U.S. patent number 3,816,321 [Application Number 05/249,810] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-11 for laundering aid.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to David Charles Kleinschmidt.
United States Patent |
3,816,321 |
Kleinschmidt |
June 11, 1974 |
LAUNDERING AID
Abstract
A laundering aid comprising a water-insoluble,
polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine material releasably combined with a
detergent composition, said aid providing a means of introducing a
detergent composition into a laundry bath and at the same time
serving to adsorb dirt and vagrant anionic dyes from the aqueous
laundry media, thereby providing an improved laundering
process.
Inventors: |
Kleinschmidt; David Charles
(Cincinnati, OH) |
Assignee: |
The Procter & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22945103 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/249,810 |
Filed: |
May 3, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
510/295; 510/298;
510/341; 510/353; 510/469; 510/475; 510/356; 510/352; 510/340;
510/302; 510/324; 510/325; 8/137; 521/163; 510/297 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65B
51/18 (20130101); B65B 11/10 (20130101); C11D
3/0021 (20130101); C11D 17/0034 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C11D
3/00 (20060101); B65B 11/10 (20060101); B65B
11/06 (20060101); B65B 51/18 (20060101); B65B
51/10 (20060101); C11D 17/00 (20060101); C02b
001/60 (); C02b 001/72 (); C11d 017/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/89,90,91,134,117,174 ;210/36 ;8/137 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Guynn; Herbert B.
Assistant Examiner: Albrecht; Dennis L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schaeffer; Jack D. O'Flaherty;
Thomas H. Witte; Richard C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A laundering aid consisting essentially of (1) a water-insoluble
substrate consisting of polyurethane chemically combined with from
about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of said substrate
of a polyalkyleneimine material containing the moiety ##SPC8##
wherein y is an integer of from 1 to 4, z is an integer greater
than 1, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and
alkyl and alkanoyl substituents containing from about 1 to about 22
carbon atoms, R' is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 22
carbon atoms and X' is an anion; and (2) a water-soluble detergent
composition in releasable combination with said substrate in an
amount sufficient to provide good fabric cleansing.
2. A laundering aid according to claim 1 wherein the
water-insoluble substrate consists of polyurethane chemically
combined with from about 1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of
polyethyleneimine.
3. A laundering aid according to claim 1 wherein the detergent
composition comprises from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by
weight of a water-soluble organic detergent compound and from about
10 percent to about 90 percent by weight of a water-soluble
detergency builder.
4. A laundering aid according to claim 3 wherein the organic
detergent compound is a member selected from the group consisting
of alkali metal soaps and water-soluble organic sulfonic acid
reaction products having in their molecular structure an alkyl
substituent containing from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and a
sulfuric acid or sulfonic ester substituent and wherein the
detergency builder is a member selected from the group consisting
of sodium nitrilotriacetate, potassium nitrilotriacetate, sodium
mellitate, potassium mellitate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate,
sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium silicate, potassium
silicate, sodium oxydisuccinate, potassium oxydisuccinate, sodium
phloroglucinoltrisulfonate, potassium phloroglucinoltrisulfonate,
sodium (ethylenedioxy)diacetate and potassium
(ethylenedioxy)diacetate.
5. A laundering aid according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is
in bag conformation releasably containing the detergent
composition.
6. A laundering aid according to claim 1 wherein the detergent
composition is in tablet form and the substrate is incorporated in
said tablet.
7. A laundering aid according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is
in sponge form releasably containing the detergent composition.
8. A process for trapping dirt and anionic dyes in laundering baths
comprising adding to said bath a detergent composition in an amount
sufficient to provide good fabric cleansing and a water-insoluble
substrate consisting of polyurethane chemically combined with from
about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of said substrate
of a polyalkyleneimine material containing the moiety ##SPC9##
wherein y is an integer of from 1 to 4, z is an integer greater
than 1, and R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and
alkyl and alkanoyl substituents containing from about 1 to about 22
carbon atoms, R' is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 22
carbon atoms and X.sup.- is an anion.
9. A process according to claim 8 wherein the water-insoluble
substrate consists of polyurethane chemically combined with from
about 1 percent to about 10 percent by weight of polyethyleneimine.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention encompasses laundering aids comprising a chemically
modified polyurethane material in combination with a soap or
synthetic organic detergent composition. In its method aspect, the
invention comprises the use of the chemically modified polyurethane
material in aqueous laundry baths to scavenge dirt and anionic dyes
released from the fabrics being laundered.
Most laundering compositions contain various synthetic materials
capable of suspending dirt released from fabrics during the
laundering process. Without such additives much of the dirt
released during washing is redeposited on the fabric surface. Even
so, washing machine manufacturers have been constrained to design
machines wherein the wash water does not drain through the clothes
since even the suspended soil would then be redeposited on the
fabric surface. Another problem encountered during the laundering
of fabrics is that of dye transfer. Dye transfer is most evident
when deeply colored fabrics are laundered in the same bath with
less highly colored, or white, fabrics. Heretofore, there has been
no good way to combat the problem of dye transfer other than
mechanically sorting the fabrics to partition said fabrics into
dark and light shades for separate laundering.
U.S. Patent No. 3,424,545, Jan 28, 1969, to R. A. Bauman, discloses
a phosphorylated cloth which is added to laundry baths to remove
inorganic cations but which does not remove organic anions and dirt
as is accomplished with the present invention. U.S. Pat. No.
3,694,364, Sept. 26, 1972, to J. B. Edwards, relates to the use of
cellulosic materials coated with alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines in
laundering baths. While the laundering aids of Edwards are
effective, their manufacture requires a three-step process
involving formation of the fabric, its surface modification and a
final surface treatment.
It has now been found that certain water-insoluble polyurethane
substrates to which are chemically affixed various
polyalkyleneimine materials during the polyurethane polymerization,
all as hereinafter detailed, can be added to aqueous laundering
solutions to scavenge or "trap" dirt and vagrant anionic dyes from
the solution. As an article of manufacture, the
polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine material also contains a detergent
composition which is released into the bath. Thus, the user can add
a predetermined amount of detergent to the bath in conjunction with
the dye and dirt trapper material. Following the laundering
operation, the dirt and anionic dye trapper material can be removed
from the aqueous laundry bath, together with the dirt and anionic
dyes adsorbed thereon, and discarded.
The polyurethane-polyalkylenimine material employed in the present
invention is known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,165,566
discloses a process for curing polyurethane by passing urethane
pre-polymer through a polyamine. The resulting filaments can be
woven into trapper cloths of the type used herein. Foamed
polyurethanes of the type suitable for use herein are disclosed in
Belgian Patent No. 665,293; U.S. Pat. No. 2,813,775 discloses
polyisocyanates containing polyamides. However, the use of the
foregoing polyalkyleneimine-polyurethane materials in combination
with detergent components or as anionic dirt and dye trappers has
not been suggested heretofore.
