U.S. patent number 3,812,432 [Application Number 05/321,211] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-21 for tone detector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Robert Louis Hanson.
United States Patent |
3,812,432 |
Hanson |
May 21, 1974 |
TONE DETECTOR
Abstract
Individual call progress and test tone signals are accurately
detected by employing a threshold detector in conjunction with a
frequency component detector. The threshold detector generates a
substantially constant amplitude pulsating signal representative of
intervals between prescribed levels of the instantaneous amplitude
of an applied tone signal. Peak amplitudes of individual frequency
components of the pulsating signal are detected and, then, compared
with a predetermined reference. The frequency component having a
peak amplitude greater than the reference corresponds to the
fundamental frequency of the applied tone signal being
detected.
Inventors: |
Hanson; Robert Louis (Howell
Township, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated (Murray Hills, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23249662 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/321,211 |
Filed: |
January 5, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
327/37; 84/654;
84/681; 379/372; 340/12.16; 379/386 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04Q
1/45 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04Q
1/45 (20060101); H04Q 1/30 (20060101); H03k
009/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;328/137,138,140,149
;327/233 ;179/84VF,84SS |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Heyman; John S.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Stafford; Thomas
Claims
1. A tone detector circuit which comprises:
means responsive to an applied signal for generating a pulsating
signal having a substantially constant amplitude and being
representative of intervals between prescribed amplitude levels of
said applied signal, said pulsating signal generating means being
selectively disabled in response to a predetermined signal being
supplied thereto;
means in circuit relationship with said pulsating signal generating
means and being responsive to at least one predetermined frequency
component of said pulsating signal for generating a pulse signal
representative of intervals when the amplitude of said at least one
frequency component exceeds a predetermined reference level;
means for detecting a predetermined amplitude characteristic of
said applied signal; and
means in circuit relationship with said amplitude detecting means
and said pulsating signal generating means and being responsive to
the output from said amplitude detecting means for generating a
signal to disable said pulsating signal generating means during
intervals when the output from
2. A tone detector as defined in claim 1 wherein said amplitude
detecting means includes means for generating a signal
representative of the average
3. A tone detector as defined in claim 1 wherein said pulsating
signal generating means includes a threshold detector for
generating a pulsating signal having a substantially constant
amplitude and being representative of intervals between prescribed
values of the instantaneous amplitude of
4. A tone detector as defined in claim 3 wherein said pulse signal
generating means includes filter means in circuit relationship with
said threshold detector for passing only said at least one
frequency component of said pulsating signal and level detector
means in circuit with said filter means for generating said pulse
signal during intervals in which the amplitude of said at least one
frequency component exceeds a
5. A tone detector as defined in claim 4 wherein said level
detector means includes peak detector means in circuit with said
filter means for generating a unipolarity signal having an
amplitude proportional to the peak amplitude value of said at least
one frequency component output from said filter means and
comparator means having first and second inputs and an output, a
reference signal source being connected in circuit with said first
input, said peak detector means being connected in circuit with
said second input and said comparator means being responsive to a
reference signal and to said unipolarity signal for generating said
pulse signal at said comparator means output during intervals in
which the amplitude of said unipolarity signal exceeds the
amplitude of said reference signal.
