U.S. patent number 3,811,129 [Application Number 05/299,660] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-14 for antenna array for grating lobe and sidelobe suppression.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Martin Marietta Corporation. Invention is credited to Dennis W. Holst.
United States Patent |
3,811,129 |
Holst |
May 14, 1974 |
ANTENNA ARRAY FOR GRATING LOBE AND SIDELOBE SUPPRESSION
Abstract
A circular antenna array comprises module antennas arranged
generally in rings in a plane. Although the module antennas are
arranged in a systematic pattern on centers which are so far apart
that grating lobes would ordinarily occur, the grating lobes are
substantially eliminated because of the particular locations
selected for the modules. The centers of the modules in each ring
are unsymmetrically located with respect to the centers of the
modules in the other rings. The level of sidelobes is reduced by
providing space density tapering in only the outermost ring of
module antennas. In rings other than the outermost ring, the module
locations permit achievement of a high aperture illumination
efficiency.
Inventors: |
Holst; Dennis W. (Littleton,
CO) |
Assignee: |
Martin Marietta Corporation
(Friendship International Airport, MD)
|
Family
ID: |
23155717 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/299,660 |
Filed: |
October 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/844;
342/371 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
21/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
21/22 (20060101); H01q 021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/844,854,853 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Claims
1. A broadside antenna array comprising a plurality of module
antennas arranged on centers in a plane, each of said modules
having a radiation pattern directed substantially perpendicularly
to the plane of the array, said array comprising a first module at
a reference point, a first plurality of modules equally spaced
apart in the amount of a first angle between modules at a first
radial distance from said reference point, the first radial
distance being slightly greater than the aperture dimension of said
first module, one module of said first plurality being on a first
radial line extending from said reference point, and a second
plurality of modules equally spaced apart angularly at a second
radial distance from said reference point about twice as great as
said first radial distance, one module of said second plurality
being on a second radial line extending from the reference point,
said second radial line lying between said first line and a radial
line bisecting said first angle to produce pseudo-random spacings
between locations, as perpendicularly projected on a straight line
in said plane, of the modules of both of said pluralities.
2. A broadside antenna array as defined in claim 1 wherein said
second plurality comprises a number of modules less than twice said
first
3. A broadside antenna array comprising a plurality of module
antennas arranged on centers in a plane, each of said modules
having a radiation pattern directed substantially perpendicularly
to the plane of the array, said array comprising a first module
having a center at a reference point, a first plurality of modules
equally spaced apart in the amount of a first angle at a first
radial distance from said reference point, the first radial
distance being slightly greater than the aperture dimension of said
first module, one module of said first plurality being on a first
radial line extending from said reference point, a second plurality
of modules comprising a greater number of modules than said first
plurality and equally spaced apart angularly at a second radial
distance from said reference point, one module of said second
plurality being on a second radial line extending from the
reference point, and a third plurality of modules equally spaced
apart angularly at a third radial distance from said reference
point about three times as great as said first radial distance, one
module of said third plurality being on a third radial line
extending from the reference point, said first, second, and third
radial lines all having different directions from said reference
point, said second radial line lying between said first line and a
radial line bisecting said first angle to produce pseudo-random
spacings between locations, as perpendicularly projected on a
straight line in said plane,
4. A broadside antenna array as defined in claim 3 and further
comprising feed system means connected to said modules for
receiving signals from said array in a receiving mode,
corresponding by reciprocity to a transmitting mode in which said
modules are excited with transmitting signals having predetermined
relative amplitudes and having relative phases that are linearly
related to a distance from said reference point to a point
projected normally from each module onto a straight line in
5. A broadside antenna array as defined in claim 3 and further
comprising feed system means connected to said modules for exciting
said modules in a transmitting mode with signals having
predetermined relative amplitudes and having relative phases that
are linearly related to a distance from said reference point to a
point projected normally from each module onto a straight line in
said plane extending through said reference point and for receiving
signals from said array in a receiving mode, said receiving
mode
6. A broadside antenna array as defined in claim 3 wherein said
third plurality comprises a number of modules less than three times
the number
7. An antenna array comprising a plurality of module antennas
arranged on centers in a plane comprising a first module having a
center at a reference point, a first plurality of modules equally
spaced apart in the amount of a first angle at a first radial
distance from said reference point, one module of said first
