U.S. patent number 3,818,333 [Application Number 05/279,190] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-18 for microwave window and antenna apparatus for moisture measurement of fluidized material.
Invention is credited to Charles W. E. Walker.
United States Patent |
3,818,333 |
Walker |
June 18, 1974 |
MICROWAVE WINDOW AND ANTENNA APPARATUS FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF
FLUIDIZED MATERIAL
Abstract
A microwave window and antenna apparatus is described for
measuring the moisture content of "fluidized" material including
particulate material, such as sand, or liquid material, such as
oil. The container for the fluidized material is provided with a
pair of microwave windows which project into the container and are
in alignment with microwave transmitting and receiving antennas
that cause a microwave beam to be radiated through such windows and
the fluidized material and partially absorbed by the moisture
therein. The microwave windows include flat inner end portions
which extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
microwave beam axis. The microwave antennas are in the form of
dielectric rods and are each surrounded by a sheath of dielectric
material having a dielectric constant lower than that of the
antenna rod and higher than air which fills the space between such
rod and the window. This prevents undesirable reflection and
refraction of the microwaves and transmission of such microwaves as
surface waves along the container surface. When the fluidized
material is sand or other abrasive material, the microwave window
is made of a hard polycrystalline ceramic, such as aluminum oxide,
to reduce wear.
Inventors: |
Walker; Charles W. E.
(Vancouver, British Columbia, CA) |
Family
ID: |
23068015 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/279,190 |
Filed: |
August 9, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
324/640;
343/785 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
22/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
22/04 (20060101); G01N 22/00 (20060101); G01r
027/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/58.5A,58.5R,58.5B
;343/785 ;219/10.55 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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143,236 |
|
Mar 1961 |
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SU |
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253,186 |
|
Nov 1970 |
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SU |
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Primary Examiner: Krawczewicz; Stanley T.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Klarquist, Sparkman, Campbell,
Leigh, Hall & Whinston
Claims
I claim:
1. Microwave moisture measurement apparatus, comprising:
container means for containing fluidized material whose moisture
content is to be measured and having a pair of aligned openings
through the container wall;
microwave transmitting means for generating a microwave beam
including at least one transmitting antenna mounted at one of said
openings, said transmitting means transmitting said beam through
said openings and across the entire width of all the fluidized
material in the container means;
microwave receiving means including at least one receiving antenna
mounted at the other of said openings in alignment with said
transmitting antenna so that said microwave beam is transmitted to
said receiving antenna after passing through said fluidizied
material, said
transmitting and receiving antennas being dielectric rods,
mounting means for mounting the antenna rods so as to prevent said
rods from contacting any of the fluidized material; and
a pair of microwave window members of dielectric material attached
over said openings in said container wall and positioned between
said antennas, said window members having substantially flat inner
end portions extending into said container which are substantially
parallel to each other and substantially perpendicular to the axis
of said microwave beam transmitted through said inner end
portions.
2. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 in which the container is a
hopper for holding particulate material and having inwardly sloping
side walls extending downward toward the bottom of the hopper, said
window members being positioned over openings in the sloping side
wall so that their inner end portions extend at an acute angle to
said side walls.
3. Apparatus in accordance with claim 2 in which the sloping side
wall forms an acute angle with the microwave beam axis so that
microwave reflections from said wall do not reach the transmitting
antenna to cause standing wave patterns.
4. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 in which the antennas rods
are mounted on said windows by said mounting means.
5. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 in which the antenna rods
are each surrounded by a solid dielectric sheath which has a
dielectric constant lower than that of said antenna rods, higher
than that of air and substantially the same as that of dry
fluidized material, said sheath filling the space between said rods
and said windows.
6. Apparatus in accordance with claim 2 in which said window
members are made of a polycrystalline ceramic material of high
hardness.
7. Apparatus in accordance with claim 2 in which the window members
are made of aluminum oxide ceramic.
8. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 in which the inner end
portions of the window member have a uniform thickness equal to
one-half the wave length of the microwaves in said beam.