6. A tone detector as defined in claim 3 further including interval
detector means in circuit relationship with said threshold detector
and being responsive to said pulsating signal for generating a
predetermined signal only during intervals in which the duration of
said pulsating signal exceeds a prescribed interval and at least
one means in circuit with said interval detector means and said
pulse signal generating means and being responsive to said pulse
signal and said interval detector means output for generating an
output only during intervals in which said pulse
7. A tone detector as defined in claim 6 wherein said interval
detector means includes a retriggerable monostable multivibrator
connected in circuit with said threshold detector and having a
predetermined unstable interval and means connected in circuit with
said multivibrator and being responsive to an output signal from
said multivibrator for generating a predetermined signal during
intervals in which the output of said multivibrator remains in a
predetermined state for a duration greater than
8. A tone detector circuit which comprises:
a threshold detector responsive to an applied signal having an
amplitude greater than a predetermined level for generating a
substantially constant amplitude pulsating signal representative of
intervals between prescribed levels of the instantaneous amplitude
of said applied signal;
means for detecting a prescribed amplitude characteristic of said
applied signal;
means connected in circuit relationship with said amplitude
detecting means and said threshold detector and being responsive to
the output from said amplitude detecting means for generating
signals to enable and disable said threshold detector during
intervals when the output from said amplitude detecting means is
above and below a prescribed level, respectively;
a plurality of filters in circuit with said threshold detector,
each of said filters being arranged to pass an individual frequency
component of said pulsating signal;
a plurality of peak detector means being in one-to-one circuit
relationship with said filters for detecting the peak amplitude of
the corresponding passed frequency component; and
a plurality of comparator means being in one-to-one circuit
relationship with said peak detecting means for comparing said
detected peak amplitude to a predetermined reference, wherein the
frequency component having a peak amplitude greater than said
reference represents the fundamental
9. A tone detector circuit which comprises:
means responsive to an applied signal for generating a pulsating
signal having a substantially constant amplitude and being
representative of intervals between prescribed amplitude levels of
said applied signal, said pulsating signal generating means being
selectively enabled and disabled in response to predetermined
signals supplied thereto;
means in circuit relationship with said pulsating signal generating
means and being responsive to at least one predetermined frequency
component of said pulsating signal for generating a pulse signal
representative of intervals when the amplitude of said at least one
frequency component exceeds a predetermined reference level;
means for generating a signal representative of the average
amplitude value of said applied signal;
a reference signal source; and
comparator means having first and second inputs and an output, said
average amplitude signal generating means being in circuit with
said first input, said reference signal source being in circuit
with said second input, said output being in circuit with said
pulsating signal generating means and said comparator means being
responsive to signals supplied to said first and second inputs for
generating first and second predetermined signals at said output
representative of intervals during which the average amplitude of
said applied signal is above and below the amplitude of a signal
supplied from said reference source, respectively, said first and
second predetermined signals being supplied to enable and disable,
respectively,
10. A tone detector circuit which comprises:
a threshold detector responsive to an applied signal for generating
a pulsating signal having a first polarity during intervals between
the instantaneous amplitude of said applied signal exceeding a
prescribed level of a first polarity and exceeding a prescribed
level of a second polarity and having a second polarity during
intervals between the instantaneous amplitude of said applied
signal exceeding said prescribed level of said second polarity and
exceeding said prescribed level of said first polarity;
means for generating a signal representative of the average
amplitude value of said applied signal;
means in circuit with said average signal generating means and said
threshold detector and being responsive to the output from said
average signal generating means to generate a signal for disabling
said threshold detector during intervals in which the average
amplitude of said applied signal is below a prescribed value;
a plurality of filters in circuit with said threshold detector,
each of said filters being arranged to pass an individual frequency
component of said pulsating signal;
a plurality of peak detector means in one-to-one circuit
relationship with said filters for detecting the peak amplitude of
the corresponding frequency component passed by said related
filter; and
a plurality of comparator means being in one-to-one circuit
relationship with said peak detecting means for comparing said
detected peak amplitude to a predetermined reference, wherein the
frequency component having a peak amplitude greater than said
reference represents the fundamental
11. A tone detector circuit as defined in claim 10 further
including interval detecting means connected in circuit with said
threshold detector and being responsive to said pulsating signal
for generating a predetermined signal only during intervals in
which the interval between pulses of said pulsating signal is less
than a predetermined value and in which the duration of said
pulsating signal exceeds a predetermined value, a plurality of
coincidence gates in one-to-one circuit relationship with the
outputs of said plurality of comparing means and in circuit
relationship with said interval detecting means, said gates being
responsive to generate a predetermined output signal only when the
outputs from said comparing means and said interval detecting means
are in coincidence.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to tone detector circuits and, more
particularly, to tone detector circuits for detecting and
recognizing call progress tone signals and test tone signals
utilized in communications systems.