plurality being on a first radial line extending from said
reference point, a second plurality of modules comprising a greater
number of modules than said first plurality and equally spaced
apart angularly at a second radial distance from said reference
point, one module of said second plurality being on a second radial
line extending from the reference point, and a third plurality of
modules equally spaced apart angularly at a third radial distance
from said reference point about three times as great as said first
radial distance, one module of said third plurality being on a
third radial line extending from the reference point, said first,
second, and third radial lines all having different directions from
said reference point, said second radial line lying between said
first line and a radial line bisecting said first angle to produce
pseudo-random spacings between locations, as perpendicularly
projected on a straight line in said plane, of the modules of all
of said pluralities, and wherein said first plurality of modules
comprises six modules spaced 60.degree. apart, said second
plurality comprises twelve modules spaced 30.degree. apart, and
8. An antenna array as defined in claim 7 and further comprising
feed system means connected to said modules for exciting said
modules with signals having predetermined relative amplitudes and
having relative phases that are linearly related to a distance from
said reference point to a point projected normally from each module
onto a straight line in
9. An antenna array as defined in claim 8 wherein said feed system
means comprises means for exciting said modules with signals having
unequal
10. An antenna array as defined in claim 7 wherein said second
radial line extends in a direction about 71/2 .degree. different
from the direction of said first radial line, measured in a sense
of rotation about said reference point, and said third radial line
extends in a direction about 71/2 .degree. different from the
direction of said second radial line
11. An antenna array as defined in claim 10 further comprising feed
system means connected to said modules for exciting said modules
with signals having predetermined relative amplitudes and having
relative phases that are linearly related to a distance from said
reference point to a point projected normally from each module onto
a straight line in said plane
12. An antenna array comprising a plurality of module antennas
arranged on centers in a plane comprising a first module at a
reference point, a first plurality of modules equally spaced apart
in the amount of a first angle between modules at a first radial
distance from said reference point, one module of said first
plurality being on a first radial line extending from said
reference point, and a second plurality of modules equally spaced
apart angularly at a second radial distance from said reference
point about twice as great as said first radial distance, one
module of said second plurality being on a second radial line
extending from the reference point, said second radial line lying
between said first line and a radial line bisecting said first
angle to produce pseudo-random spacings between locations, as
perpendicularly projected on a straight line in said plane, of the
modules of both of said pluralities, and wherein said first
plurality of modules comprises six modules spaced 60.degree. apart,
and said second plurality of modules comprises 12 modules spaced
30.degree.
13. An antenna array comprising a plurality of module antennas
arranged on centers in a plane comprising a first module at a
reference point, a first plurality of modules equally spaced apart
in the amount of a first angle between modules at a first radial
distance from said reference point, one module of said first
plurality being on a first radial line extending from said
reference point, and a second plurality of modules equally spaced
apart angularly at a second radial distance from said reference
point about twice as great as said first radial distance, one
module of said second plurality being on a second radial line
extending from the reference point, said second radial line lying
between said first line and a radial line bisecting said first
angle to produce pseudo-random spacings between locations, as
perpendicularly projected on a straight line in said plane, of the
modules of both of said pluralities, and wherein said second radial
line extends in a direction about 71/2 .degree. different from the
direction of said first radial line, measured rationally about said
reference point.
Description
The far-field radiation pattern of an array of antennas can be
expressed under certain circumstances as the product of an array
factor and an element or module pattern. The term module is used
herein to denote radiators of an antenna array that are either
single antennas or groups of antennas. The product form of
far-field radiation pattern is applicable where the array is large
enough compared to a region of interaction among modules that the
edge effects are negligible, and where the modules are nearly
identical as to their construction, their impedances, and their
environments in the array. The array factor has sidelobes in its
far-field pattern in addition to the principal desired lobe, and
also has large grating lobes if the elements are uniformly spaced
and are spaced more than 1 wavelength apart.
Sidelobes other than grating lobes can be reduced by tapering the
excitation of the antenna array across the aperture so that the
effective current density is smaller near the edges of the array
than near the center. This is ordinarily accomplished by either of
two methods, one of which is to excite the modules that are near
the edges of the array with smaller current than is used to excite
the modules near the center. The other method for tapering is to
increase the spacing of the modules near the edges of the array as
compared with their spacing near the center.