It is a primary and major object of the present invention tO
provide an improved laundering aid capable of performing a fabric
cleansing function and at the same time adsorbing negatively
charged particulate matter (especially dirt) and dissolved organic
anionic matter (especially dyes) on its surface. Another object is
to provide an improved laundering process. These and other objects
are obtained by the present invention as will be seen from the
following disclosure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention comprises a detergent composition in releasable
combination with a water-insoluble substrate consisting of
polyurethane in chemical combination with a polyalkyleneimine
material. In its process aspect the invention encompasses adding a
water-insoluble polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine substrate to an
aqueous washing solution containing a detergent composition to trap
dirt and organic anionic materials.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The laundering aids herein comprise: (1) a water-insoluble
substrate consisting of polyurethane which is chemically combined
with at least about 0.1 percent, more preferably from about 1
percent to about 10 percent, by weight of substrate of a
polyalkyleneimine material containing the moiety ##SPC1## wherein y
is an integer of from 1 to 4, z is an integer greater than 1, R is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl and
alkanoyl substituents containing from about 1 to about 22 carbon
atoms, each R' is an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 22
carbon atoms, and X is an anion such as methylsulfate, halogen,
sulfate, hydroxide and the like; and (2) a water-soluble detergent
composition in releasable combination with said substrate. When
alkylated or alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines are used herein, from
about 5 percent to about 100 percent, more preferably 10 percent to
50 percent, of the nitrogen atoms in the polyalkyleneimine are
substituted with alkyl or alkanoyl groups containing 1 to 22 carbon
atoms. For the purposes of this invention, polyalkyleneimines,
including alkylated and alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines, of any
degree of polymerization, especially those in the range of 2 to
50,000, especially 20 to 10,000, monomer units per molecule, are
preferred.
Since the polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine substrate materials are
used herein to scavenge, or trap, dirt and anionic dyes released
during a laundering process, they are referred to herein as
"trapper materials" or "trappers". While any of the materials
prepared in the manner described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,165,566 and
2,813,775 and in Belgian Patent 665,293, incorporated herein by
reference, are suitable for use herein as the trapper material,
polyurethane-polyethylene-imine materials are preferred. Especially
preferred for use in the present invention are trappers comprising
water-insoluble, foamed polyurethane in chemical combination with
from about 0.5 percent to about 10 percent by weight of
polyethyleneimine.
The foregoing patents relating to amine-containing polyurethanes
disclose a variety of water-insoluble polyurethane substrates
prepared in the presence of various polyalkyleneimines; alkylated
and alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines can be employed in the same
manner to provide polyurethanes chemically combined with alkylated
and alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines. The resulting materials have
the polyalkyleneimines (or alkylated or alkanoylated
polyalkyleneimines) chemically affixed to the polyurethane,
presumably by covalent bonding (urea linkages) with the monomer
units of the polymer. Any excess, uncombined, polyalkyleneimines
can be removed by a water wash. The chemically bound
polyalkyleneimine materials in such compositions are not removed by
contact with water. Any of these water-insoluble
polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine trapper materials can be employed
herein in combination with detergents and soaps to provide
laundering aids.
The trapper materials herein are prepared by forming polyurethane
(from an isocyanate and a polyol) in the presence of a
polyalkyleneimine. The polyalkyleneimine compounds used to prepare
the water-insoluble polyalkyleneimine-polyurethane materials herein
comprise a polyalkyleneimine "backbone" having pendant hydrogen, or
alkyl or alkanoyl groups on the nitrogen atoms. These polymers are
difficult to describe in other than a qualitative manner. For
example, the preferred polyalkyleneimine used herein is
polyethyleneimine. It is believed that the structural formula of
polyethyleneimine is: ##SPC2##
wherein z represents a whole number greater than 1, usually about 2
to 100,000. The degree of polymerization, z, is not critical for
the purposes of this invention. Branched chains occur along the
polymeric backbone and the relative proportions of primary,
secondary and tertiary amino groups present in the polymer will
vary, depending on the manner of preparation. The distribution of
amino groups in a typical polyethyleneimine is approximately as
follows:
--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --NH.sub.2 30% --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --NH--
40% --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --N-- 30%
The polyethyleneimine can only be characterized in terms of
molecular weight. Such polymers can be prepared, for example, by
polymerizing ethyleneimine in the presence of a catalyst such as
carbon dioxide, sodium bisulfite, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide,
hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, etc. Specific methods are described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,182,306; 3,033,746; 2,208,095; 2,806,839; and
2,552,696, incorporated herein by reference.
Alkylated and alkanoylated polyethyleneimines are obtained by
heating alkyl halides, organic acids or acid halides with the
polyethyleneimine in the manner described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
2,296,226; 2,272,489; and 2,185,480, incorporated herein by
reference. The other polyalkyleneimines useful herein are prepared
in like fashion. Various ratios of alkylating or alkanoylating
agent to polyethyleneimine can be employed so that varying
percentages of the nitrogen atoms are thereby substituted. The
percentage of nitrogen substitution can be determined, for example,
by examination of the proton resonance or the infrared spectrum of
the polymer. The alkylated polyalkyleneimine polyurethanes can be
further substituted to yield polyalkyleneimines having the nitrogen
substituents quaternarized with alkyl groups R'. The resulting
alkylated and alkanoylated polyethyleneimines, which have molecular
weights in the range of about 1,000 to about 1 million, are useful
herein.
The trapper substrate prepared in the foregoing manner is
preferably used in releasable combination with a detergent
composition, and, in a preferred embodiment, is in bag conformation
releasably containing said detergent composition. The container is
added to the laundry water and the laundering process is carried
out in standard fashion. The trapper bag releases the detergent
composition and remains to scavenge dirt and anionic dyes.
Alternatively, a trapper in sponge form is impregnated or coated
with a detergent composition which is released on contact with
water. The released trapper sponge then performs its anionic dye
and dirt adsorbing function. Still another article comprises a
detergent formulation in tablet form having a trapper substrate
incorporated in the interior which is released when the tablet
dissolves in water. Exemplary detergent and presoak compositions
suitable for use with the trapper material in the practice of this
invention are those typical commercial products comprising a
mixture of about 10 percent to about 100 percent by weight of a
water-soluble organic detergent compound; preferred compositions
contain from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight of a
water-soluble detergency builder and from about 10 percent to about
90 percent by weight of the aforesaid organic detergent compounds.
Minor amounts of common laundry additive ingredients, as
hereinafter detailed, can also be present. Included in this
definition of detergent compositions are built and unbuilt soap
compositions and detergent compositions containing enzymes. The
trapper material is compatible with all manner of those
compositions and successfully accomplishes its dirt and organic
anionic dye trapping function in their presence. Surprisingly,
although many of the most useful organic detergent compounds
commonly employed in modern laundry detergent compositions are
organic anionic materials, the trapper material does not interfere
with their cleaning properties.