One of the earliest problems encountered in direct dialing
telephone systems was that of providing an indication to a
telephone customer of the progress of his telephone call. As is now
well known in the art, this problem was solved by employing
distinctive tone signal patterns to indicate each one of a variety
of telephone call progress conditions. Thus, for example, ringing,
line busy and overflow, i.e., all trunks busy, among others, each
have an individual distinctive tone pattern at a preassigned
frequency.
In addition to the call progress signals, tone signals having other
distinctive patterns at preassigned frequencies are employed in
testing the operativeness of telephone communication systems.
Both the call progress and test tone signals were originally
designed to be detected and recognized by human operators. However,
the ever increasing automation of telephone communication systems
has led to a need for automatic detection and recognition of such
signals.
One arrangement for automatically detecting and recognizing such
tone signals is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,454,720 issued to G.
Minchenko on July 8, 1969. Although the Minchenko patent describes
apparatus that satisfactorily detects and recognizes call progress
and test tone signals generated and transmitted by most telephone
equipments, the ever increasing number of call progress and test
tone generating equipments has resulted in the encountering of new
problems.
Among these new problems which have been recognized is that many
switching centers and transmission test centers employ signals rich
in noise and harmonic content. Thus, call progress or test tone
signals at a given preassigned frequency may have components at
some higher frequency which has been assigned to other call
progress or test tone signals. From practice, it has been observed
that prior known call progress and test tone detector circuits are
unable to distinguish which signal is actually being received when
the received signal is noisy, includes higher order harmonics of
lower frequency signals or is a multitone signal. Thus, results are
obtained which erroneously indicate the reception of other than the
call progress or test tone signal being transmitted. Such errors
cannot be tolerated in modern direct dialing telephone
communication systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other problems are resolved in a tone detector, in
accordance with the invention, by turning to account
characteristics of a substantially constant amplitude pulsating
signal, namely, that the amplitudes of frequency components of such
a signal are readily determinable. Accordingly, "higher" frequency
components of an applied signal are substantially rejected by
generating a substantially constant amplitude pulsating signal
representative of periodic intervals of similar signal
characteristics, for example, the intervals between prescribed
amplitude levels of an applied signal. Then, the presence of a
signal at a frequency of interest is distinguished from harmonics
of "lower" frequency signals by comparing amplitudes of individual
frequency components of the pulsating signal with an associated
prescribed reference signal. Deleterious effects caused by noise
signal components are minimized by inhibiting generation of the
pulsating signal during intervals in which the applied signal does
not meet a prescribed criterion.
More specifically, a tone detector, in accordance with the
invention, includes a threshold detector for generating a
substantially constant amplitude pulsating signal representative of
intervals between prescribed levels of the instantaneous amplitude
of an applied signal, for example, positive and negative peak
amplitudes. No pulsating signal is generated during intervals in
which the amplitude of the applied signal is below the prescribed
level. The presence of frequency components of interest in the
applied signal is determined by supplying the pulsating signal to
appropriate filters. The peak value of the output from each filter
is detected and compared with a predetermined reference signal to
determine, in accordance with the invention, whether the particular
filter output represents the fundamental frequency of the applied
signal.
An additional aspect of the instant invention is concerned with
eliminating possible detection errors caused by noise signals. Such
errors are substantially eliminated, in accordance with the
invention, by inhibiting the operation of the threshold detector
until the applied signal has an average amplitude greater than a
prescribed level. Simply stated, the threshold detector is disabled
until the average amplitude of the applied signal exceeds a
predetermined value.
