U.S. patent number 3,817,040 [Application Number 05/268,516] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-18 for pile driving method.
Invention is credited to Elbert M. Stevens.
United States Patent |
3,817,040 |
Stevens |
June 18, 1974 |
PILE DRIVING METHOD
Abstract
A method for driving tubular piling into ground beneath water in
which the end of the piling is sealed against the ground and a
vacuum is applied in the upper end of the piling to draw the piling
downward and to draw a portion of the ground into the piling.
Thereafter, the piston effect may be used to adjust the level of
the piling.
Inventors: |
Stevens; Elbert M. (San
Antonio, TX) |
Family
ID: |
23023360 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/268,516 |
Filed: |
July 3, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/228; 114/295;
175/20 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E02D
7/24 (20130101); E02D 2250/0053 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02D
7/00 (20060101); E02D 7/24 (20060101); E02d
007/18 (); B63b 021/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/53.5,53,63,52,53.74
;114/206,207 ;175/20,405 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Shapiro; Jacob
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lee; Ted D. Comuzzi; Donald R.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for driving tubular piling into ground beneath
overlying water comprising
a. providing a piston in said piling;
b. sealing one end of said piling against the underlying
ground;
c. filling with water the lower chamber of the piling between said
piston and the ground;
d. closing the upper chamber in the interior of said piling
immediately above said piston and
e. evacuating the closed upper chamber to draw said piling
downwardly with respect to said piston and the ground and to draw a
portion of the ground into said lower chamber.
2. The method of claim 1 including the step of hydraulically
agitating the ground opposite the piston after the piling has been
sealed against the ground.
3. The method of claim 2 including the step of subsequently
removing matter from the lower chamber below the piston.
4. The method of claim 1 including the step of introducing a
particulate solid into the lower region of said piling and
thereafter compacting said particulate solids by applying pressure
in the piling above the solids.
5. The method of claim 4 including the step of applying pressure to
the upper region of the piling to raise the piling to a desired
level.
6. An apparatus for driving tubular piling including;
a. a piston mounted for reciprocating on said piling and dividing
said piling longitudinally into two chambers;
b. means for filling a first of said chambers with water, said
filling means including a pipe extending longitudinally in said
piling; and
c. means for closing and evacuating the second of said chambers,
said closing and evacuating means including a head on said
piling;
d. said piston having an aperture for receiving said pipe slidably
therethrough, said head having a first aperture communicating with
said pipe and a second aperture communicating with said second
chamber.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 in which the head is detachably
mounted on said piling.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 including a collar slideably
mounted on the exterior of said piling.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the driving and setting of pilings
and is more particularly concerned with the driving, adjusting and
setting of tubular pilings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Prior systems for driving tubular pilings have included
impact-driving, either by direct impacting on the piling or by
means of driving heads, with or without hydraulic agitation of the
ground into which the piling is to be driven.
However, none of the prior systems has been found entirely
satisfactory.
The prior systems have been found particularly deficient in the
driving of relatively small pilings such as those used in setting
up walkways in shallow water or small boat piers in narrow creeks
or guts. The prior units are too cumbersome to enter such areas or
are prone to run aground in the shallows. In tidal waters they are
able to move and operate only on the flood. Most of such work
necessarily has been done by hand driving.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In contrast, the present invention provides an extremely simple
driving system which provides an exceptional versatility in setting
and rigging pilings and piling sets.
In general, the preferred method of the present invention comprises
sealing the tubular piling against the ground into which it is to
be driven, filling a confined volume of the piling with water and
evacuating a portion of said piling to cause the piling to be drawn
into the ground and a portion of the ground to be drawn up within
the piling.
Preferably, a piston member is provided in the piling to provide
two chambers therein, the upper of which is to be evacuated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A better understanding of the invention may be derived from the
following description and the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a preferred form of the
invention:
FIGS. 1A through 1D are partly schematic views showing the
preferred method of driving the pilings;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing the preferred method for
adjusting and levelling, multiple-piling sets, and
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view similar to FIG. 1 showing a modified
form of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As shown in the drawings, a tubular steel piling 1 is closed, at
one end, by a head 2. The head 2 preferably is removable such as by
a threaded connection, but may be permanently affixed to the piling
if desired.
The head 2 has a fluid or drive aperture 3 which communicates with
drive piping 4 which includes valve 5.
The head 2 also carries a centrally-located aperature 6 through
which a jet pipe 7 extends to the interior of the piling. The jet
pipe 7 terminates in a nozzle 8 just inwardly of the end of the
piling. The jet pipe 7 may be secured to the head either rigidly,
as shown, or it may be adjustably secured by means of a suitable
packing gland. At its upper end, the pipe 7 carries a valve 9.
Intermediate the upper end 11 and the lower end 12, a piston 13
engages the inner wall of the piling by means of a seal 14, and
receives and seals against the jet pipe 7 by means of a gland 16
surrounding a central aperture 15 therein.
A slideable collar 17 preferably is slideably installed on the
outer surface of the piling to serve as an interference seal
between the ground G and the lower end 12 of the piling. An
abutment 18 is provided to limit the downward motion of the collar
when the piling is in an upright position.