Non-limiting examples of typical water-soluble synthetic organic
detergents, enzymes, soaps and builders, along with typical
compositions containing them, which are suitably employed in
conjunction with the trapper material to provide a laundering aid
are more fully described below. Usually, from about 2 oz. to about
6 oz. of such compositions are used in conjunction with the
trapper, but this is not critical in that any amount of such
compositions sufficient to provide good fabric cleansing can be so
employed.
Organic Detergents
The organic detergent compounds which can be utilized with the
trapper material in the laundering aids encompassed by this
invention include the following:
A. Anionic Soap and Non-Soap Synthetic Detergents
This class of detergents includes ordinary alkali metal soaps such
as the sodium, potassium, ammonium and alkanol-ammonium salts of
higher fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms
and preferably from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable
fatty acids can be obtained from natural sources such as, for
instance, plant or animal esters (e.g., palm oil, coconut oil,
babassu oil, soybean oil, castor oil, tallow, whale and fish oils,
grease, lard, and mixtures thereof). The fatty acids also can be
synthetically prepared (e.g., by the oxidation of petroleum, or by
hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-Tropsch process).
Resin acids are suitable such as rosin and those resin acids in
tall oil. Naphthenic acids are also suitable. Sodium and potassium
soaps can be made by direct saponification of the fats and oils or
by the neutralization of the free fatty acids which are prepared in
a separate manufacturing process. Particularly useful are the
sodium and potassium salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived
from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., sodium or potassium tallow and
coconut soap.
This class of detergents also includes water-soluble salts,
particularly the alkali metal salts, of organic sulfuric reaction
products having in their molecular structure an alkyl radical
containing from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and a sulfonic
acid or sulfuric acid ester radical. (Included in the term alkyl is
the alkyl portion of higher acyl radicals.) Examples of this group
of synthetic detergents which form a part of the preferred built
detergent compositions of the present invention are the sodium or
potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating
the higher alcohols (C.sub.8 - C.sub.18) carbon atoms produced by
reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; sodium or
potassium alkyl benzene sulfonates, in which the alkyl group
contains from about 9 to about 15 carbon atoms in straight chain or
branched chain configuration, e.g., those of the type described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,220,099 and 2,477,383 (especially valuable are
linear straight chain alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the average
of the alkyl groups is about 12 carbon atoms and commonly
abbreviated as C.sub.12 LAS); sodium alkyl glyceryl ether
sulfonates, especially those ethers of higher alcohols derived from
tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride
sulfonates and sulfates; sodium or potassium salts of sulfuric acid
esters of the reaction product of one mole of a higher fatty
alcohol (e.g., tallow or coconut oil alcohols) and about 1 to 6
moles of ethylene oxide; sodium or potassium salts of alkyl phenol
ethylene oxide ether sulfate with about 1 to about 10 units of
ethylene oxide per molecule and in which the alkyl radicals contain
about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms.
Anionic phosphate surfactants are also useful in the present
invention. These are surface active materials having substantial
detergent capability in which the anionic solubilizing group
connecting hydrophobic moieties is an oxy acid of phosphorus. The
more common solubilizing groups, of course, are --SO.sub.4 H,
--SO.sub.3 H, and --CO.sub.2 H. Alkyl phosphate esters such as
(R--O).sub.2 PO.sub.2 H and ROPO.sub.3 H.sub.2 in which R
represents an alkyl chain containing from about 8 to about 20
carbon atoms are useful.
These esters can be modified by including in the molecule from one
to about 40 alkylene oxide units, e.g., ethylene oxide units.
Formulae for these modified phosphate anionic detergents are
##SPC3##
in which R represents an alkyl group containing from about 8 to 20
carbon atoms, or an alkylphenyl group in which the alkyl group
contains from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms, and M represents a
water-soluble cation such as hydrogen, sodium, potassium, ammonium
or substituted ammonium; and in which n is an integer from 1 to
about 40.
Another class of suitable anionic organic detergents particularly
useful in this invention includes salts of
2-acyloxyalkane-1-sulfonic acids. These salts have the formula
##SPC4##
where R.sub.1 is alkyl of about 9 to about 23 carbon atoms (forming
with the two carbon atoms an alkane group); R.sub.2 is alkyl of 1
to about 8 carbon atoms; and M is a water-soluble cation.
The water-soluble cation, M, in the hereinbefore described
structural formula can be, for example, an alkali metal cation
(e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium), ammonium or
substituted-ammonium cation. Specific examples of substituted
ammonium cations include methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl-
ammonium cations and quaternary ammonium cations such as
tetramethyl-ammonium and dimethyl piperidinium cations and those
derived from alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine,
triethylamine, mixtures thereof, and the like.
Specific examples of .beta.-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, or
alternatively 2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, useful herein to
provide superior cleaning levels under substantially neutral
washing conditions include the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-tridecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-propionyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the lithium salt of
2-butanoyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-pentanoyloxy-pentadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-hexadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-octanoyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-heptadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the lithium salt of
2-acetoxy-octadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-acetoxy-nonadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-uncosane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-propionyloxy-docosane-1-sulfonic acid; the isomers thereof.
Preferred .beta.-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonate salts herein are the
alkali metal salts of .beta.-acetoxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids
corresponding to the above formula wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl of
about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms, these salts being preferred from
the standpoints of their excellent cleaning properties and ready
availability.
Typical examples of the above-described .beta.-acetoxy
alkanesulfonates are described in the literature: Belgium Patent
650,323 discloses the preparation of certain 2-acyloxy
alkanesulfonic acids. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 2,094,451 and
2,086,215 disclose certain salts of .beta.-acetoxy alkanesulfonic
acids. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
Another preferred class of anionic detergent compounds herein, both
by virtue of superior cleaning properties and low sensitivity to
water hardness (Ca++ and Mg++ ions) are the alkylated
.alpha.-sulfocarboxylates, containing about 10 to about 23 carbon
atoms, and having the formula ##SPC5##
wherein R is C.sub.8 to C.sub.20 alkyl, M is a water-soluble cation
as hereinbefore disclosed, preferably sodium ion, and R' is
short-chain alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. These
compounds are prepared by the esterification of .alpha.-sulfonated
carboxylic acids, which are commercially available, using standard
techniques. Specific examples of the alkylated
.alpha.-sulfocarboxylates preferred for use herein include:
ammonium methyl-.alpha.-sulfopalmitate,
triethanolammonium ethyl-.alpha.-sulfostearate,
sodium methyl-.alpha.-sulfopalmitate,
sodium ethyl-.alpha.-sulfopalmitate,
sodium butyl-.alpha.-sulfostearate,
potassium methyl-.alpha.-sulfolaurate,
lithium methyl-.alpha.-sulfolaurate,
as well as mixtures thereof.