In one application of the present invention, signals having a
period less than a prescribed value and a duration greater than a
prescribed interval only are of interest. Accordingly, generation
of output signals from the tone detector of the instant invention
is inhibited unless these conditions are met. This is achieved by
employing a retriggerable monostable multivibrator and a delay unit
in conjunction with a plurality of coincidence gates. The gates are
connected in a one-to-one circuit relationship with the comparator
outputs and with the delay unit output. The unstable interval of
the monostable multivibrator is set at a predetermined value so
that the multivibrator output remains in a predetermined state only
when the interval between pulses of the threshold detector output
is less than a prescribed interval. The delay unit yields an output
only after the multivibrator output has remained in the
predetermined state for more than a prescribed interval. Each of
the gates yields an output only when the delay unit output signal
and the corresponding comparator output signal are in
coincidence.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be
more fully understood from the following detailed description taken
in connection with the appended drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a tone detector circuit illustrating the
invention;
FIG. 2 shows in greater detail a threshold detector which may be
utilized in the tone detector of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates details of an average detector which may be
employed in the circuit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 depicts details of a frequency component detector which may
be used in the tone detector of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C each show a sequence of waveforms useful in
describing operational modes of the tone detector of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates in simplified block diagram form a tone detector
circuit in accordance with the invention. Signals to be detected
are supplied via input terminal 101 to filter 102. Filter 102 may
be any one of numerous filters known in the art capable of passing
signals within a frequency band of interest. In many applications
of the invention, filter 102 may be eliminated. Signals within the
passband of filter 102 are supplied via circuit path 103 to
threshold detector 104 and via circuit path 105 to average detector
106.
As is well known, the waveform of an applied signal, for example, a
sinusoid at a given fundamental frequency, is perturbed by "higher"
frequency signal components. For a given range of frequencies and
component signal amplitudes, the positive and negative peak
amplitudes of a composite signal, i.e., fundamental frequency and
"higher" frequency components, tend to be the positive and negative
peak amplitudes of the fundamental frequency signal. Simply stated,
the peak amplitude of the envelope of the composite signal
represents the peak amplitude of the "lower" frequency signal being
detected. Accordingly, threshold detector 104 is employed, in
accordance with the invention, to reject "higher" frequency
components from an applied signal to be detected. To this end,
detector 104 is adjusted so that it yields a pulsating output
signal, at 110, representative of intervals between prescribed
amplitude levels of the signal being detected, for example,
positive and negative peak amplitudes. This pulsating output is
generated only when the amplitude of the applied signal exceeds the
prescribed level. Threshold detector 104 may also be any one of
numerous circuit arrangements capable of generating a substantially
constant amplitude pulsating signal representative of intervals
between prescribed values of the instantaneous amplitude of an
applied signal. Details of a preferred threshold detector are shown
in FIG. 2, to be discussed below.
Most, if not all, threshold detectors also respond to noise
signals, for example, white noise, to generate an output signal. As
is well known, such noise signals have relatively low average
amplitude levels but do have peak amplitude levels which equal or
even exceed the normal amplitude levels of signals being detected.
Errors possible because of detecting noise peaks and the like are
minimized, in accordance with the invention, by selectively
inhibiting operation of threshold detector 104 during intervals in
which the average amplitude of the applied signal being detected is
below a prescribed level. This is achieved by employing average
detector 106. Thus, detector 106 senses the applied signal and
generates, at 108, first and second predetermined output signals
representative of intervals in which the applied signal has an
average amplitude level greater than and less than a predetermined
level, respectively. These output signals are supplied via circuit
path 108 to enable or disable threshold detector 104 when the
average amplitude of the applied signal is above or below the
predetermined level, respectively.
When enabled, threshold detector 104 responds to an applied signal,
having an amplitude greater than a prescribed level, to generate a
constant amplitude pulsating signal representative of intervals
between prescribed amplitude levels of the applied signal. It
follows that if the applied signal is a sinusoid, the pulsating
output of detector 104 is a substantially symmetrical rectangular
waveform having a period substantially equal to the period of the
applied signal. This rectangular waveform characteristic of the
output from threshold detector 104 is turned to account, in
accordance with the invention, to reject harmonics of "lower"
frequency signals, thereby eliminating possible erroneous
indications of detecting "higher" frequency tone signals when a
"lower" frequency tone is being transmitted.