METHOD AND OPERATION FIGS. 1 THROUGH 1D
As best seen in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the assembled piling is placed
in position under water level W at the spot on the ground into
which it is to be driven. In intermediate positions, such as shown
in FIG. 1A, the nozzle 8 acts as a keeper for the piston 13, while
the abutment 18 retains the collar 17. Initially, the valve 5 is
closed and the piston 13 is positioned adjacent the lower end to
help avoid inclusion of air in the lower chamber L between the
piston and the lower end of the piling. The desirability of air
exclusion will be discussed more fully hereinafter.
After placement (FIG. 1B) the valve 5 is opened and a high-pressure
jet of water is directed through the valve 9, jet-pipe 7 and nozzle
8 against the ground underlying the piling as represented in FIG.
1C. The water stream loosens, agitates and suspends a portion of
the ground in the liquid column formed in the lower chamber between
the lower end 12 and the piston 13. With the upper chamber U vented
via valve 5, the piston is free to be lifted upwardly by the
increasing liquid column.
When the piston 13 has been moved a preselected distance, as may be
measured by the volume of water supplied via the nozzle 8, the jet
stream through the nozzle is stopped with the valve 9 closed.
The upper chamber U is then quickly evacuated, through the piping 4
and the valve 5, by means of a suitable exhausting pump P, via an
articulated or flexible line 19, (FIG. 1C).
Since, in the absence of a substantial amount of air, the water
column below the piston cannot expand to accomodate the lowering
pressure in the upper chamber U, two complementary displacements
are produced.
The piling 1 is drawn down into the ground, in reaction to the low
pressure in the upper chamber, while a portion of the ground
underlying the piling is drawn upwardly therein, the net result
being that of driving the piling downwardly into the ground.
METHOD AND OPERATION, FIG. 2
When a series or set of pilings have been driven, my invention
exhibits a particularly advantageous versatility, in that the
stability of the piling/ground combination can be augmented and, at
the same time, the levels of the several pilings can be
adjusted.
As shown in FIG. 2, the driven pilings 1L and 1R have had their
piston 13 and jet-pipe 7 removed.
Each piling then receives a predetermined amount of loose solids,
preferably clay 20. The pilings are fitted with heads 22 carrying
loading valves 23. I prefer to employ loading valves of a size
adequate for introducing the clay, but it is to be understood that
the stabilizing clay may be introduced by removal of the heads
22.
A piston is then provided at the top of each clay column. The
piston may be an imperforate disc similar to the disc of FIG. 1.
However, I prefer to use a capping layer of granular, dense solids
such as the piston layer 24 of FIG. 2. Loose solids such as iron
filings, barytes or sand -- preferably in a petroleum-oil
suspension to minimize mixing with the clay column -- are
introduced above the clay to form the plug layer or piston layer
24.
Air pressure is then applied via valve 23, forcing the piston
downwardly to compact the clay. This is particularly advantageous
in cases in which stable ground cannot be reached, such as in deep,
loose sand. By this method, I am able to force stabilizing clay
down out of the piling to form a compacted-clay footing F in the
relatively loose sand.
When solid footings F have been established, levelling and
finish-setting of the pilings is accomplished in a very simple
method similar to the setting of the footings F. With the
structural load imposed upon the pilings, such as the pier 25, the
weight of the load is not effective upon the piling 1R, since it is
below the desired level. Air pressure is applied through the valves
23 of both pilings 1L and 1R, simultaneously. The weight of the
pier 25 will prevent motion of the piling 1L, but the piling 1R
will be raised, by sufficient pressure, until that piling engages
the pier and both pilings carry the load.
Therefore, the pilings are adjusted in level, to provide final
setting of the pilings and their superimposed structure. Raising of
the lower piling does not require resetting of its footing F,
however, since the pressure used to lift the piling is
simultaneously effective on the piston zone 24 and the clay 20 to
maintain the compaction of the footing F.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 3
A modified form of the invention is shown in this drawing which
includes a piston 13 and other elements in common with FIG. 1 and
having the same numerals, primed, as in that figure.
However, the piston 13 is provided with an additional aperture 26
extending therethrough to communicate with the lower chamber L
below the piston. The aperture 26 is fitted with a conduit 27
extending upwardly therefrom which communicate with the exterior of
the piling, preferably through the head (not shown).
METHOD AND OPERATION OF FIG. 3
The invention of FIG. 3 is particularly advantageous in services
where it is desired to remove a portion of the water and the
suspended solids below the piston 13. The chamber L is evacuated
such as by pump P via the aperture 26 and the conduit 27 to any
suitable place of disposal. The piston 13 is thus lowered, with the
valve 5 open (not shown) to the position desired or to the extent
necessary to remove all the undesireables from the lower
chamber.
Thereafter, the piston may be employed for further driving of the
piling to a lower depth. Also, the piston may be removed and a
desireable material introduced, such as the clay column 20.
In this manner, undesireables such as muck or slime may be removed
from the work area beneath the piling in order to reach more solid
"ground" or to make room for a greater amount of clay when working
in a loose sand environment.
Various changes may be made in the details of the invention as
disclosed without sacrificing the advantages thereof or departing
from the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *