U.S. patent number 3,812,342 [Application Number 05/325,566] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-21 for lighting fixture lens.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Esquire, Inc.. Invention is credited to Albert C. McNamara, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,812,342 |
McNamara, Jr. |
May 21, 1974 |
LIGHTING FIXTURE LENS
Abstract
A lighting fixture combination including a housing enclosing at
least one bulb and having an opening for light and a housing window
across the opening comprising a thin film of fluorocarbon,
preferably Teflon FEP. Also disclosed are various means for
deforming the thin film to cause it to be stretched tautly across
the opening and be secured securely in place.
Inventors: |
McNamara, Jr.; Albert C.
(Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Esquire, Inc. (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23268418 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/325,566 |
Filed: |
January 22, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
362/375;
D26/91 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F21V
3/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F21V
3/00 (20060101); F21V 3/04 (20060101); F21v
011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;240/46.01,16R,106.1,108
;161/1,3.5,189,408 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
"Plastics - Pros & Cons For Outdoor Lighting," J. T. Barnes,
Lighting Design And Application, Dec. 1972, pp. 29-31..
|
Primary Examiner: Moses; Richard L.
Claims
1. A lighting fixture combination, comprising:
a housing for enclosing at least one light bulb therein that emits
light in the visible spectrum, such that said bulb is sufficiently
recessed so that the plane of an opening through which light
emanates does not intersect said bulb; and
a housing window comprising a thin film of fluorocarbon copolymer
combining tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene stretched
across said opening
2. A lighting fixture combination as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said thin film of fluorocarbon copolymer combining
tetrafluoroethylene and
3. A lighting fixture combination, comprising:
a housing for enclosing at least one light bulb therein that emits
light in the visible spectrum such that said bulb is sufficiently
recessed that the plane of an opening through which light emanates
does not intersect said bulb; and
a housing window comprising a non-self-supporting film of
fluorocarbon copolymer combining tetrafluoroethylene and
hexafluoropropylene secured
4. In a light fixture housing for retaining therein at least one
light bulb that emits light in the visible spectrum, housing window
means comprising:
a thin film window of fluorocarbon copolymer combining
tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene; and
means for securing said thin film across the opening of said
housing through which light emanates, said means securing said film
by deforming
5. A light fixture housing in accordance with claim 4, wherein said
securing means includes a deformable frame for stretching and
securing
6. A light fixture housing in accordance with claim 4, wherein said
securing means includes a two-part frame having mating parts for
deforming
7. A lighting fixture combination, comprising:
a housing for enclosing at least one light bulb therein that emits
light in the visible spectrum, such that said bulb is sufficiently
recessed so that the plane of an opening through which light
emanates does not intersect said bulb; and
a housing window comprising a thin film of fluorocarbon stretched
across
8. A lighting fixture combination, comprising:
a housing for enclosing at least one light bulb therein that emits
light in the visible spectrum, such that said bulb is sufficiently
recessed so that the plane of an opening through which light
emanates does not intersect said bulb; and
a thin film of material stretched across said opening selected from
the group consisting of a fluorocarbon copolymer combining
tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene;
polytetrafluoroethylene; a copolymer of ethylene and
tetrafluoroethylene; polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polyvinylidene
fluoride; polymethylpentene; and polysulfone.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to lighting fixtures, and more specifically
to the window material used in lighting fixtures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Commercial lighting fixtures each enclosing one or more bulbs or
lamps usually include a large window opening through which light
emanates from the bulbs or lamps. The normal material used for
closing this window is clear glass. In some installations frosted
or otherwise partially opaque glass is employed to soften or
diffuse the light.
In a typical installation of a high intensity discharge lamp, such
as a mercury vapor lamp, the window opening closed by a pane of
clear glass may be approximately two feet by two feet. The entire
lighting fixture may be one of a plurality mounted in a high
ceiling over a laboratory, industrial process area, a warehouse or
similar area.
Although plastics have been substituted for glass in many
applications, such as for canopies of airplanes, contact lenses,
lenses for photocells and many, many other applications,
substitution has never been totally satisfactory in the high
temperature, prolonged use, often abusive environment that high
intensity discharge lamps are subjected to. An article by J. T.
Barnes appearing in Lighting Design & Application, December
1972, is believed to reflect the current state of knowledge. The
findings of Barnes is that for short-term use in a high
temperature, high ultraviolet environment, there are some coated
polycarbonates that might be considered reservedly acceptable. For
general low temperature use, some acrylics (such as Plexiglas) are
acceptable. For high temperature use (over 105.degree.C), there is
no known substitute for glass. The sole exception was that in
extreme breakage areas or hazardous locations with inside
temperatures not in excess of 125.degree.C, polycarbonate may be
substituted, provided a very limited service life is acceptable.