As is well known, a symmetrical rectangular waveform includes
signal components at a fundamental frequency and at odd order
harmonic frequencies. Thus, the pulsating output of threshold
detector 104 includes fundamental frequency component f.sub.o and
odd order harmonic components Nf.sub.o, N = 3,5, 7 . . . . By
employing Fourier analysis techniques, amplitudes A.sub.N, N = 1,
3, 5, . . . , of the corresponding frequency components are readily
determinable. Indeed, it can be shown that the amplitudes of
harmonic components Nf.sub.o are substantially lower in magnitude
than the amplitude of fundamental frequency component f.sub.o.
Accordingly, the pulsating output of threshold detector 104 is
supplied via circuit path 110 to filters 120-1 through 120-N. Each
of filters 120 is of a type capable of passing a narrow band of
frequencies centered at a specific frequency of interest, for
example, frequencies f.sub.1 through f.sub.N. The pulsating output
of threshold detector 104 is also supplied via circuit path 110 to
retriggerable monostable multivibrator 122 to be discussed below.
The outputs from each of filters 120 is a sinusoidal signal
representative of the frequency content of the pulsating output of
threshold detector 104 at the individual filter frequency, namely,
frequencies f.sub.1 through f.sub.N.
Whether the output from each of filters 120-1 through 120-N
represents a fundamental frequency of interest or merely a harmonic
of some "lower" frequency is determined by supplying the outputs of
filters 120-1 through 120-N to frequency detectors 125-1 through
125-N, respectively.
Detectors 125 are employed, in accordance with the invention, to
detect the peak amplitude of the output from an associated one of
filters 120 and, then, to compare the detected peak amplitude with
a predetermined reference voltage representative of the desired
fundamental frequency component. If the peak amplitude of the
filter output signal is greater than the reference voltage, a
predetermined signal is developed at the output of the
corresponding one of detectors 125, for example, a signal
representative of a logical "1." This output may be employed as
desired to indicate the accurate detection of the corresponding
frequency component. Although numerous circuits may be equally
employed for obtaining such an indication that a signal of interest
has been detected, it is preferred that a circuit as shown in FIG.
4 be employed, to be discussed below.
In one application of the present invention, it is further desired
that an indication, that a signal has been detected is generated
only if the applied signal is a so-called "good" signal. A "good"
signal has been defined for certain applications as one which meets
prescribed duration criteria. Specifically, the applied signal must
be such that the interval between pulse signals developed at the
output of threshold detector 104 is less than a prescribed
interval, for example, 30 milliseconds, and that the pulsating
signal has a duration greater than a prescribed interval, for
example, 140 milliseconds. Whether the pulsating output of
threshold detector 104 and, hence, the applied signal meet these
criteria is determined by employing retriggerable monostable
multivibrator 122 in conjunction with delay unit 135. The unstable
interval of monostable 122 is set at a desired interval so that
monostable 122 is retriggered before "timing-out" when the interval
between pulses in the output of threshold 104 is less than a
prescribed interval, namely, 30 milliseconds. Thus, when the
interval between pulses is less than 30 milliseconds, the output of
monostable 122 remains in a high state. Then, if the output from
threshold detector 104 exists, as indicated by the output of
monostable 122 remaining in a high state, for more than a
prescribed interval, in this example 140 milliseconds, delay unit
135 yields, in well known fashion, a high state signal at its
output.
The output of delay unit 135 is supplied to a first input of
coincidence gates 130-1 through 130-N and to inverting gate 136.
Gate 136 responds to the high state output from delay unit 135 to
yield a low state output at 137 indicating a "good" signal has been
received. The output from gate 136 may be utilized as desired.
Outputs from frequency detectors 125-1 through 125-N are supplied
in a one-to-one circuit relationship to a second input of
coincidence gates 130-1 through 130-N. In this example, gates 130
and gate 136 are NAND gates of a type now well known in the art.
