U.S. patent number 3,811,817 [Application Number 05/333,716] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-21 for lamp for producing colored flame.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Bell Company, Inc.. Invention is credited to Ted A. Dombrowski, John A. Mansnerus.
United States Patent |
3,811,817 |
Mansnerus , et al. |
May 21, 1974 |
LAMP FOR PRODUCING COLORED FLAME
Abstract
To provide a desired colored flame for a lamp, our method and
lamp provides a safe way of incorporating the metallic chlorides on
a portion of the wick, which we pack in a removable covering
attached to the exterior of a metal container prior to use. The
container has fuel and a wick opening which is covered before use
by a closure. In use the closure is removed from the container, and
the covering is removed from the wick. An untreated portion of the
wick is inserted through the wick opening to the fuel in the bottom
of the container. The fuel is then ignited and burns to heat the
metallic salts on the portion of the wick extending beyond the wick
opening to produce desired colored flame.
Inventors: |
Mansnerus; John A. (Northbrook,
IL), Dombrowski; Ted A. (West Chicago, IL) |
Assignee: |
The Bell Company, Inc.
(Chicago, IL)
|
Family
ID: |
23303967 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/333,716 |
Filed: |
February 20, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/126; 431/4;
431/325 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23Q
2/44 (20130101); F21V 37/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23Q
2/44 (20060101); F21V 37/00 (20060101); F23Q
2/00 (20060101); F23q 002/44 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/4,126,125,298,304,310,315,320,322,325,344 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Favors; Edward G.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McKnight; James R.
Claims
1. A lamp comprising a container having a non-luminous fuel and a
wick opening, a closure for closing the wick opening, a wick,
desired metallic chloride incorporated in said wick, an overcap for
said wick having means for removable attachment to the exterior of
said container during transit, storage and shelf life prior to use,
said closure removable from said container, said wick removable
from said overcap, so that the lower end of said wick inserted
through the wick opening extends into the fuel at the bottom of the
container, and its upper end extends beyond the wick opening, so
that upon the fuel being ignited and burning heats the
2. The lamp set forth in claim 1, in which the metallic chloride
is
4. A lamp comprising a container having a non-luminous fuel and a
wick opening, a closure for closing the wick opening, a wick,
lithium chloride dissolved in said fuel, an overcap for housing
said wick and having means for removable attachment to the exterior
of said container during transit, storage and shelf life prior to
use, said closure removable from said container, said wick
removable from said overcap so that the lower end of said wick
inserted through the wick opening extends into the fuel at the
bottom of the container, and its upper end extends beyond the wick
opening, so that upon the fuel being ignited and burning evaporates
leaving a heated deposit of lithium chloride on the wick end to
provide a
5. A lamp comprising a container having methanol fuel and a wick
opening, a closure for closing the wick opening, a wick, boric acid
dissolved in said fuel to form methol borate, an overcap for
housing said wick and having means for removable attachment to the
exterior of said container during transit, storage and shelf life
prior to use, said closure removable from said container, said wick
removable from said overcap, so that the lower end of said wick
inserted through the wick opening extends into the fuel at the
bottom of the container, and its upper end extends beyond the wick
opening, so that upon the fuel being ignited and burining heats the
methol
6. A lamp comprising a container having a non-luminous fuel and a
wick opening, a closure for closing the wick opening, a wick,
sodium salts dissolved in said fuel, an overcap for housing said
wick and having means for removable attachment to the exterior of
said container during transit, storage and shelf life prior to use,
said closure removable from said container, said wick removable
from said overcap, so that the lower end of said wick inserted
through the wick opening extends into the fuel at the bottom of the
container, and its upper end extends beyond the wick opening, so
that upon the fuel being ignited and burning heats the sodium salts
to provide a yellow flame.
Description
Our invention relates to a method and lamp for producing colored
flame.