There are so many characteristics besides accommodation to the
above that have to come together in a single plastic, that it has
been a real discovery that any plastic could be suitable. For
example, for a clear light fixture lens application, there has to
be good optical, low-backscatter properties, not just initially,
but after months and even years of use. Since most plastics, and
even some fluoroplastics, degrade when exposed to ultraviolet
light, the selection of a plastic with acceptable optical
properties has been extremely difficult. Further, as noted above,
the high temperatures attendant to high intensity discharge lamps
is also a critical problem pertaining to the selection of a
suitable material.
Moreover, unless there was a vast saving in weight, the economics
of the substitution did not make any sense. The most common glass
substitute for large panes is probably Plexiglas, which is rigid
and commonly seven-thirty-seconds inch thick (approximately 250
mils). Because it optically degrades under high temperature
conditions and for other reasons, it is not acceptable. Lexan,
another sometime glass substitute in other contexts, does withstand
high temperatures better than Plexiglas, but it yellows to an
objectionable extent. But, the attempts to develop a glass
substitute have led to the conclusion that perhaps something like
these substances and similar to glass could be found. Therefore, it
is quite surprising that the lens material that has been discovered
and which is revealed herein is a flexible thin film material.
The primary advantages of glass as a fixture closure or lens
include its low cost, its ready availability, its resistance to
high operating temperatures, such as emanate from high wattage
lamps, its resistance to changes in color and opaqueness, even over
a prolonged period of time, and its uniform light transmittance
qualities over the full range of the visible spectrum.
Glass as a closure for such a fixture has a number of
disadvantages, however. First, it is breakable. Should something
accidentally strike the glass or should the bulb within the fixture
explode, the glass is very likely to break at not only an
inconvenience to the persons working in the area, but also creating
a hazard. So-called non-breakable tempered or safety glass is
available and is used. But, even tempered glass does break. In such
case, beads result, rather than jagged pieces, but even beads can
be hazardous.
Further, glass is thought of as being relatively slick and
therefore resistant to the build up of dust. However, as most
persons can attest to who have had experience with dust build-up on
glass, it really does not take very long for an appreciable amount
to accumulate. The rapid accumulation of dust results in reduced
illumination from the fixture and a requirement to clean the
fixture. The more often someone has to clean the fixture, the more
expensive is the maintenance.
The glass used in a fixture such as the one described above is also
an appreciable percentage of thee overall weight of the fixture. A
lighter window closure would effect a reduction in manufacturing
and shipping costs.
It is therefore a feature of this invention to provide an improved
lighting fixture closure that is relatively inexpensive when
compared to the cost of glass and which is truly non-breakable.
It is another feature of this invention to provide an improved
lighting fixture closure which has a slicker surface than the prior
art glass closures and which, therefore, has better dust build-up
characteristics than such glass.
It is still another feature of this invention to provide an
improved lighting fixture closure having a weight much less than
the glass used in the prior art and which has light transmittance
qualities, heat resistance qualities, and age degradation qualities
sufficiently equal to glass as to be totally acceptable as a
general substitute for glass.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Fluoroplastics, or fluorocarbon polymers, all have the property of
having a resistance to high temperatures, being light weight in
small thicknesses and being unbreakable. Some fluoroplastics, and
in particular Teflon FEP (a fluorocarbon copolymer made by
polymerizing a mixture of tetrafluoroethylene and
hexafluoropropylene), have the additional properties of being
nearly transparent in thin-film form (no thicker than about 10
mils), having a high and uniform light-spectrum transmittance,
having a long-term aging quality without appreciable discoloring,
and having an extremely low coefficient of friction and therefore
providing a dust resistant surface. It has been discovered that a
lighting fixture closure made of such a material has sufficiently
equal or superior qualities in all of its necessary characteristics
that it is an overall superior closure to that of glass.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
So that the manner in which the above-recited features, advantages
and objects of the invention, as well as others which will become
apparent, are attained and can be understood in detail, more
particular description of the invention briefly summarized above
may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are
illustrated in the appended drawings, which drawings form a part of
this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the appended
drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and
are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the
invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an oblique view of a typical high intensity discharge
lamp fixture including a lens in accordance with the present
invention, the lens or closure assembly being illustrated in the
partly opened position.
FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional illustration of one method of
mounting the lens of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a partial cross sectional illustration of another method
of mounting the lens of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a partial cross sectional illustration of still another
method of mounting the lens of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a partial cross sectional illustration of yet another
method of mounting the lens of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a partial cross sectional illustration of a prior art
method of mounting glass in the frame of a lighting fixture.
FIG. 7 is a partial cross sectional illustration of a method of
mounting the lens of the present invention in the frame of the
lighting fixture shown in FIG. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Now referring to the drawings and first to FIG. 1, a typical high
intensity discharge lamp fixture 10 is shown housing a high
intensity discharge lamp. The window in the fixture through which
light emanates from lamp 12 is designated with reference numeral
13. A closure or lens assembly 14 is typically hinged at one end of
window 13 to permit access to the fixture for changing a burned-out
lamp 12. Assembly 14 comprises a frame structure 16 and lens
18.
Lens 18 to be more fully hereinafter described is a
non-self-supporting or non-rigid thin film of fluoroplastic
material capable of being at least slightly stretched. Typically,
the film is on the order of 5 mil thick. The term lens is not used
herein to necessarily imply optical magnification or
demagnification, but is used in the sense as that term is commonly
used in the lighting industry to refer to the window or window pane
closure of a lighting fixture.
Several alternative methods of attaching lens 18 into frame 16 are
illustrated in FIGS. 2-7. These frame structures are referred to
generally in FIGS. 2-5 as frames 16a, 16b, 16c and 16d,
respectively, and in FIGS. 6 and 7 as frame 16e.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross section of a frame structure 20 made of
material capable of at least some bending without breaking, such as
aluminum. Frame 20 has a jaw-like receiving opening 22, the
opposing surfaces thereof being at least slightly rippled in a
mating relationship. To hold lens film 18 within frame 20, the lens
is cut to size and inserted into opening 22. It is desirable that
the film does not extend all of the way into the opening. This
prevents the film from wrinkling. The jaws of opening 22 are then
squeezed together to securely clamp film 18 therein, the internal
rippling causing the film to slightly stretch so that the film
becomes taut in the frame. In addition, the rippling causes a
better gripping than non-rippled surfaces.
FIG. 3 shows a frame 30 with a groove 32 therein large enough for
accommodating a wire form 34 as well as lens film 18. A lip 36 is
formed at one side of groove 32. To secure film 18 to frame 30,
wire form 34 is pressed into groove 32 carrying film 18 with it.
Lip 36 is then bent over wire form 34 to secure film 18 in place.
Again, as with frame 20, film 18 is slightly stretched during the
securing operation, to draw film 18 slightly taut.
FIG. 4 illustrates still another frame 40 having a groove 42 for
receiving a mating tongue 44 formed in facing piece 46. Facing
piece 46 has a plurality of holes 48 therethrough, preferably at
the location of the tongue, and frome 40 has an equal number of
internally threaded, matingly located screw holes. To secure film
18 to frame 40, facing 46 is pressed so as to squeeze and somewhat
deformably stretch film 18 between tongue 44 and groove 42. Screws
49 are then tightened through holes 48 into the receiving screw
holes in frame 40 to complete the securing.
FIG. 5 illustrates yet another method of attaching film 18 to a
suitable frame. A two part frame comprising outside piece 50 and
inside piece 52 are capable of press fitting together in the
direction shown by the arrows to secure film 18 therebetween, much
in the manner of operation of an embroidery hoop. Again, when the
frame pieces are squeezed together, the operation stretches film 18
taut to remove wrinkles that might otherwise be present.
Finally, FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrates a convenient method of attaching
film 18 to a frame originally designed to accommodate glass. In
this case, frame 16e comprises an L-shaped peripheral frame
structure 60 onto which is pressfitted a grommet 62 made of rubber
or other suitable material. Grommet 62 offers a cross-sectional
U-shaped opening to the inside of the frame for accommodating glass
64. To convert frame 16e to accommodate film 18, a two-piece insert
is used that is roughly the same thickness as glass 64. This insert
includes larger piece 66, which is approximately J shaped and
smaller piece 68, which has a tongue for wedging into the groove
portion of J-shaped piece 66. J-shaped piece 66 is also rippled
slightly on the inside of the leg of the J.
In the mounting operation, film 18 is stretched over the long side
of the J of piece 66 and piece 68 is wedged into place, holding
film 18 between it and piece 66 and stretching film 18 slightly.
The ripples help prevent slippage of film 18.