Accordingly, when the output from delay unit 135 is in a high state
and an output from any one of frequency detectors 125 is in a high
state, a low state signal is generated at the output of the
corresponding one of NAND gates 130, namely, at one of outputs
138-1 through 138-N. This output signal may also be utilized as
desired to indicate that the corresponding tone signal has been
detected.
Turning now to FIG. 2 there are shown details of threshold detector
104 which may be utilized in the circuit of FIG. 1. Detector 104 is
essentially a peak detector including differential amplifier 201.
Amplifier 201 is a "high" gain type, now well known in the art,
commonly referred to as an operational amplifier. Signals to be
detected are supplied via circuit path 103 and coupling capacitor
202 to the inverting (-) input of amplifier 201. Resistor 203
provides a direct current path to ground reference potential for
holding the signal level at the inverting input of amplifier 201 at
ground potential during intervals when no input signal is being
supplied via circuit path 103. The output of amplifier 201 is
supplied via resistor 207 to circuit path 110 and to diodes 210 and
211.
Diodes 210 and 211 are arranged to pass negative and positive
outputs of amplifier 201, respectively. Diodes 212 and 213 are
connected in series with diode 210 and 211 and ground reference.
Diodes 212 and 213 are also arranged to pass negative and positive
signals, respectively. Diodes 210 through 213 are employed to
maintain a constant magnitude output from amplifier 210. Diodes 212
and 213 also insure that the magnitude of a signal developed at
circuit point 215 is also constant. Resistor 207 limits the
magnitude of current being supplied to diodes 210 through 213. The
signal developed at circuit point 215 is proportionately supplied
via resistor 220 to the noninverting (+) input of amplifier 201.
Resistor 220 in conjunction with resistor 221 forms a voltage
divider for establishing predetermined threshold voltage V.sub. T
at circuit point 225. The magnitude of voltage V.sub.T is
determined, in well known fashion, by the resistance values of
resistors 220 and 221 and the magnitude of the voltage developed at
circuit point 215. In practice, the magnitude of voltage V.sub.T is
adjusted to equal the lowest acceptable peak amplitude.
Diode 230 is employed to supply a signal having a predetermined
polarity from circuit path 108 to disable detector 104.
Accordingly, detector 104 is disabled from generating a pulsating
output by supplying via circuit path 108 a signal having sufficient
amplitude to develop a positive voltage across resistor 221
sufficient to bias amplifier 201 into a predetermined saturated
state. This inhibits amplifier 201 from responding to signals
supplied via circuit path 103 to its inverting input.
Now, assuming that detector 104 is enabled i.e., no signal is being
supplied via circuit path 108, operation is straightforward.
Initially, with no signal supplied via circuit path 103, the output
of amplifier 201 assumes a stable state, for example, either at a
positive saturation voltage or at a negative saturation voltage. In
this example, it is assumed that the output of amplifier 201 is
initially at a negative saturation voltage. This negative output is
positively fed back via diode 210 and resistor 220 to the
noninverting (+) input of amplifier 201, thereby maintaining the
output of amplifier 201 at the negative saturation voltage. A
signal being detected supplied to the inverting (-) input of
amplifier 201, for example, a signal as shown in waveform A OF FIG.
5A, has no effect on the output until the signal achieves a
negative amplitude greater than the magnitude of V.sub.T, i.e., the
potential applied to the noninverting (+) input. Once the input
signal reaches this negative amplitude, the output of amplifier 201
is switched from the negative voltage to a positive saturation
voltage. Once this occurs, the positive feedback of the positive
output voltage from amplifier 201 via diode 211 and resistor 220 to
the noninverting (+) input maintains the output of amplifier 201 at
the positive saturation voltage until the amplitude of the supplied
input signal attains a positive amplitude which exceeds threshold
voltage V.sub.T supplied to the noninverting (+) input of amplifier
201. This process is repeated for each cycle of the supplied signal
to yield a substantially constant amplitude pulsating signal at
circuit path 110, as shown in waveform B of FIG. 5A.