A preferred class of anionic organic detergents are the
.beta.-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates. These compounds have the
following formula: ##SPC6##
where R.sub.1 is a straight chain alkyl group having from 6 to 20
carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is a lower alkyl group having from 1
(preferred) to 3 carbon atoms, and M is a water-soluble cation as
hereinbefore described.
Specific examples of .beta.-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates, or
alternatively 2-alkyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, having low hardness
(calcium ion) sensitivity useful herein to provide superior
cleaning levels under household washing conditions include:
potassium-.beta.-methoxydecanesulfonate,
sodium 2-methoxytridecanesulfonate,
potassium 2-ethoxytetradecylsulfonate,
sodium 2-isopropoxyhexadecylsulfonate,
lithium 2-t-butoxytetradecylsulfonate,
sodium .beta.-methoxyoctadecylsulfonate, and
ammonium .beta.-n-propoxydodecylsulfonate.
Other synthetic anionic detergents useful herein are alkyl ether
sulfates. These materials have the formula RO(C.sub.2 H.sub.4
O).sub.x SO.sub.3 M wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl of about 10 to
about 20 carbon atoms, x is 1 to 30, and M is a water-soluble
cation as defined hereinbefore. The alkyl ether sulfates useful in
the present invention are condensation products of ethylene oxide
and monohydric alcohols having about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms.
Preferably, R has 14 to 18 carbon atoms. The alcohols can be
derived from fats, e.g., coconut oil or tallow, or can be
synthetic. Lauryl alcohol and straight chain alcohols derived from
tallow are preferred herein. Such alcohols are reacted with 1 to
30, and especially 6, molar proportions of ethylene oxide and the
resulting mixture of molecular species, having, for example, an
average of 6 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, is
sulfated and neutralized.
Specific examples of alkyl ether sulfates of the present invention
are sodium coconut alkyl ethylene glycol ether sulfate; lithium
tallow alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate; and sodium tallow
alkyl hexaoxyethylene sulfate.
Preferred herein for reasons of excellent cleaning properties and
ready availability are the alkali metal coconut- and tallow-alkyl
oxyethylene ether sulfates having an average of about 1 to about 10
oxyethylene moieties. The alkyl ether sulfates of the present
invention are known compounds and are described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,332,876, incorporated herein by reference.
Additional examples of anionic non-soap synthetic detergents which
come within the terms of the present invention are the reaction
product of fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and
neutralized with sodium hydroxide where, for example, the fatty
acids are derived from coconut oil; sodium or potassium salts of
fatty acid amides of methyl tauride in which the fatty acids, for
example, are derived from coconut oil. Other anionic synthetic
detergents of this variety are set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos.
2,486,921; 2,486,922; and 2,396,278.
Additional examples of anionic, non-soap, synthetic detergents,
which come within the terms of the present invention, are the
compounds which contain two anionic functional groups. These are
referred to as di-anionic detergents. Suitable di-anionic
detergents are the disulfonates, disulfates, or mixtures thereof
which may be represented by the following formulae:
R(so.sub.3).sub.2 m.sub.2, r(so.sub.4).sub.2 m.sub.2,
r(so.sub.3)(so.sub.4)m.sub.2,
where R is an acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having 15 to 20
carbon atoms and M is a water-solubilizing cation, for example, the
C.sub.15 to C.sub.20 disodium 1,2-alkyldisulfates, C.sub.15 to
C.sub.20 dipotassium-1,2-alkyldisulfonates or disulfates, disodium
1,9-hexadecyl disulfates, C.sub.15 to C.sub.20
disodium-1,2-alkyldisulfonates, disodium 1,9-stearyldisulfates and
6,10-octadecyldisulfates.
The aliphatic portion of the disulfates or disulfonates is
generally substantially linear, thereby imparting desirable
biodegradable properties to the detergent compound.
The water-solubilizing cations include the customary cations known
in the detergent art, i.e., the alkali metals, and the ammonium
cations, as well as other metals in group IIA, IIB, IIIA, IVA and
IVB of the Periodic Table except for boron. The preferred
water-solubilizing cations are sodium or potassium. These dianionic
detergents are more fully described in British Letters Patent
1,151,392.
Still other anionic synthetic detergents include the class
designated as succinamates. This class includes such surface active
agents as disodium N-octadecylsulfo-succinamate; tetrasodium
N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecylsulfo-succinamate; diamyl ester
of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; dihexyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic
acid; dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinic acid.
Other suitable anionic detergents utilizable herein are olefin
sulfonates having about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms. The term
"olefin sulfonates" is used herein to mean compounds which can be
produced by the sulfonate of .alpha.-olefins by means of
uncomplexed sulfur trioxide, followed by neutralization of the acid
reaction mixture in conditions such that any sultones which have
been formed in the reaction are hydrolyzed to give the
corresponding hydroxy-alkane-sulfonates. The sulfur trioxide can be
liquid or gaseous, and is usually, but not necessarily, diluted by
inert diluents, for example by liquid SO.sub.2, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, etc., when used in the liquid form, or by air,
nitrogen, gaseous SO.sub.2, etc., when used in the gaseous
form.
The .alpha.-olefins from which the olefin sulfonates are derived
are mono-olefins having 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 16
carbon atoms. Preferably, they are straight chain olefins. Examples
of suitable 1-olefins include 1-dodecene; 1-tetradecene;
1-hexadecene; 1-octadecene; 1-eicosene and 1-tetracosene.
In addition to the true alkene sulfonates and a proportion of
hydroxy-alkanesulfonates, the olefin sulfonates can contain minor
amounts of other materials, such as alkene disulfonates depending
upon the reaction conditions, proportion of reactants, the nature
of the starting olefins and impurities in the olefin stock and side
reactions during the sulfonate process.
A specific anionic detergent which has also been found excellent
for use in the present invention is described more fully in the
U.S. Pat. No. 3,332,880, incorporated herein by reference.
B. Nonionic Synthetic Detergents
Nonionic synthetic detergents may be broadly defined as compounds
produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic
in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be
aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the
hydrophilic or polyoxyalkylene radical which is condensed with any
particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a
water-soluble compound having the desired degree of balance between
hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
For example, a well known class of nonionic synthetic detergents is
made available on the market under the trade name of "Pluronic."
These compounds are formed by condensing ethylene oxide with a
hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with
propylene glycol. The hydrophobic portion of the molecule which, of
course, exhibits water insolubility, has a molecular weight of from
about 1500 to 1800. The addition of polyoxyethylene radicals to
this hydrophobic portion tends to increase the water solubility of
the molecule as a whole and the liquid character of the product is
retained up to the point where polyoxyethylene content is about 50
percent of the total weight of the condensation product.
Other suitable nonionic synthetic detergents include:
1. The polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, e.g., the
condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group
containing from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms in either a straight
chain or branched chain configuration, with ethylene oxide, the
said ethylene oxide being present in amounts equal to 5 to 25 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol. The alkyl substituent
in such compounds may be derived from polymerized propylene,
diisobutylene, octene, or nonene, for example.