Several qualities are necessary or highly desirable for the
material of lens 18. Not having one or more of these qualities or
properties, eliminates, from a practical standpoint, many materials
that might be otherwise assumed to be acceptable. Suitable
materials should have all of the following characteristics: be
unbreakable and impact resistant; resistant to high temperatures
beyond the range of use application, and especially be
non-flammable, non-toxic and noncontaminating; possessive of a low
coefficient of friction (and therefore be resistant to dust build
up); be translucent, and in some applications, be at least nearly
transparent; be essentially inert to environmental conditions of
use for prolonged periods of time, and particularly be essentially
immune to ultraviolet degradation when used with a lamp such as a
fluoroescent or mercury vapor lamp, which emits a large amount of
such radiation; be possessive of good transmittance qualities over
the full visible spectrum, and preferably well into both the
ultraviolet and infrared ranges; and be at least cost-competitive
with glass in the use dimension.
It is surprising that any material other than glass could have all
of these qualities. It is an even greater surprise that not only is
there a material that does have these qualities equal or better
than glass, but in addition, has some qualities even surpassing
those of glass. The unexpectedness of this discovery, especially in
view of the fact that lighting fixtures have had closure lenses for
decades, makes this discovery even more remarkable.
The material that has been discovered that exhibits all of the
above properties appears to be Teflon FEP. Teflon is a registered
trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemurs, Inc. Teflon FEP is a
fluorocarbon copolymer made by polymerizing mixtures of
tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (which are a
fluorinated ethylene and a fluorinated propylene). The properties
of the final polymer can be varied slightly by changing the ratio
of the two monomers.
It has been discovered that in addition to exhibiting all of the
above qualities, Teflon FEP is meltextrudable so that thin-film
production is readily accomplished. Teflon FEP is readily produced
in thicknesses of 10 mil and less. In fact, a 5 mil thickness has
been found to be the optimum thickness as a compromise between
strength and transmittance for Teflon FEP. At this thickness, the
strength is still ample to resist tearing even upon accidental
impact. On the other hand, it exhibits only a very, very slight
bluish cast and is still essentially transparent. In fact, the
transmittance of Teflon FEP at this thickness is greater than for
one-fourth inch glass, the preferred thickness for glass which is
subjected to tempering.
Teflon, and particularly Teflon FEP, is the most inert of all
plastics known, and is virtually immune to all normal environmental
conditions, including direct exposure to ultra-violet rays for
prolonged periods of time. In addition, Teflon FEP withstands
temperatures from -270.degree.C to +205.degree.C. In outdoor
exposure testing in Florida, there was no measurable change in the
material in any regards after a 10-year test.
Teflon FEP may be secured as a lens in any of the frame structures
described above. In addition, Teflon FEP may also be invisibly
surface treated for bonding one or both sides thereof with
adhesives. Therefore, its superior anti-stick property does not
preclude securing to a frame as a closure via such an adhesive, if
desired.
Teflon FEP is not the only Teflon material that is suitable,
however. Teflon TFE may also be used, particularly where it is not
a requirement that the lens be nearly transparent, such as where
glazed or frosted glass would otherwise be used. Teflon TFE is a
fluorocarbon homopolymer called polytetrafluoroethylene,
tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) being a single monomer which is
polymerized to give the polymer. Since it is the only monomer, the
polymer is a homopolymer.
Teflon TFE has essentially all of the desirable properties of
Teflon FEP except for its translucent quality. It is a milky white
at thicknesses of approximately 5 mil. It is also a little more
expensive to produce in sheet or lens form, since to produce
sheets, it is normal to shave a solid block, rather than to merely
extrude the material in sheet form, as with Teflon FEP.
Teflon FEP and TFE are both considered generically as fluorocarbon
polymers and are known commercially as fluoro-plastics. Other
fluorocarbon polymers exhibiting qualities that would indicate they
are acceptable as lens materials are Tefzel, which is a copolymer
of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (referred to generically as
ETFE); "Kel-F", which is polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and
polyvinylidene fluoride. In addition, polymethylpentene and
polysulfone also exhibit temperature, optical and other
characteristics that would indicate their acceptability as lens
materials.
Note that a plastic sheet may retain a static charge during
cleaning or otherwise, that can result in dust being attracted
thereto. Having a low coefficient of friction does not prevent or
eliminate this problem. Therefore, after cleaning, either the
charge should be discharged, or the surface cleaned or treated with
a substance that substantially reduces the possibility of a charge
being retained.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown, it
will be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. For
example, several frame structures are revealed, but other frame
holding techniques operating on similar principles are suggested.
Also, the lens material may be heat sealed to a frame, the act of
sealing also causing a slight shrinkage of the material that
desirably stretches the material suitably across the window of the
frame. Many other modifications may also be made and will become
apparent to those skilled in the art.
* * * * *