An object of our invention is to provide a method of producing
colored flame by incorporating metallic salts in or upon one
portion of the wick of a lamp, the other portion of said wick
extending into fuel in the lamp, so that upon ignition and burning
of the fuel, the burning will heat the metallic salts on the wick
to produce a colored flame.
Another object is to provide a lamp for producing desired colored
flame, in which fuel is housed in a metal container having a wick
opening, a removable closure for closing the opening, and a wick
treated on one portion with desired metallic salts, said wick
covered by a removable covering and associated with the exterior of
said container during transit, storage and shelf life before use,
said wick upon removal of its covering and after removal of the
closure from the container, having an untreated portion inserted
through the wick opening into the fuel at the bottom of the
container, and upon the fuel being ignited and burning, the
metallic salts on the wick are heated to produce a desired colored
flame.
Still another object of our invention is to provide a reasonably
safe product for shipment, storage and shelf life which will not
deteriorate prior to sale and use.
Our invention also contemplates such other objects, advantages and
capabilities as will later more fully appear, and which are
inherently possessed by our invention.
While we have shown in the accompanying drawings a preferred
embodiment of our invention, yet it is to be understood that the
same is susceptible of modification and change without departing
from the spirit of our invention .
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of our
container in closed position prior to use, partly broken away to
show the wick housed in the overcap;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of our container in open position with
the wick ready for use, partly broken away to show the interior;
and
FIG. 3 is an elevational view showing the flame of our lamp in
use.
Liquid fueled lamps have been used for centuries to provide heat
and light and consist essentially of a fuel reservoir, fuel, and a
means for burning the liquid fuel so that the burning rate can be
controlled. Reservoirs can consist of any container which will hold
the liquid fuel without leakage, which will protect the main body
of fuel from uncontrolled ignition, and from which fuel can be
withdrawn at a controlled rate when ignited. Suitable reservoirs
have been made of metal, glass, plastic, ceramics, stone or bone
which are totally enclosed except for a small opening through which
into the liquid fuel a wick of such material that permits the fuel
to rise by capillary action from the reservoir to the outer end of
the wick at which point it may be ignited and burned. A secondary,
closable opening may be provided for refueling, or refueling may be
done through the wick opening.
Historically, liquid fuels have consisted of various oils and
organic liquids which when ignited will continue to burn at a
controlled rate. Examples of liquid fuels are fats, mineral oils,
animal oils, vegetable oils; kerosene, naptha, and other petroleum
fractions; and natural or synthetic organic liquids such as
alcohols, glycol ethers, esters, ketones, etcetera.
The flame produced by most liquid fuels in wick type lamps is a
luminous yellow due to the production of glowing carbon particles
in the flame. Fats, oils, and petroleum fractions are volatilized
by the flame heat into gases which at flame temperatures break down
to form hydrogen and free carbon. High molecular weight organic
liquids usually burn with a luminous flame for the same reason,
exceptions being polymers of certain low molecular weight materials
such as polyethylene. Low molecular weight organic liquids tend to
burn with a blue or slightly luminous flame because they are more
likely to burn without preliminary decomposition into hydrogen and
carbon. Fuels which burn with a luminous flame can be made to burn
with a clear blue flame if excess air or oxygen is introduced into
the flame (Bunsen burner), but this condition cannot be simply
attained in a wick type lamp. For illumination purposes luminous
fuels have been favored because they give off more useful light.
For heating purposes non-luminous fuels have been favored because
they burn with a clean flame which does not introduce noxious fumes
into the atmosphere or cause deposits of incompletely burned
combustion products onto heated surfaces. Methanol (methyl alcohol)
is the most common non-luminous fuel because it is inexpensive and
readily available.