In some arrays of the prior art, grating lobes have been minimized
by designing the module pattern so as to have nulls at the
locations of the grating lobes of the array factor. Since the
resultant array pattern is the product of the array factor and the
module pattern, a resultant array pattern achieved by this method
has small grating lobes. However, in applications of array antennas
in which the beam is to be electronically steered, this approach
has the disadvantage that grating lobes re-appear in the resultant
array pattern when the beam is steered very far off the principal
mechanical axis of the array because only the array factor is moved
by electronic steering. The module pattern remains stationary in
space, and its nulls no longer coincide with the grating lobes of
the array factor when the beam is electronically steered far off
the axis.
In arrays which contain a statistically large number of elements,
the elements may be spaced at random so as to eliminate the grating
lobes by smearing their energy throughout the pattern. When grating
lobes are reduced in this way by the form of the array factor
alone, without depending upon the module pattern, good patterns can
be achieved even when the beam is steered far off the axis.
A difficult problem of the prior art has been that antenna arrays
having a statistically small number of modules spaced far apart
have not been usable without grating lobes unless the module
patterns were constrained to have their nulls at the locations of
the grating lobes. With a small number of elements, it is
especially difficult to find locations for the elements which are
sufficiently random in every direction from the antenna so that
pattern cuts made in the far field in planes passing through the
axis of the antenna array at various angles, all have low grating
lobes simultaneously.
Where a high aperture illumination efficiency is desired, as is
often the case, the modules should effectively fill the aperture of
the array. It is desirable for the modules to nearly touch each
other at their edges, from the standpoint of maximizing aperture
illumination efficiency. At the same time, the spacing between
module antennas must be such that no pattern plane cut through the
array axis should show significant grating lobes or high sidelobes,
and the beam should be symmetrical as to shape and size of the main
beam. Moreover, it is often desirable that all of the foregoing
requirements be fulfilled not only for a single frequency of
excitation but also for a wide band of frequencies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One object of the present invention is to provide an antenna array
with a small number of module antennas and having low grating lobes
in every angular pattern plane through the antenna axis.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an antenna
array having a radiation pattern with a high degree of angular
symmetry of the main lobe.
A further object is to provide an antenna array capable of high
aperture illumination efficiency, diminished slightly by space
density tapering.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an antenna
array whose grating lobes are made low over a great frequency
bandwidth without necessarily relying upon the nulls of a single
module-in-array pattern for suppression of grating lobes.
Yet another object is to provide an antenna array that is
phase-steerable without incurring significant increases in
strengths of the grating lobes.
The foregoing objects and others can be accomplished by the
arrangement of modules in the antenna array so that the centers of
antenna modules are located in respective concentric rings about a
center module with the centers in each ring being equally spaced
and arranged unsymmetrically with respect to the centers in the
other rings. The circularly systematic nature of the arrangement
permits a high aperture illumination efficiency because the modules
can be placed close together. The location of the modules produces
a randomness of behavior as to grating lobes permitting grating
lobe energy to be smeared across the sidelobe pattern. This is true
even though a relatively low number of module antennas are
employed.
The preferred form of the array has a module at the center, six
modules 60.degree. apart at a first radius, 12 modules 30.degree.