9. Apparatus in accordance with claim 5 in which each antenna rod
is mounted in a metal casing having an open end covered by said
microwave window and having a layer of microwave absorber material
provided on the inner surface of said casing.
10. Microwave moisture measurement apparatus comprising:
microwave means for generating a beam of microwaves and
transmitting said beam through test material to determine its
moisture content, said means including at least one microwave
antenna in the form of a dielectric rod;
a microwave window of dielectric material;
a sheath of dielectric material surrounding the antenna rod and
filling the space between said window and said rod, said sheath
having a lower dielectric constant than said rod; and
an antenna housing containing said antenna rod and said sleeve,
said housing being opaque to said microwaves and having an opening
covered by said window for the transmission of said microwave beam
through said opening.
11. Apparatus in accordance with claim 10 in which the housing is
of metal and has a layer of microwave absorber material provided on
its inner surface.
12. Apparatus in accordance with claim 10 in which the microwave
means includes a pair of microwave antennas in the form of
dielectric rods positioned on the opposite sides of said test
material for transmitting said microwave beam between said pair of
rod antennas, each antenna being contained in a separate antenna
housing having a microwave window and being surrounded by a sheath
of dielectric material between said window and said antenna.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The subject matter of the present invention relates generally to
microwave apparatus for measuring the moisture content of
"fluidized" material including particulate material, such as sand,
as well as liquids, such as oil. In particular the microwave
moisture measurement apparatus of the present invention includes
pairs of improved microwave windows covering openings in the
opposite sides of the container holding the fluidized material to
enable a microwave beam to be radiated through such material. The
microwave windows project into the container and include flat inner
end portions which extend substantially parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the microwave beam axis in order to eliminate
refraction of the microwave beam at the window and to prevent the
microwaves from being transmitted as a surface wave over the inner
surface of the container. Microwave transmitting and receiving
antennas in the form of dielectric rods are positioned outside the
microwave windows and are each surrounded by a sheath of dielectric
material of lower dielectric constant which fills the space between
the rod and window. The dielectric windows are made of a thickness
equal to one-half the wavelength of the microwaves to prevent
reflections from the window surfaces from causing standing wave
patterns. In addition, the microwave beam axis can be provided at
an acute angle between 40.degree. and 65.degree. to the container
wall in order to prevent microwave reflections back to the
transmitting antenna which tend to produce standing wave patterns
that cause inaccuracies in the moisture measurement, as discussed
in my earlier U.S. Pat. No. 3,534,260.
It is, therefore, one object of the present invention to provide an
improved microwave moisture measurement apparatus for measuring the
moisture content of fluidized material.
A further object of the present invention is to provide such a
microwave moisture measurement apparatus of high accuracy and
sensitivity in which the microwave beam is radiated through the
fluidized material in a container, while preventing such microwaves
from being transmitted as surface waves along the surface of the
container and preventing refraction of the microwave beam as it
passes through microwave windows provided on opposite sides of the
container.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a microwave
moisture measurement apparatus in which a pair of microwave windows
are provided over openings in the sides of a container containing
the fluidized material, such windows extending into the container
and having substantially flat inner end portions extending parallel
to each other and perpendicular to the microwave beam axis.
Still another object of the invention is to provide such a
microwave moisture measurement apparatus in which the microwave
transmitting and receiving antennas are in the form of dielectric
rods, and the space between such antennas and the microwave windows
is filled by a dielectric sheath of lower dielectric constant than
such antennas.