Color flames have been deemed desirable for decorative or
ornamental purposes, and products have been marketed for the
purpose of producing colored flames in burning wood and coal. The
natural colors produced by burning wood or coal are typical of
luminous flames, yellow to orange with areas of clear blue due to
the combustion of carbon monoxide. Sometimes flames of other colors
appear due to metallic compounds which occur naturally in wood or
coal. Other colors may be added to the luminous flame but it is
seen as a mixture with the luminous flame. This added color is
produced by the introduction of certain metallic salts which when
heated to high temperatures color the flame. The color imparted to
flame by certain metallic salts has been the basis for indentifying
the metal portion of the salt in qualitative chemical analysis for
many years. Lithium salts impart a carmine red color, strontium
salts a scarlet, copper salts a blue, barium salts a yellow green,
and sodium salts a yellow. There are other metals whose salts give
colored flames according to the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, at least as far
back as the 1936 edition. The coloring of flame by metallic salts
requires that the salt be at a location in the flame where the
temperature is high enough to excite the atoms of the metal portion
of the salt so that they emit visible radiation, the color of which
is peculiar to the metal and the temperature.
We have found that the creation of a flame of relatively pure color
can be achieved by introducing a color producing, metal salt at the
point of burning of a fuel which burns with a non-luminous or clear
blue flame. The salt can be introduced at the point of burning by
dissolving the salt in the fuel in which case the evaporation of
the fuel as it burns leaves a salt residue at the point of burning.
The salt may also be incorporated into the wick at the point of
burning, and in this case maximum color is favored by a slight
solubility of the salt in the fuel. Methanol is again a favored as
a fuel because it can dissolve useful amounts of many salts. The
salts to be selected should produce the desired color, be fuel
soluble to some extent, of a low order or toxicity (the deadly
thallium compounds will produce a green flame), do not corrode the
wick so as to require wick adjustment to maintain flame, and do not
corrode the lamp reservoir.
When metallic salts are dissolved in methanol for the purpose of
producing a colored flame, and when this solution is placed in a
liquid fuel lamp and ignited, it will burn initially with a clear
blue flame characteristic of methanol, which after a period of one
to five minutes, depending upon salt concentration, begins to burn
with a desired colored flame as the salts begin to accumulate at
the tip of the wick. The delay in developing the flame color after
ignition may be a disappointment to one who expects immediate
confirmation of the claim for a colored flame. Most of the liquid
fueled lamps on the market today for decorative use are formed from
steel or aluminum and are designed for use with kerosene. These
lamps designed for use with kerosene, a high flash solvent with a
flash point in the range of 130.degree.-190.degree.F., may produce
small explosions and flaming eruptions when used with methanol fuel
which has a flash point of 50.degree.-60.degree.F. Furthermore,
these lamps often have insecure covers which spring loose when the
lamp is upset and cause a flash fire of considerable intensity.
These characteristics of methanol fuels demand that this fuel be
used with a lamp specifically designed for use with this fuel so
that the fuel and lamp combination will not be an undue fire
hazard, will not corrode the lamp so as to cause dangerous leakage
of fuel, and will immediately upon ignition produce the desired
colored flame.
Given the properties of a methanol solution of metallic salts which
will produce a colored flame, it is evident that common metal lamps
could not be used successfully unless the fuel were isolated from
the lamp or torch reservoir by an inert lining. Inert plastic
coatings can be applied to metal reservoirs or containers but are
difficult to apply with no imperfections which allow metal attack.
Inert plastic bags may be used to protect the reservoir from the
fuel but are difficult to attach.
It is our invention that a different and successful approach is to
place the metallic salts in the wick rather than in the fuel,
keeping the wick outside the lamp until ready for use.
One form of our method is the incorporating the salts in the wick
by dipping part or all of the wick into a solution of salts and
subsequently removing the solvent by drying. This can be done, but
some of the desirable salts tend to absorb atmospheric moisture,
and the wick must be bagged in a moistureproof container to prevent
the salts from picking up moisture and corroding contacting
surfaces. A better approach and one which eliminates the drying
operation is to first dip the end of the wick into a molten wax and
immediately dipping the wax wetted wick end into a dry, metallic
salt powder before the wax hardens. Thus, the salt is placed at the
end of the wick where it is needed and held there by the hardened
wax which keeps the salts from falling off and which protects the
salts from atmospheric moisture. The wax can be colored with a dye
to indicate the color of the flame to be expected. The wax to be
used should burn with a colorless or pale blue flame so that the
initial flame color is not contaminated by the yellow of a luminous
flame. Suitable waxes are polyethylene or polyethylene glycol.