2. Compounds derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with
the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and
ethylene diamine. For example, compounds containing from about 40
percent to about 80 percent polyoxyethylene by weight and having a
molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 11,000 resulting from
the reaction of ethylene oxide groups with a hydrophobic base
constituted of the reaction product of ethylene diamine and excess
propylene oxide, said base having a molecular weight of the order
of 2,500 and 3,000, are satisfactory.
3. The condensation product of aliphatic alcohols having from 8 to
22 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched chain
configuration with ethylene oxide, e.g., a coconut alcohol-ethylene
oxide condensate having from 5 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per
mole of coconut alcohol, the coconut alcohol fraction having from
10 to 14 carbon atoms.
4. Nonionic detergents include nonyl phenol condensed with about 10
to about 30 moles of ehtylene oxide per mole of phenol; the
condensation products of ethylene alcohol with an average of either
about 5.5 or about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol,
and, the condensation product of about 15 moles of ethylene oxide
with one mole of tridecanol.
Other examples include dodecylphenol condensed with 12 moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of phenol; dinonylphenol condensed with 15
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol; dodecyl mercaptan
condensed with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of mercaptan;
bis-(N-2-hydroxyethyl)lauramide; nonyl phenol condensed with 20
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonyl phenol; myristyl alcohol
condensed with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of myristyl
alcohol; lauramide condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide per
mole of lauramide; and di-isooctylphenol condensed with 15 moles of
ethylene oxide.
5. A detergent having the formula R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3
N.fwdarw.O (amine oxide detergent) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl
group containing from about 10 to about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to
about 2 hydroxy groups and from 0 to about 5 ether linkages, there
being at least one moiety of R.sup.1 which is an alkyl group
containing from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms and 0 ether
linkages, and each R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are selected from the group
consisting of alkyl radicals and hydroxyalkyl radicals containing
from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
Specific examples of amine oxide detergents include:
dimethyldodecylamine oxide, dimethyltetradecylamine oxide,
ethylmethyltetradecylamine oxide, cetyldimethylamine oxide,
dimethylstearylamine oxide, cetylethylpropylamine oxide,
diethyldodecylamine oxide, diethyltetradecylamine oxide,
dipropyldodecylamine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecylamine oxide,
bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-dodecoxy-1-hydroxypropylamine oxide,
(2-hydroxypropyl)methyltetradecylamine oxide, dimethyloleyamine
oxide, dimethyl-(2-hydroxydodecyl)amine oxide, and the
corresponding decyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl homologs of the above
compounds.
6. A detergent having the formula R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3
P.fwdarw.O (phosphine oxide detergent) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl
group containing from about 10 to about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to
about 2 hydroxy groups and from 0 to about 5 ether linkages, there
being at least one moiety of R.sup.1 which is an alkyl group
containing from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms and 0 ether
linkages, and each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are selected from the
group consisting of alkyl radicals and hydroxyalkyl radicals
containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
Specific examples of the phosphine oxide detergents include:
dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide, dimethyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
ethylmethyltetradecylphosphine oxide, cetyldimethylphosphine oxide,
dimethylstearylphosphine oxide, cetylethylpropylphosphine oxide,
diethyldodecylphosphine oxide, diethyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
dipropyldodecylphosphine oxide, bis(hydroxymethyl)dodecylphosphine
oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecylphosphine oxide,
(2-hydroxypropyl)methyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
dimethyloleylphosphine oxide, and
dimethyl-(2-hydroxydodecyl)phosphine oxide and the corresponding
decyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl homologs of the above
compounds.
7. A detergent having the formula ##SPC7##
(sulfoxide detergent) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl radical
containing from about 10 to about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to about
5 ether linkages and from 0 to about 2 hydroxyl substituents at
least one moiety of R.sup.1 being an alkyl radical containing 0
ether linkages and containing from about 10 to about 18 carbon
atoms, and wherein R.sup.2 is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to
3 carbon atoms and from one to two hydroxyl groups: e.g., octadecyl
methyl sulfoxide, dodecyl methyl sulfoxide, tetradecyl methyl
sulfoxide, 3-hydroxytridecyl methyl sulfoxide, 3-methoxytridecyl
methyl sulfoxide, 3-hydroxy-4-dodecoxybutyl methyl sulfoxide,
octadecyl 2-hydroxyethyl sulfoxide, and dodecylethyl sulfoxide.
C. Ampholytic Synthetic Detergents
Ampholytic synthetic detergents can be broadly described as
derivatives of aliphatic or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic
secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical may be
straight chain or branched and wherein one of the aliphatic
substituents contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and at least
one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy,
sulfonate, sulfato. Examples of compounds falling within this
definition are sodium 3-(dodecylamino)propionate, sodium
3-(dodecylamino)propane-1-sulfonate, sodium 2-(dodecylamino)ethyl
sulfate, sodium 2-(dimethylamino)octadecanoate, disodium
3-(N-carboxymethyldodecylamino)propane-1-sulfonate, disodium
octadecyl-iminodiazetate, sodium
1-carboxymethyl-2-undecylimidazole, and sodium
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-sulfato-3-dodecoxypropylamine.
D. Zwitterionic Synthetic Detergents
Zwitterionic synthetic detergents can be broadly described as
derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium and phosphonium or
tertiary sulfonium compounds, in which the cationic atom may be
part of a heterocyclic ring, and in which the aliphatic radical may
be straight chain or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic
substituents contains from about 3 to 18 carbon atoms, and at least
one aliphatic substituent contains an anionic water-solubilizing
group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfato, phosphato, or phosphono.
Examples of compounds falling within this definition are
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate,
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate,
2-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonio)acetate, 3-(N,N-dimethyl
N-dodecylammonio)-propionate,
2-(N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecylammonio)ethyl sulfate,
2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl dodecylphosphonate, ethyl
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonio)propylphosphonate,
3-(P,P-dimethyl-P-dodecylphosphonio)propane-1-sulfonate,
2-(S-methyl-S-tert-hexadecyl-sulfonio)ethane-1-sulfonate,
3-(S-methyl-S-dodecylsulfonio)propionate, sodium
2-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonio)ethyl phosphonate,
4-(S-methyl-S-tetra-decylsulfonio)butyrate,
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-undecylimidazolium-1-acetate,
2-(trimethylammonio)octadecanoate, and
3-N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl-N-octadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate
. Some of these detergents are described in the following U.S. Pat.
Nos. 2,129,264; 2,178,353; 2,774,786; 2,813,898; and 2,828,332. The
ammoniopropane sulfonates containing about 8 to about 21 carbon
atoms are one class of detergent compounds preferred herein by
virtue of their relatively low calcium ion (hardness)
sensitivity.