An additional object of the invention is to prevent microwave
reflections back to the antennas which produce standing wave
patterns that tend to cause inaccurate moisture measurements, by
providing the microwave beam axis at an acute angle with respect to
the container wall and by providing the microwave window with a
thickness equal to one-half the wavelength of the microwaves.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be
apparent from the following detailed description of certain
preferred embodiments thereof and from the attached drawings of
which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a microwave moisture measurement
apparatus in accordance with the invention suitable for measuring
particulate material within a hopper;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical section view taken generally along
the line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged vertical section view of the microwave window
and dielectric rod antenna assembly employed in the apparatus of
FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of the present
microwave moisture measurement apparatus suitable for measuring
liquid in a pipe, with parts broken away for clarity;
FIG. 5 is a horizontal section view taken along the line 5--5 of
section 4;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a third embodiment of such microwave
moisture measurement apparatus for measuring liquid in a pipe, with
parts broken away for clarity; and
FIG. 7 is a horizontal section view taken along the line 7--7 of
FIG. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, one embodiment of the present invention
includes a container 10 which may be of the hopper type containing
moist particulate material such as sand. The hopper is provided
with a pair of microwave windows 14 and 16 covering openings on
opposite sides of such hopper which enable a microwave beam to be
transmitted through such particulate material from a transmitting
antenna 18 to a receiving antenna 20 mounted outside of such
windows. The microwave signals are produced in a conventional
manner by a microwave generator 22 and transmitted to the antennas
18 which each radiate a microwave beam of a frequency absorbed by
water which has a resonant frequency of about 22 gigahertz. Thus, a
portion of the microwave beam is absorbed by the water in the moist
particulate material 12, while the remainder of such beam is
transmitted to the receiving antenna 20. The microwave signal
outputs of the receiving antennas are connected to a suitable
microwave detector circuit 24 that produces an output signal
voltage proportional to the percentage moisture content of the
particulate material, as discussed in my earlier U.S. Pat. No.
3,534,260.
The microwave windows 14 and 16 are mounted on inwardly sloping
metal sidewalls 26 and 28 of the hopper which extend downward to
the discharge chute. The axis 30 of the microwave beam forms an
acute angle in the range of between 40.degree. and 65.degree., and
preferably about 53.degree., with the container walls 26 and 28 in
order to prevent microwave reflections from such side walls from
reaching the transmitting antenna 18 and producing standing waves
which tend to cause inaccuracies in the moisture measurement. As
shown in FIG. 1, two pairs of transmitting and receiving antennas
18 and 20 may be employed to cover the entire width of the hopper,
and the microwave detector circuit 24 is connected to give a
moisture percentage reading which is the average of these two
microwave beams.
The microwave windows 14 and 16 each project into the container and
are provided with a relatively flat inner end portion 32 which
extends substantially parallel to the other inner end portion of
the opposite window and substantially perpendicular to the axis 30
of the microwave beam. This prevents refraction of the microwave
beam when it passes through the window and also prevents the
microwaves from being transmitted as surface waves along the
container surface which tend to give inaccurate moisture
measurements. In addition, the microwave windows 14 and 16 are
provided with inner end portions 32 of substantially uniform
thickness equal to one-half the wavelength of the microwaves so
that microwave reflections from the inner surface and the outer
surface of such window cancel each other and thereby prevent
standing wave patterns from being produced.
While the microwave windows may be made of any suitable dielectric
material which does not absorb microwaves, it has been found that a
hard crystalline ceramic material, such as an aluminum oxide
ceramic, is preferable when measuring sand or other abrasive
particulate material. The bottom of the hopper is normally closed
by a discharge chute including two center opening doors 34 when
moisture measurements are being made. It should be noted that the
hopper doors are mounted on pivots 35 and 36 and are pivoted to
open and close the hopper. However, when the doors are opened to
discharge sand from the hopper, such sand runs down along the
surface of the microwave windows and would abrade such windows if
they are not of a harder material than such sand. Of course,
aluminum oxide ceramic or "alumina" is much harder than sand since
alumina has a hardness of 9 on the original mhos scale, while sand
has a hardness on the order of 6 or 7 mhos, depending upon whether
it contains quartz or other similar hard material.