It is readily seen that the level of threshold voltage V.sub.T and,
hence, the detection level is adjustable by varying the resistance
values of resistors 220 and 221. From practice, it has been found
that the magnitude of threshold voltage V.sub.T should be set at a
value to establish a detection level substantially at but less than
the peak value of the supplied signal. This insures that the output
of threshold detector 104 is a substantially symmetrical
rectangular waveform when the supplied signal includes multitone
signals.
FIG. 3 illustrates details of average detector 106 which may be
employed in the circuit of FIG. 1. Detector 106 includes
differential amplifier 301 which also is of a "high" gain type
commonly referred to as an operational amplifier. Signals to be
detected are supplied via circuit path 105 and coupling capacitor
302 to the noninverting (+) input of amplifier 301. Resistor 303 is
employed to provide a direct current path to ground potential for
holding the noninverting (+) input at ground potential during
intervals in which no signal is being supplied via circuit path
105. The output from amplifier 301 is supplied via diode 304 and
resistor 305 to capacitor 307, to the noninverting (-) input of
amplifier 310 and to resistor 311. Diode 304 is poled to pass
signals having a positive polarity. Capacitor 307 is connected
between circuit point 312 and ground potential. Resistor 311 and
313 form a voltage divider and are employed to supply
proportionately the voltage developed across capacitor 307, at 312,
to the inverting (-) input of amplifier 301. The component values
of resistor 305, 311 and 313 and capacitor 307 are selected so that
capacitor 307 is charged and discharged at predetermined rates.
Amplifier 310 is also a "high" gain differential amplifier of the
operational type and is utilized in this example as a comparator.
To this end, predetermined positive reference voltage V.sub.REF is
supplied to the noninverting (+) input of amplifier 310. Thus, the
output of amplifier 310, at 108, remains at a predetermined
positive saturation voltage until the amplitude of the voltage
developed across capacitor 307 supplied to the inverting (-) input
of amplifier 310 exceeds voltage V.sub.REF. This initial positive
output from amplifier 310 is supplied via circuit path 108 to
disable detector 104 (FIG. 1) during this initial interval. After
several cycles of the supplied signal being detected, the potential
developed at the inverting (-) input of amplifier 301 (FIG. 3)
approaches the peak amplitude value of the signal supplied via
circuit path 105 to the noninverting (+) input. Thereafter,
amplifier 301 and its associated circuitry function in a linear
mode. Consequently, only the difference voltage, i.e., the
instantaneous signal level supplied to the noninverting (+) input
less the signal level developed at the inverting (-) input, is
amplified and the voltage developed across capacitor 307 is
essentially representative of the average value of the peak
amplitude of the supplied signal. Once the voltage developed across
capacitor 307, i.e., the average amplitude value of the signal
being detected, reaches a predetermined level which exceeds
reference voltage V.sub.REF, comparator 310 is switched to generate
a predetermined negative voltage at its output. This enables
threshold detector 104.
FIG. 4 shows details of frequency detector 125. Detector 125 is
essentially a peak detector and comparator arrangement.
Accordingly, a unidirectional signal representative of the peak
amplitude of a signal supplied via circuit path 123 is generated,
in well known fashion, by employing diode 401, capacitor 402 and
resistor 403. The unidirectional signal developed across capacitor
402 is supplied to the noninverting (+) input of differential
amplifier 405. Predetermined negative reference voltage -V.sub.REF,
representative of the amplitude of fundamental frequency component
of interest, for example, frequency f.sub.1, is supplied to the
inverting input (-) of amplifier 405. Operation of detector 125 is
straightforward. When the peak value of the signal supplied via
circuit path 123 is less than voltage V.sub.REF, the output from
amplifier 405, at 126, is a predetermined negative voltage. When
the peak value of the supplied signals exceeds reference voltage
V.sub.REF, the output of amplifier 405, at 126, switches to a
predetermined positive voltage.
