U.S. patent number 3,812,482 [Application Number 05/336,112] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-21 for air emboli detector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Primary Childrens Hospital. Invention is credited to Justin S. Clark.
United States Patent |
3,812,482 |
Clark |
May 21, 1974 |
AIR EMBOLI DETECTOR
Abstract
A light emitting diode and a photodetector are disposed on
opposite ends of an optical path oriented at an angle with respect
to a substantially transparent blood conduit, such as clear plastic
tubing. Liquid, such as blood or saline, whether opaque or clear,
flowing in the tubing defracts the light emitted by the diode out
of the straight optical path so that only an insignificant portion
thereof reaches the detector, but gas, such as air emboli, due to
lower indexes of refraction than liquids, hardly defracts the
light, so that a significant portion reaches the optical detector.
An output of the optical detector in excess of a setable threshhold
causes an alarm and a disablement of the blood handling system. The
optical system is tested with liquid in the tubing by over-driving
the light emitting diode so that, despite defraction, sufficient
light should reach the detector to cause it to provide an output
equivalent to the output it would normally have when detecting gas
in the tubing with the light emitting diode driven in a normal
manner.
Inventors: |
Clark; Justin S. (Salt Lake
City, UT) |
Assignee: |
Primary Childrens Hospital
(Salt Lake City, UT)
|
Family
ID: |
23314623 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/336,112 |
Filed: |
February 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/515;
128/DIG.13; 250/573; 340/632; 356/341; 340/603; 356/39;
604/122 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M
1/3626 (20130101); Y10S 128/13 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61M
1/36 (20060101); G08b 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/237R,237S
;250/218,573,574 ;356/38,39,103,207,208,40,41,42 ;73/194E
;128/214E,214F,DIG.13 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Myer; Daniel
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Foster; Mr. Lynn G.
Claims
Having thus described a typical embodiment of my invention, that
which I
1. A system for detecting gas bubbles in a liquid comprising:
an opaque block having first and second bores therethrough
intersecting each other at an angle;
a substantially translucent conduit for conducting a flow of liquid
in which the presence of gas bubbles is to be detected, said
conduit disposed in a first one of said bores;
a light emitter and an optical detector disposed at opposite ends
of a substantially straight optical path within said second bore,
said optical detector providing an output signal, the magnitude of
which is a function of the intensity of light delivered thereto
along said optical path, such that the presence of fluid in said
conduit at the intersection therewith of said light path defracts
light from said optical path, whereby said optical detector has an
insignificant output;
means for exciting said light emitter;
a source of a reference signal; and
means for comparing the output signal of said optical detector with
the reference signal of said source and for providing an alarm
signal in response to the signal output of said optical detector
being of a greater
2. A system according to claim 1 and further comprising means
responsive to
3. A system acocording to claim 2 further comprising: alarm
signaling means responsive to said alarm registering means for
signaling an alarm
4. A system according to claim 2 wherein said alarm registering
means comprises means setable in either of two states, said means
when set in a first one of said states generating an enable signal
indicative of the lack of an alarm condition, said means when set
in the other of said states generating a signal indicating a
registered alarm condition, said means being set in said second
state by said alarm signal, and further comprising:
selectively operable means for setting said bistable means into
said first
5. A system according to claim 4 wherein said selectively operable
means
6. A system according to claim 1 wherein said means for exciting
said light emitter comprises means for providing normal excitation
to said light emitter, and selectively operable means for providing
excitation to said light emitter which is significantly greater
than normal, whereby said light emitter emits light of a given
intensity normally, and emits light of intensity significantly
greater than normal in response to the
7. A system according to claim 6 including test means presenting a
test manifestation which by its presence controls the testing of
said system, said test manifestation connected to said selectively
operable means for operating the same, thereby to increase the
intensity of light emitted by said light emitter, and wherein said
test means includes means responsive to said test manifestation in
the absence of a signal from said compare circuit to generate said
alarm signal and responsive to the presence of an output from said
compare circuit in the absence of test manifestation to generate
said alarm signal.
Description
BACKGROUND
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to an improved air emboli detector employing
optical defraction.