While methanol is the fuel of choice, it has a high degree of oral
toxicity and under the regulations of the Poison Prevention
Packaging Act of 1970, household preparations containing more than
4 percent methanol must be equipped with a child-proof closure as
defined in the regulations for the Act. Accordingly, our preferred
combination consists of a container 10, preferably metal, with a
closable wick opening 11 and filled with methanol 12 or methanol
containing certain additives; the closable opening 11 is closed
with a screw cap 13 or other suitable closure; a wick 14 one
portion or end of which is impregnated with a metallic salt 15
suitable for producing a colored flame 16, and a child-proof
overcap 17 of a volume sufficient to contain the entire wick coiled
into the overcap when the overcap is secured over the top of the
container 10, in accordance with the Regulations of the Poison
Prevention Packaging Act of 1970. The overcap which is preferably
plastic or plastic lined may also be used as a flame extinguisher
when placed tightly over a flaming wick. The overcap 17 may be
colored to indicate the desired flame. The wick may also be colored
where the metallic salt is added and the wick must be of such
material as to cause a rapid rise of fuel by capillary action from
the fuel reservoir of the lamp or torch to the end of the wick. The
wick material must not be affected by the fuel and must not
contribute toward flame color.
The container may be of any desirable size, but generally we have
used containers holding from 1/2 pint to 1 gallon of fuel, with one
pint the preferred size for patio and garden use of the average
household.
The wick is ordinarily 3/4 of an inch in diameter and should be of
such a diameter as to fill the wick opening 11 of the container 10
and be long enough to extend from the bottom of the container to
above the wick opening to permit the colored flame.
In use, wick 14 is removed from overcap 17 or other suitable
covering such as a plastic bag, an untreated end of the wick 14 is
inserted through wick opening 11 into fuel 12 at the bottom of the
container 10, with the treated upper end extending beyond opening
11. Upon the fuel being ignited and burning, the metallic salt 15
in the wick 14 will be heated immediately to produce a flame of
desired true color, and to steadily maintain this true color.
In the course of selecting metallic salts which produce the
brightest and most enduring colored flame, we make the following
observations.
1. Salts of organic acids are decomposed by the flame heat into
high alkaline products such as carbonates, hydroxides and oxides
which corrode the cotton wick causing loss of wick and requiring
wick extension to maintain flame size.
2. The metallic chlorides are the most desirable salts because they
do not cause excessive wick attack, their relatively high
volatility results in a bright flame, and they tend to protect the
burning wick from afterglow when the flame is extinguished.
3. If the metallic salts are incorporated in the wick, excessive
amounts of the salts impede the capillary travel of the fuel to the
burning wick end and reduce flame size.
4. Flame color brightness can be enhanced by incorporating limited
amounts (5-20 percent) of water into the fuel. This added water
increases salt solubility in the fuel, enabling the salt to better
migrate to the burning wick end.
5. Maximum flame color is achieved from salts located at the very
end of the burning wick because this is the hottest part of the
wick. Heat is required to excite the mettallic salts sufficiently
for color production.
Other pertinent observations on our invention are:
1. A wick of purest cotton or cellulose is desirable for producing
a flame of pure color. Any other suitable material may be used.
