parallel to the rows.
There are several embodiments of the improved recording process for
obtaining the desired displacement .DELTA.y. In one embodiment,
(FIG. 4) the output signal of the mixer stage 7 is conducted to an
oscilloscope 6 which converts the electrical signal to an optical
signal by displaying the signal on a screen. The screen display is
then recorded by the camera 11. To obtain the desired displacing of
every second row, a constant rectangular wave-form voltage from
means 25 is applied to the deflecting voltage of the oscilloscope
while the signal of the every second row are being displayed. The
constant rectangular wave-form has a frequency which amounts to
half the frequency of the deflecting voltage and cause the
displacement .DELTA.y for every second row 13.
A second embodiment (FIG. 5) of the process for producing the
displacement is by delaying the output of the mixer stage 7 to the
bulb 10 by means 26 of an electric delay line when the stage 7 is
producing the signals for the second row. The time delay causes the
desired spatially displacement .DELTA.y for the recording of each
of the second rows 13 with regard to the first rows 12.
A third embodiment of the process for producing the displacement is
a process in which the receiving transducer 8 scans the rows 12 in
one direction and the rows 13 in the opposite direction. The
electrical signal from the mixer stage 7 is applied to the
incandescent bulb 10 which has a time delay due to inertia. Since
row 12 is scanned in one direction and row 13 in scanned in
opposite directions, the inertia of the bulb 10 produces the
desired displacement .DELTA.y.
During reconstruction, the row displacement causes a scanning
frequency of the amplitude and phase information of the object wave
field to be effectively halved while maintaining a uniform band
width and while the row displacement does not affect the constant
to slowly varying component of the hologram transmission which
produces a non-diffracted light during reconstruction. Thus the
scanning frequency of the non-diffracted component amounts to
double the recorded scanning frequency of the image information. In
the Fourier transformation plane of the hologram these components
are spatially divided by this frequency difference so that the
non-diffracted light can be filtered out without impairing the
signal to noise ratio.
A reconstruction of the hologram with the displaced rows is
illustrated in FIG. 3. The row displacements run parallel to the
image plane of the figures. For reconstruction, the hologram 14 is
illuminated with a convergent laser beam 15 which has a focal plane
16. Due to the illumination by the laser beam 15, the reconstructed
image 17 of the object is produced shortly before the focal plane
16 and a conjugated image 18 together with higher order
diffractions is formed behind the focal plane 16. In the focal
plane 16 of the laser beam 15 as a result of the row displacement,
the first orders of diffraction of the reconstructed image 17 and
18 are spatially separated from the non-diffracted light and the
first order of diffraction of the constant component of the
hologram transmission (the latter components lie outside of the
image plane of FIG. 3).
The non-diffracted light as well as the higher orders of
diffraction which do not contribute to the image reconstruction can
be filtered out due to the spatial separation by providing a mask
with a light transmitting area or aperture on the focal plane 16.
By providing an enlargement lens 19, an enlarged image 20 of the
image 18 can be created.
Although minor modifications might be suggested by those versed in
the art, it should be understood that we wish to embody in the
scope of the patent granted hereon all such modifications as
reasonably and properly come within the scope of our contribution
to the art.
* * * * *