These soap and non-soap anionic, nonionic, ampholytic and
zwitterionic detergent compounds, either singly or in various
well-known combinations, can be used herein. The above examples are
merely illustrations of the numerous detergents suitable for use
herein and it is to be understood that other organic soaps and
detergent compounds can also be used in conjunction with trapper
materials to provide laundering aids.
Builder Salts
Many of the common detergent compositions contain water-soluble
builder salts, either of the organic or inorganic type; these are
wholly compatible with the trapper materials and can be used in
conjunction with organic detergent compounds and trapper materials
to provide laundering aids.
Non-limiting examples of suitable water-soluble, inorganic alkaline
detergency builder salts are the alkali metal carbonates, borates,
phosphates, polyphosphates, bicarbonates, silicates and sulfates.
Specific examples of such salts are sodium and potassium
tetraborates, perborates, bicarbonates, carbonates,
tripolyphosphates, pyrophosphates, orthophosphates and
hexametaphosphates.
Examples of suitable organic alkaline detergency builder salts are:
(1) water-soluble aminopolyacetates, e.g., sodium and potassium
ethylenediaminetetraacetates, nitrilotriacetates and
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrilodiacetates; (2) water-soluble salts of
phytic acid, e.g., sodium and potassium phytates - see U.S. Pat.
No. 2,739,942; (3) water-soluble polyphosphonates, including,
specifically, sodium, potassium and lithium salts of methylene
diphosphonic acid; sodium, potassium and lithium salts of ethylene
diphosphonic acid; and sodium potassium and lithium salts of
ethane-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid. Other examples include these
alkali metal salts of ethane-2-carboxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid,
hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid, carbonyldiphosphonic acid,
ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid,
ethane-2-hydroxy-1,1,2-triphosphonic acid,
propane-1,1,3,3-tetraphosphonic acid,
propane-1,1,2,3-tetraphosphonic acid, and
propane-1,2,2,3-tetraphosphonic acid, and water-soluble salts of
polycarboxylate polymers and copolymers such as those described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,067.
The polycarboxylate materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,264,103,
are also suitably employed herein. For example, aconitic acid,
mellitic acid and the penta- and tetra-carboxylic acids prepared by
the malonic acid synthesis can be employed herein as builders. The
water-soluble alkali metal salts of these materials are also
suitable.
Mixtures of organic and/or inorganic builders can be used and are
generally desirable. One such mixture of builders is disclosed in
Canadian Patent 755,038, e.g., ternary mixtures of sodium
tripolyphosphate, trisodium nitrilotriacetate and trisodium
ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate. The above described builders
can also be utilized singly in this invention.
Preferred builders herein include: the sodium and potassium salts
of the tripolyphosphates, nitrilotriacetates, mellitates
(benzenehexacarboxylates), silicates, citrates, carbonates,
oxydisuccinates, phloroglucinoltrisulfonates, and
(ethylenedioxy)diacetates.
Various polyelectrolytes such as carboxymethyl-cellulose,
carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, and the like, are commonly
added to detergent formulations to provide a soil antiredeposition
effect. Any such materials are suitable for use in the laundering
aids of this invention.
Optical bleaches, such as the stilbenes, furans, thiophenes and the
like, are all useful with the laundering aids and can be
incorporated therein.
The following are examples of typical detergent and presoak
compositions suitable for use in combination with the trapper
materials employed in the present invention to provide laundering
aids. The compositions listed are for the purposes of illustration
and are not intended to be limiting of the types of formulations
used with the trapper materials to provide the laundering aids of
this invention.
______________________________________ Detergent Composition A
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 7.8 sodium
linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate 9.5 sodium tallowalkyl sulfate 49.4
sodium tripolyphosphate 5.9 sodium silicate 13.7 Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4
0.2 sodium carboxymethylcellulose 2.2 nonionic suds controlling
agents bal. moisture ______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition B
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 90 sodium
soap of 20:80 coconut:tallow fatty acids 5 sodium silicate 3
tetrasodium pyrophosphate 1.5 sodium chloride 0.05 additives*
(optional) bal. moisture ______________________________________ *
Including perfumes and optical brighteners.
______________________________________ Detergent Composition C
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 17.5 sodium
linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate 50 sodium citrate 14 sodium sulfate
0.5 sodium carboxymethylcellulose 7 sodium silicate 0.10 additives*
(optional) bal. moisture ______________________________________ *
Including perfumes and optical brighteners.
______________________________________ Detergent Composition D
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 5
dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide 10 condensation product of 11 moles
of ethylene oxide with 1 mole of coconut fatty alcohol 10
tetrasodium methylenediphosphonate 60 sodium tripolyphosphate 0.5
sodium carboxymethylcellulose 10 sodium mellitate bal. moisture
______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition E
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 7 sodium
tallowalkyl sulfate 7 sodium linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate 50
sodium tripolyphosphate 10 sodium carbonate 10 sodium sulfate 15
potassium dichlorocyanurate (bleach) 0.05 perfume bal. moisture
______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition F
(Liquid) Weight Percent ______________________________________ 6
sodium-3-dodecylaminopropionate 6 sodium linear
dodecylbenzenesulfonate 20 potassium pyrophosphate 8 potassium
toluenesulfonate 3.8 sodium silicate 0.3
carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose 0.05 additives* (optional) bal.
water ______________________________________ * Including perfumes
and optical brighteners.