2. Prior Art
Recent advances in technology include an automated blood analysis
system which is disclosed and claimed in a commonly owned copending
U.S. Pat. application of Justin S. Clark and Lloyd George Veasy,
Ser. No. 319,561, Filed on Dec. 29, 1972, and entitled AUTOMATED
BLOOD ANALYSIS SYSTEM. In such a system, the health and safety of a
patient is paramount. Such systems employ sources of fluids, such
as irrigation fluids and pumping fluids (which may comprise saline
solutions), and include pumps, valves and conduits (such as
tubing). As a result, it is possible, at times, that small amounts
of air may enter the system and form bubbles in any of the system
fluids, which may be transferred to blood moving in the system, or
may directly form as air emboli within the blood. Depending on the
particular function being performed, it is not uncommon for such
systems to frequently return a certain portion of blood to the
patient, or to infuse other solutions into the patient. As is
known, air emboli can be extremely dangerous in a patient,
particularly when the patient is very sick, and more particularly
in the case of premature or sick newborn infants.
It is therefore desirable to provide automatically operated means
for detecting the presence of air emboli in blood, or air bubbles
in other solutions in a blood handling system. However, such a
system must distinguish between gases and liquids as such, and
therefore clear fluids (such as saline) must cause a response which
is similar to the response caused by opaque fluids (such as blood),
and must cause a response which is different from the response
caused by clear gases (such as air). In addition, it is necessary
that the patient be well protected, and that the blood or other
fluids be isolated from any electrical means utilized in such a
system.
BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide an improved air
emboli detector.
According to the present invention, light is transmitted at an
angle through a substantially clear fluid conduit to an optical
detector, the presence of liquid in the conduit defracting the
light from reaching the detector, the presence of gas in the
conduit causing the light to pass substantially straight through
the conduit to the detector. In accordance further with the present
invention, the output of an optical detector in such a system is
compared with a threshold, and an excess of optical detector output
comprises an alarm condition; the alarm condition may be signaled,
and may in addition be utilized to disable the related blood
handling system. In still further accord with the present
invention, an optical air emboli detector which senses the presence
of gas by a lack of defraction of light passing through a conduit
from a light emitter to an optical detector is tested with liquid
in the conduit by over-driving the light emitter sufficiently for
reflected light to generate a significant output from the optical
detector.
The present invention provides optical isolation of blood and other
fluids being tested for air emboli and bubbles from electric
circuitry related therewith. The invention treates liquids as being
proper, whether they are clear or opaque, and treats gases as being
different than liquids. The invention is simple to implement, and
is readily configured utilizing technology and components which are
readily available in the market. The invention permits checking of
a gas detector without necessitating the presence of gas in the
conduit to be monitored.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention
will become more apparent in light of the following detailed
description of a preferred embodiment thereof, as illustrated in
the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The sole FIGURE herein comprises a simplified schematic block
diagram of one embodiment of an air emboli detector according to
the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, a fluid conduit such as a tube 2 (which
might comprise clear plastic tubing) of a relatively small bore (on
the order of 35 mils) is disposed within a bore 4 of a block 6. A
second bore passes through the bore 4 so as to form a pair of
optical paths 8, 10 on either side of and at an angle with respect
to the bore 4. Each of the bores 8, 10 is bored out to a larger
diameter at either end thereof so as to form receptacles 12, 14 for
an optical detector 16 and a light emitting diode 18. The light
emitting diode (LED) 18 may emit infrared light, or electromagnetic
radiation at any suitable wave length, and the detector 16 may
comprise any incoherent optical detector operative over a wave
length including that of the diode 18. As an example, the light
emitting diode may be that sold under the trade designation
Monsanto ME4; similarly, the detector may be that sold under the
trade designation Fairchild 2175.
The light emitting diode 18 is driven by current supplied on a line
20 from a suitable source of current 22 through a resistor 24. In
normal operation, the current may be on the order of 100
milliamperes. In such a case, the intensity of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the diode 18 is such that when there is liquid
(which has a higher index of refraction) within the tube 2, the
light is defracted as indicated by the arrow 26 so that an
appreciably reduced amount of it reaches the optical detector 16.
Thus, the detector 16 will have substantially reduced output when
there is blood, saline, or other liquid within the tubing 2. on the
other hand, with normal excitation of the LED 18, should there be a
bubble of gas, which is of a size on the same order of magnitude as
the diameter of the bore of the tubing 2, present between the
optical paths 8, 10, it will not appreciably defract the light beam
so that it will pass directly into the optical path 8 and to the
detector 16 as indicated by the dashed arrow 28.