Operation of the invention is best explained by utilizing a
sequence of waveforms. Accordingly, FIGS. 5A through 5C each
depicts a sequence of waveforms developed at points in the circuit
of FIG. 1. The waveforms have been labeled to correspond to the
circuit points of FIG. 1. Accordingly, waveform A of FIG. 5A shows
a signal supplied to input terminal 101 (FIG. 1) having little, if
any, harmonic or "higher" frequency component content. Threshold
detector 104 responds to the supplied signal to generate a
substantially constant amplitude symmetrical rectangular waveform,
as shown in waveform B of FIG. 5A. This signal is supplied to
filters 120 and retriggerable monostable multivibrator 122. Filters
120 generate signals representative of the frequency component in
the pulsating output from detector 104. In this example, it is
assumed that the frequency of the supplied signal being detected is
frequency f.sub.1. Accordingly, filter 120-1 generates a signal, at
123-1, substantially as shown in waveform C of FIG. 5A. The output
from filter 120-1 is supplied via circuit path 123-1 to frequency
detector 125-1. If the peak amplitude of the filter output, as
shown in waveform C of FIG. 5A, exceeds a predetermined reference
potential representative of the amplitude of frequency f.sub.1 of
interest, detector 125-1 yields, at 126-1, a signal representative
of a logical "1" as shown in waveform D of FIG. 5A. For purposes of
this analysis, it is assumed that the signal being detected is a
"good" signal and, hence, delay unit 135 yields a high state signal
at the appropriate instant which is in coincidence with the output
of detector 125-1. Accordingly, a low state signal representative
of a logical "0" is generated by NAND gate 130-1 at output
138-1.
FIG. 5B shows a sequence of waveforms developed in the embodiment
of the instant invention shown in FIG. 1 when the supplied signal
is a multitone signal as illustrated in waveform A of FIG. 5B. The
supplied signal, shown in waveform A of FIG. 5B, is the sum of a
signal at a first frequency and a signal at a substantially
"higher" second frequency having an amplitude substantially equal
to the amplitude of the first frequency signal. Threshold detector
104 (FIG. 4) responds to the multitone signal to generate at 110, a
pulsating signal as shown in waveform B of FIG. 5B. The output from
threshold detector 104 in this instance is essentially identical to
the output resulting from an input signal having little, if any,
"higher" frequency components, for example, as shown in waveform B
of FIG. 5A. In turn, the outputs from filter 120-1 (FIG. 1) and
frequency detector 125-1, as shown in waveforms C and D of FIG. 5B,
respectively, are also essentially identical to those illustrated
in waveforms C and D of FIG. 5A.
Experimental results have shown that the output from threshold
detector 104 is only slightly affected when the input signal
includes "higher" frequency components having amplitudes less than
twice the amplitude of the signal of interest. However, as the
amplitude of the higher frequency components approaches twice that
of the signal of interest, the rectangular waveform output of
detector 104 becomes more distorted from symmetrical. Consequently,
the amplitude of the signal output from filter 120-1 decreases.
Thus, by reducing the value of reference potential -V.sub.REF in
frequency detector 125-1 (FIG. 4) to be slightly below the
anticipated peak value of the frequency component of interest, the
signal of interest may be readily detected even in the presence of
higher frequency components.
Once the amplitude of the "higher" frequency components exceed
twice that of the signal of interest, the composite signal is
essentially as shown in waveform A of FIG. 5C. The output from
threshold detector 104, as shown in waveform B of FIG. 5C, has the
basic frequency of the "higher" frequency component and the "lower"
frequency component is present only as a modulation product. The
resulting output from filter 120-1 is shown in waveform C of FIG.
5C. Note the substantial reduction in amplitude. Since the
amplitude of the filter output is below reference potential
V.sub.REF , frequency detector 125-1 yields a low state signal at
its output as shown in waveform D of FIG. 5C, thereby indicating
that frequency F.sub.1 is not the fundamental frequency of the
supplied signal.
The above described arrangements are, of course, merely
illustrative of the application of the principles of this
invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by those
skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of
the invention.
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