______________________________________ Detergent Composition G
(Liquid) Weight Percent ______________________________________ 6
sodium linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate 4 dimethyldodecylamine oxide
10 trisodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate 10 tripotassium
nitrilotriacetate 8 potassium toluenesulfonate 3.8 sodium silicate
(ratio SiO.sub.2 :Na.sub.2 O of 2:1) 5 potassium dichlorocyanurate
(bleach) 0.3 sodium carboxymethylcellulose 0.20
3-morpholino-2,5-diphenylfuran (optical brightener) 0.10 perfume
bal. water ______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition H
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 40 sodium
salt of SO.sub.3 -sulfonated tetradecene 10 dimethyl
coconutalkylammonio acetate 30 trisodium ethane-hydroxy
triphosphonate 10 sodium carbonate bal. moisture
______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition I
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 7.5
tetradecyl-.beta.-methoxysulfonate 2 sodium tallowalkyl sulfate 2.2
hydrogenated marine oil fatty acid suds depressant 40 sodium
tripolyphosphate 20 trisodium nitrilotriacetate 10 sodium silicate
(2:1 ratio SiO.sub.2 :Na.sub.2 O) 13 sodium citrate 0.20 perfume
bal. water ______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition J
Weight Percent ______________________________________ 10 sodium
linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate 10 condensation product of 1 mole of
nonyl phenol with 12 moles of ethylene oxide 10 sodium
tripolyphosphate 30 trisodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate 10
trisodium nitrilotriacetate 6 sodium silicate (2:1 ratio SiO.sub.2
:Na.sub.2 O) 10 trisodium phosphate 0.5 sodium
carboxymethylcellulose 0.1 3-phenyl-2,5-diphenylthiophene (optical
brightener) 0.2 3-diethanolamino-2,5-di-p-methoxyphenylfuran
(optical brightener) bal. moisture
______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition K (For
Cool Water Use) Weight Percent
______________________________________ 5 sodium tallowalkyl sulfate
12 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonio)- -
2-hydroxy-propane-1-sulfonate 5 sodium salt of SO.sub.3 -sulfonated
.alpha.-tridecene 30 sodium tripolyphosphate 20 trisodium
nitrilotriacetate 10 sodium silicate (SiO.sub.2 :Na.sub.2 O =
1.6:1) 10 sodium phloroglucinoltrisulfonate 0.3 sodium
carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose 0.1
3-deca(oxyethylene)-2,5-diphenylfuran 0.05 perfume bal. moisture
______________________________________
______________________________________ Detergent Composition L (For
Cool Water Use) Weight Percent
______________________________________ 5 sodium tallowalkyl sulfate
5 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio- propane-1-sulfante 10
dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide 5 trisodium
ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate 10 trisodium nitrilotriacetate
40 sodium tripolyphosphate 10 sodium silicate (Na.sub.2 O:SiO.sub.2
= 1:2.5) 0.3 sodium oxydisuccinate 10 sodium
(ethylenedioxy)diacetate bal. moisture
______________________________________
In the above compositions (with the exception of Compositions E and
G since these contain enzyme-destroying bleaches) a minor amount,
i.e., from about 0.001 percent to about 2 percent, by weight, of an
enzyme such as an amylase, a protease or a lipase, can be added to
provide the cleansing advantages of said enzymes. The enzyme used
in a given composition will depend to some extent on the pH, but
this selection can be made by reference to available pH-activity
tables for enzymes.
The temperature of the aqueous medium employed in any of the
various stages of laundering processes employing the laundering
aids of this invention is not critical in that said aids function
well at temperatures from about 32.degree.F to about 212.degree.F,
preferably from about 75.degree.F to about 160.degree.F. It is well
established that certain laundry detergents and additives are
suitable for use at the lower temperatures within this range while
others perform more effectively at higher temperatures. It is
further recognized that certain whitening agents such as perborate
are suitable for use only at the higher temperatures within this
range. Therefore, the practitioner of this invention can select a
commercial detergent, bleach, whitener or presoak composition which
functions at any desired temperature, combine it with the trapper
material and thereby provide a laundering aid designed to meet the
needs of various laundering situations.
The laundering aids of this invention can be prepared using a
variety of trapper materials prepared in the manner of the art and
a variety of detergent compositions much like those available
commercially. The examples herein are intended to illustrate the
present invention but are not intended to be limiting thereof. The
terms, "100 percent SPEI", "50 percent SPEI", etc., relate to the
percent of the nitrogen atoms in polyethyleneimine which are
alkylated or alkanoylated. Similar terminology is used with the
other alkylated and alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines employed
herein.
The polyurethanes used in the instant invention are the well-known
polymeric substances produced by the condensation of a
polyisocyanate and a polyhydroxyl-containing material such as a
polyol. Though containing many free urethane or free isocyanate
groups, the molecule may have a number of other constituents. A
polyurethane foam may be a solid, rigid or spongy, foam prepared by
reacting a polyether, such as polypropylene glycol, or polyesters
having free hydroxyl groups, with a di-isocyanate in the presence
of some water and a catalyst. As the polymer forms in this
reaction, the water reacts with isocyanate groups partly to cause
cross-linking and partly to cause the formation of amine groups, at
the same time producing carbon dioxide which causes foaming. In
other cases trifluoromethane or a similar volatile material can be
used as the blowing agent, or additional blowing agents. The
polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine substrates herein are formed by the
addition of a polyalkyleneimine of the type noted above during the
urethane polymerization process. The polyalkyleneimine is thereby
incorporated in the polymer by covalent bonds. Preferably the
polyurethane used herein is one made from a polypropylene glycol
and either toluene or naphthalene di-isocyanate. The polyurethane
can alternatively be derived from other di-isocyanates with other
alkylene oxides or with polyesters having free hydroxyl groups.
Procedures for preparing polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine copolymers
are given below.
FOAM 1
Polyurethane foam containing about 3 percent by weight
polyethyleneimine is prepared as follows: 100 parts polypropylene
glycol (avg. mol. wt. 2000), 50 parts toluene di-isocyanate, 5
parts polyethyleneimine (avg. mol. wt. 2000), 5 parts
fluorotrichloromethane and 0.1 part stannous octanoate are
intimately mixed and allowed to react at about 50.degree.C -
70.degree.C for about two hours. The resulting foam mass is then
"cured" by bringing the mass to a temperature of about 90.degree.C
- 100.degree.C for two minutes. The foam is then washed thoroughly
with agitation to remove any excess polyethyleneimine and air
dried. The resulting polyurethane-polyethyleneimine copolymeric
foam is suitable for use in the articles and processes of this
invention without further treatment.
In the above procedure, the polyethyleneimine is replaced by an
equivalent amount of 50 percent SPEI and copolymers of polyurethane
- 50 percent SPEI suitable for use herein are secured.
FOAM 2
A polyurethane foam containing about 3 percent by weight of
polyethyleneimine wherein 25 percent of the nitrogen atoms are
quaternized with methyl groups is prepared as follows: 100 parts
polypropyleneglycol (avg. mol. wt. 2,000), 50 parts toluene
di-isocyanate, 5 parts polyethyleneimine (avg. mol. wt. 2,000), 5
parts fluorotrichloromethane and 0.1 stannous octanoate are
intimately mixed and allowed to react at about 50.degree.C for
about 2 hours. The resulting foam mass is then treated with 2 parts
dimethylsulfate at 70.degree.C for a period of two hours. Following
this treatment, the resulting foam mass is cured by bringing the
mass to a temperature of about 100.degree.C for 2 minutes. The foam
is then washed thoroughly with agitation to remove any excess
polyethyleneimine and dimethylsulfate; the mass is air dryed. The
resulting polyurethane-25 percent methyl quaternized
polyethyleneimine copolymeric foam is suitable for use in the
articles and processes of this invention without further
treatment.
In the above procedure, the dimethylsulfate is replaced by an
equivalent amount of decyl iodide and quaternized copolymers of
polyurethane-25 percent decyl polyethyleneimine suitable for use
herein are secured.
In a modification of the above procedure, the polyethyleneimine is
quaternized prior to being added to the polyurethane pre-polymer
mix. This is accomplished as follows: 50 parts polyethyleneimine
are admixed with 50 parts ethyl iodide at 25.degree.C for one hour.