The resistor 24, however, is shunted by a selectively operable
switch 30 which may comprise a field effect transistor and which,
when operated, shorts out the resistor 24 so that the current
source 22 will supply significantly greater current on the line 20
to the diode 18; for instance, currents on the order of 200
milliamperes may typically be provided when the switch 30 is
operated. Under such a condition, even though there be liquid in
the tubing 2, the intensity of light emitted by the diode 18 is
sufficiently great that through deflection, a significant amount of
light will activate the detector 16 so as to supply an output
therefrom which is on the same order of magnitude as the output
resulting from sensing of an air bubble with normal excitation.
The output of the photodetector is applied by a line 32 to a
compare circuit 34, the other input to which comprises a line 36
from a suitable source of a threshold or other reference potential,
such as a potentiometer 38 attached to a suitable source of voltage
(V1) 40. The wiper of the potentiometer 38, together with choice of
the magnitude of voltage at the source 40, can be adjusted to
provide a voltage on the line 36 equivalent to an output of the
detector 16 which represents the amount of light received at the
detector 16 expected in response to an air emboli within the liquid
in the tubing 2. The compare circuit 34 may comprise any suitable
circuit such as, for example, that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,851,638
wherein there is a voltage source (22) and a potentiometer (21)
equivalent to the source 40 and potentiometer 38 herein. In such a
case, the compare circuit 34 provides an output signal on a line 42
which passes through an EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44, the output of
which on the line 46 will register an alarm condition in a suitable
device such as a bistable device 48. The bistable device 48 may
comprise any suitable circuit such as, for example, that shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,588,545. The EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44 may comprise
any suitable circuit such as that shown, for instance, in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,384,759. The bistable device 48 is set by a signal on the
line 46, and may be reset by a signal on a line 50 in response to
any suitable means, such as a manually operable push button or
other momentary contact switch 52 connected to a suitable voltage
source (V2) 54. When set, the bistable device 48 provides a signal
on a line 56 which may actuate a suitable alarm signaling device
58; when reset, the bistable device 48 provides a condition on a
line 60 which may provide an enabling input to the blood handling
system 62 with which the air emboli detector of the present
invention is associated. The blood handling system 62 may include
timing means for providing a test signal on a line 64, which is
utilized to actuate the switch 30 thereby to over-drive the LED 18
for testing of the air emboli detector as described hereinbefore,
and for also applying the test signal on the line 64 to a second
input of the EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44. Thus, when the diode 18 is
overdriven as a result of operation of the switch 30 during a test
of the air emboli detector, the optical detector 16 is supposed to
provide a suitable output signal, so that the compare circuit 34
will provide an output on the line 42. If it does, then there is
currently two inputs to the EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44 so there will
be no output therefrom on the line 46 and the alarm condition
registering bistable 48 will not be operated. On the other hand, if
there is an insufficient output from the optical detector 16, then
there will be no output from the comparator 34, no signal on the
line 42, so that the EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44 will provide a signal
on the line 46 to register an alarm condition in the bistable
device 48. When the test signal is no longer present, the driving
current on the line 20 to the diode 18 is again reduced, and, the
test signal on the line 64 no longer being present at one input of
the EXCLUSIVE OR circuit 44, then the operation of the compare
circuit 34 as a result of a large output from the optical detector
16 will pass through the EXCLUSIVE OR circuit so as to register an
alarm condition in the bistable 48. Thus, no gas need be introduced
into the system for test purposes.
The blood handling system 62 may comprise the Automated Blood
Analysis System of the aforementioned copending application, or
other systems. In the aforementioned copending application, the air
emboli detector of the present invention is briefly disclosed in an
embodiment differing somewhat from that herein, and in which the
timing of the blood handling system is effected by a drum contact
timer. However, it should be apparent that any sort of timing, or
manual operation of a switch to cause testing of the air emboli
detector may be utilized if desired.
Similarly, although the invention has been shown and described with
respect to an illustrated embodiment thereof, it should be
understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and
various other changes and omissions in the form and detail thereof
may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope
of the invention.
* * * * *