As shown in FIG. 3, the microwave antennas 18 and 20 are both in
the form of dielectric rods of a tapered conical shape and may be
made of any suitable material of a high dielectric constant, such
as aluminum oxide ceramic. While conventional microwave horns can
be employed as the antennas, the dielectric rod antennas have the
advantage that they are of smaller size and are more easily
imbedded in a surrounding dielectric as hereafter described. The
microwave beam is radiated from the output end 38 of the
transmitting antenna 18. The transmitting and receiving antennas 18
and 20 are both surrounded by a sheath 40 of dielectric material
having a dielectric constant which is lower than that of the
antenna and window and is higher than that of air. For example, the
sheath 40 may be of polyethylene plastic material having a
dielectric constant of about 2.4 which is approximately the same as
the dielectric constant 2.5 to 3.0 of the dry particulate material
12, while the alumina ceramic antenna and window have a dielectric
constant of 9. The dielectric sheath 40 fills the entire space
between the microwave window 16 and the antenna 18 and prevents
microwave reflections by reducing the dielectric constant
discontinuities in the microwave beam path since the dielectrics on
opposite sides of the window have substantially the same dielectric
constant. A metal casing 42 is provided around each antenna and is
clamped by bolts 44 to the microwave window 16 which acts as a
cover to close the open end of such metal casing and thereby forms
the complete antenna housing. A layer of microwave absorber
material 46, such as plastic foam containing carbon particles, is
provided on the inner surface of the metal casing 42 in order to
absorb microwave rays reflected from the interior of the housing to
reduce the reflected microwaves that escape through the microwave
window. Of course, the metal casing 42 stops all microwaves from
being transmitted into or out of the housing through such casing
and prevents microwaves from traveling between the antennas around
the outside of the hopper. The microwave signal is transmitted into
the input end of the transmitting antenna 18 through a metal
launching pin 48 extending perpendicular to the side of such input
end.
The microwave window 16, antenna 18 and casing 42 are all mounted
on the container side wall 28 by a tubular metal sleeve 50 welded
at one end to the side wall and fastened at its other end by bolts
44 to the metal casing 42 and window 16. It should be noted that
rubber gaskets 52 are provided between the ceramic window 16 and
metal flanges 54 and 56 attached to the sleeve 50 and the metal
casing 42, respectively, to hermetically seal the antenna housing
to keep out moisture and to prevent cracking of the ceramic during
clamping by bolts 44. In a similar manner a liner 58 of plastic,
such as polyvinyl chloride filled with microwave absorbing
particles may be provided between the outer surface of the ceramic
window 16 and the inner surface of the metal sleeve 50 to prevent
cracking of the ceramic window and to act as a microwave absorber
which prevents the launching of surface microwaves into the hopper
along sleeve 50.
As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the microwave window and antenna
apparatus described above may be employed for measuring the
moisture content of a liquid, such as oil, transmitted through a
pipe 60. Thus, the microwave windows 14 and 16 extend into the pipe
and have their inner end portions 32 substantially parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the microwave beam axis 30. In this
embodiment, the microwave beam axis 30 is in a direction
substantially perpendicular to the pipe axis 62, but is displaced
downwardly from such pipe axis to prevent microwave reflections
from the pipe wall from reaching the transmitting antenna 18 and
causing the standing wave patterns to be produced.
Another embodiment is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 which is similar to
that of FIGS. 4 and 5 except that the pipe 60' is provided with
openings in the opposite sides thereof which are longitudinally
spaced from each other so that the microwave windows 14 and 16
covering such apertures are skewed with respect to the pipe axis
64. As a result, the microwave beam axis 30 intercepts the pipe
axis 62 and the pipe wall at an acute angle in the range of between
40.degree. to 65.degree., and preferably about 53.degree., in order
to prevent microwave reflections from being transmitted from the
inner surface of the pipe back to the transmitting antenna and
causing the formation of standing wave patterns.
While the same materials can be employed to provide the microwave
windows and antennas in the embodiments of FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7 as
that used in FIGS. 1 to 3, described previously, it is also
possible to use different materials. Thus, a suitable plastic, such
as Teflon, can be used for the microwave windows when they do not
have to be abrasion resistant. In addition, polystyrene and
polyethylene plastics may also be used for the windows as well as
for antenna rods. It should be noted that for smaller dielectric
rod antennas which might be necessary to fit in oil pipelines,
microwaves in the x-band frequency can be employed.
It will be obvious to those having ordinary skill in the art that
many changes may be made in the details of the above-described
preferred embodiment of the present invention without departing
from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the
present invention should only be determined by the following
claims.
* * * * *