The resulting product is the polyethyleneimine in which
approximately 30 percent of the total nitrogen atoms are
quaternized with ethyl substituents; the counterion is iodide. The
resulting quaternized polyethyleneimine is used to replace the
polyethyleneimine in the procedure described in Foam 1 and a
polyurethane foam containing the quaternized polyethyleneimine is
secured.
In the foregoing procedure, the polyethyleneimine is replaced by an
equivalent amount of polybutyleneimine and polypropyleneimine,
respectively, and equivalent compositions containing the respective
quaternized polyalkyleneimine-polyurethane foams are secured.
EXAMPLE I
Foamed polyurethane-polyalkyleneimine copolymer prepared in the
manner of Foam 1, above, is fashioned into cloths (about 8 inches
square) weighing about 2 g., folded into bag-like containers,
filled with about 2 oz. of detergent composition A, above, and
sealed, thereby providing a laundering aid. Upon addition of the
laundering aid to an aqueous laundry bath, the detergent
composition dissolves from the trapper cloth container and is
released into said bath. Dirt and anionic dyes released from
fabrics laundered in the bath are trapped in the surface of the
trapper cloth bag, which is then discarded.
The trapper cloth bag is prepared containing about 2 oz. of
detergent compositions B, C, D, E, H, I, J, K and L, above,
respectively, in place of detergent composition A, and equivalent
laundering and dye and dirt trapping results are obtained.
In a modification of the above article a 4 in. .times. 4 in.
.times. 1 in. Foam 1 sponge is soaked in detergent composition F
and detergent composition G, above, respectively, and provides a
laundering aid comprising a trapper sponge impregnated with a
detergent composition. Alternatively, the sponge is soaked in 20
percent (wt.) aqueous solutions of detergent compositions A, B, C,
D, E, H, I, J, K, and L, respectively, and dried, and trapper
sponges impregnated with these detergent compositions are secured.
Said trapper sponges impregnated with detergents are added to
aqueous laundry baths and release therein the respective detergent
compositions while trapping dirt and anionic dyes. The polyurethane
Foam 1 is replaced by an equivalent amount of the methyl
quaternized polyethyleneimine Foam 2, described above, and
equivalent results are secured.
In a modification of the above articles, detergent formulations A,
B, C, D, F, H, I, J, K and L, above, are each modified by adding a
lipase, an amylase and a protease, respectively, in about 0.05
percent concentration of said enzymes based on weight of detergent.
Equivalent results are obtained in that the fabrics are cleansed
while the trapper adsorbs dirt and anionic dyes released into the
laundry bath.
EXAMPLE II
A laundering aid comprising a trapper cloth in a detergent tablet
is prepared as follows. A polyurethane prepolymer mix is formed
from 100 parts polypropylene glycol (avg. mol. wt. 2,500), 25 parts
toluene di-isocyanate, 25 parts naphthalene di-isocyanate, and 0.05
parts stannous octanoate. The pre-polymer mix is extruded through a
bath of polyethyleneimine and the resulting filaments cured at
90.degree.C-100.degree.C for 3 minutes. The resulting filaments,
which contain about 5 percent by weight of the polyethyleneimine
copolymerized with the polyurethane, are woven into trapper
cloths.
A laundering aid comprising a trapper cloth prepared in the
foregoing manner in a detergent table is prepared as follows: the
trapper cloth (about 6 in. .times. 6 in. .times. 1/16 in. weighing
about 5 g.) is compacted by folding into an object having the
dimensions approximately 0.5 in. .times. 1 in. .times. 2 in. About
2.5 oz. of detergent formulation A, above, is molded around the
folded trapper cloth and compacted in an automatic press to a
tablet, said tablet containing in its interior said trapper cloth.
The detergent tablet containing said trapper cloth is added to an
aqueous laundry bath at a temperature of about 110.degree.F; the
detergent composition dissolves and releases the trapper cloth
which scavenges dirt and anionic dyes and substantially decreases
dye transfer between the fabrics being laundered. In a modification
of this laundering aid, detergent compositions B, C, D, E, H, I, J,
K and L, above, respectively, are used to form said tableted
detergent object containing the trapper.
In the above compositions, the polyethyleneimine is replaced by an
equivalent amount of polybutyleneimine and by 25 percent
stearylated polyethyleneimine in which 15 percent of the total
nitrogen atoms are quaternized with methyl bromide and equivalent
results are secured.
The above laundering aids comprising detergent compositions and
trappers are prepared using the following trapper materials, all
prepared by forming polyurethane from toluene di-isocyanate and a
propyleneglycol in the presence of polyalkyleneimines and alkylated
and alkanoylated polyalkyleneimines and quaternized
polyalkyleneimines: polyurethane to which is chemically affixed
about 10% by weight of the following polyalkyleneimines,
respectively: 50 percent stearoylated di-ethyleneimine, 70 percent
methylated triethyleneimine, 10 percent stearoylated
di-propyleneimine, 50 percent methylated dibutyleneimine, 15
percent stearoylated polypropyleneimine (avg. mol. wt. 20,000), 20
percent diethylated polymethyleneimine hydroxide (quaternarized;
mol. wt. 100,000), 10 percent methylated polybutyleneimine (avg.
mol. wt. 2,000), 15 percent hexanoylated polymethyleneimine (avg.
mol. wt. 25,000), 50 percent docosanoylated-50 percent ethylated
polybutyleneimine (avg. mol. wt. 50,000), 5 percent octanoylated-5
percent methanoylated polymethyleneimine (avg. mol. wt. 10,000), 20
percent dihexylated polyethyleneimine fluoride (quaternarized; mol.
wt. 3,000), 5 percent docosylated polyethyleneimine (avg. mol. wt.
1,000), 100 percent docosylated polybutyleneimine (avg. mol. wt.
100,000). In each instance, the released trapper cloth scavenges
dirt and anionic dyes from aqueous laundry baths and substantially
inhibits dye transfer.
It is to be understood that the laundering aids of the present
invention are suitable for use in all manner of aqueous laundering
processes. It is well-known that such laundering processes can
involve additional steps such as bleaching with hypohalite
solutions and fabric softening and antistatic treatments involving
quaternary ammonium salts. Such laundering, bleaching and treating
processes are commonly carried out over a pH range of from about 3
to about 14. Such considerations are immaterial to the practice of
this invention in that the laundering aids perform their cleaning
and trapping function under all such conditions and in the presence
of any of these common laundry additives.
Furthermore, it is recognized that the quantity of trapper required
to remove substantially all the dirt and dye from an aqueous
laundry bath will vary with the amount of dirt and dye released
from the laundered cloths. Assuming a moderate-to-heavy dirt load
and dye release, about a 2 oz. mass of the foamed trapper will
remove substantially all dirt and dye released from one 6 pound
laundry bundle washed in about 8 gallons of water. More or less
trapper can be employed, as desired.
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