Sodium salts are commonly found as an impurity in natural products
such as raw cotton. Sodium salts are undesirable because they
readily produce a bright yellow flame which, while desirable as
such, masks out other colors. 2. Boric acid reacts with methanol to
produce methyl borate, a compound which burns a green flame. This
fact can be used to advantage to produce a green flame. The methyl
borate green is faint compared to that produced by copper salts but
acts to reinforce the copper green. The unreacted boric acid
accumulates on the wick to prevent afterglow. Afterglow is
especially undesirable in the presence of copper compounds because
the heat of afterglow plus the catalytic effect of copper compounds
will convert methanol to the highly obnoxious formaldehyde.
3. The selection of molten wax for a carrier or binder of metallic
salts at the wick end was directed by these considerations:
a. The wax should melt in the range of 130.degree.-160.degree.F. so
that the handling hazard is minimized and that the wax will air
harden quickly.
b. The wax should burn with a non-luminous flame.
c. The wax, when molten, should quickly wet the wick.
d. A polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 6000
meets the foregoing requirements.
The following examples are selected to illustrate our
invention:
1. Dipping an end of a pure cotton wick into molten wax
(polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 6000)
and immediately dipping the wax wetted wick end into powdered
lithium salts such as lithium chloride to acquire 0.5 grams. The
range of such salt used may extend from 0.1 gram to 1.0 gram. When
the other end of the wick extends within a lamp having methanol
fuel, and the fuel is ignited and burns said salts are heated to
produce a red flame.
2. Using the same method as set forth in example 1, except that
potassium salts such as potassium chloride instead of lithium salts
such as lithium chloride are used in the same proportions to
produce a blue violet flame.
3. To produce a green flame, the same method as set forth in
example 1 and in the same proportions used except that a copper
salt such as cupric chloride is in place of a lithium salt. We also
suggest that instead of the usual methanol fuel, that a fuel
consisting of substantially 3 percent boric acid 12 percent water
and 85 percent methanol by weight be used to produce and maintain
the green flame.
4. To produce a gold flame, the same method set forth in example 1
and in the same proportions as used except that sodium chloride is
used as the salt.
5. To produce a rainbow flame of red, yellow, green and blue
violet, we proceed to wax an end of the wick as in example 1. We
then dip about a quarter of the surface of the wax wetted wick end
into lithium chloride to obtain 0.25 grams, rotate the wick a
quarter turn and dip this area into sodium chloride to obtain 0.25
grams, rotate the wick another quarter turn and dip this area into
cupric chloride to obtain 0.25 grams, rotate the wick another
quarter turn and dip this area into potassium chloride to obtain
0.25 grams.
6. Red flame may also be obtained by dipping the wick into molten
lithium acetate or other molten lithium salt. In this situation the
methanol fuel should contain 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight of
lithium chloride to prevent wick attack by decomposed lithium
acetate.
7. A red flame may also be obtained by dipping part or all of the
wick into a solution of lithium salts such as lithium chloride, the
solution containing a wetting agent to facilitate penetration of
the wick by the salt solution. The solution strength and immersion
time should be such that the wick when dried contains from 0.5
grams to 5.0 grams of salt.
8. To produce a green flame, the same method and proportions as in
example 7, except that the salt is a copper salt such as cupric
chloride.
9. To produce a blue violet flame, the same method and proportions
as in example 7, except that the only salt used is a potassium salt
such as potassium chloride.
10. To produce a gold flame, the same method and proportions as in
example 7, except that the only salt used is a sodium salt such as
sodium chloride.
11. To produce a red flame, dip the wick end into a molten
suspension of a powdered lithium salt such as lithium chloride in
polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 6000.
12. To produce a green flame, dip the wick end as in example 11,
except that the salt is a copper salt such as cupric chloride
instead of lithium chloride.
13. To produce a blue violet flame, dip the wick end as in example
11, except that the salt is a potassium salt such as potassium
chloride instead of lithium chloride.
14. To produce a gold flame, dip the wick end as in example 11,
except that the salt is a sodium salt such as sodium chloride
instead of lithium chloride.
In all of the foregoing examples, an appropriate dye may be added
to indicate the flame color produced by the treated wick.
* * * * *