apart at a second radius twice as great as the first radius, and 12
more modules 30.degree. apart at a third radius three times as
great as the first radius. The second ring is angularly displaced
71/2.degree. from the first ring; the third ring is angularly
displaced 71/2.degree. farther in the same direction. The
non-symmetrical characteristic of the present array is one
distinguishing feature over known arrays such as shown in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,553,706.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Other objects and features of the invention will become more
apparent upon a consideration of the description which follows,
taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a planar antenna array laid out in
accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a table of rectangular coordinates of centers of modules
of the array for one size of array;
FIG. 3 is an isometric view of various planes in which antenna
field strength patterns are measured in the far field;
FIG. 4 illustrates an equivalent linear array constructed by
projecting the module centers onto a line; and
FIG. 5 shows halves of equivalent linear arrays for pattern planes
10.degree. apart over a range of 60.degree., after which the
patterns repeat; and
FIG. 6 is a feed system for the array.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred array comprises a module antenna 1 mounted at a
center and surrounded by rings of module antennas 2 through 31 on
concentric circles with the modules of each ring angularly
displaced from the modules of neighboring rings by particular
angular displacements in order to yield the low levels of grating
lobes being sought, (FIG. 1). In a preferred form of the invention,
all of the module antennas 1-31 are identical. The smallest
concentric ring 34 of modules surrounding the center module 1 has
six module antennas 2-7 spaced 60.degree. apart with their centers
at a particular radius r1. In the preferred embodiment of the
invention radius r1 is only slightly greater than the diameter of a
module antenna. Grating lobes are minimized even when r1 is greater
than one wavelength of the excitation signal. A second concentric
ring 36 upon which the centers of module antennas are located has a
radius r2 equal to twice the first radius r1, and hence equal to or
slightly greater than twice the diameter of a module in the
preferred form of the invention. The centers of 12 module antennas
8-19 are located on the second ring 36, angularly spaced 30.degree.
apart so as to fill the ring 36 and have a high degree of circular
symmetry. No modules on the second ring 36 lie upon radial lines
extending from the center of the array upon which the modules 2
through 7 of the first ring 34 lie. Instead, the second ring 36 is
angularly displaced preferably about 71/2.degree. from the modules
of the first ring as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, module 18 of the second
ring 36 is displaced 371/2.degree. from module 2 of the first ring
34. This provides an unsymmetrical arrangement of the module
centers in the second ring with respect to the centers in the first
ring and a cluster of a total of 19 antenna modules 1-19 that very
efficiently fill the space enclosed by an imaginary circle whose
radius is 21/2 times the radius r1 of the first circle 34, giving
an illumination efficiency for this portion of the antenna array
which tends to approach the maximum illumination efficiency that is
achievable in an array comprising modules whose general outline
approximates a circle. The arrangement of module antennas is not
limited, however, to modules whose periphery is approximately
circular; any shape of module antenna can be employed.
In the illustrated embodiment of the antenna array, a third group
of modules is included, with their centers on a ring 38 concentric
with the first two rings 34, 36. The radius r3 of the third ring 38
is three times the radius r1 of the first ring 34 and the third
ring consists of 12 modules 20-31 spaced 30.degree. apart around
the circle 38. The modules 20-31 of the third ring are angularly
displaced 71/2.degree. from the modules 8-19 of the second ring, in
the same direction of angular displacement as alternate modules of
the second ring 36 are displaced from the modules of the first ring
34. Consequently, in the illustrated form of the invention,
alternate modules of the third ring 38 are displaced 15.degree.
from the modules of the first ring 34 and in the same direction as
the 71/2.degree. displacement of the modules of the second ring 36
with respect to the first ring 34. The third ring 38, having the
radius r3 specified, has sufficient circumference to accommodate
more than the 12 modules 20-31 which are placed upon it. The use of
only 12 modules for the third ring 38 represents concessions to the
requirements for grating lobe suppression and also space density
tapering.
Locations of the modules 1-31 are expressed in FIG. 2 in
rectangular coordinates X and Y, which are defined in FIG. 1, for
an array in which r1 is 15 inches, r2 is 30 inches, and r3 is 45
inches.
Some field strength patterns in the far field which are of
particular interest are patterns measured in planes 40 which
include a principal mechanical axis 42 of the array, as shown in
FIG. 3. For example, the vertical plane 44 through the axis 42 is a
plane in which an electric field strength pattern measured at a
distance from the array, is of interest. This pattern is designated
the 0.degree. plane pattern herein. Other pattern measurement
planes 40, designated 10.degree., 20.degree., 30.degree.,
40.degree., 50.degree., 60.degree. and 90.degree. are also shown on
FIG. 3.
The behavior of a planar arrangement of module antennas 1-31 as
regards production of grating lobes can be determined for any
particular pattern plane 40 by considering an equivalent linear
array of modules. An example for a 10.degree. pattern plane 40 is
given in FIG. 4. The equivalent linear array 46 is an array of
modules 1'-31' distributed on a single line 43 instead of on a
plane, with each module 1'-31' of the equivalent linear array 46
corresponding to a module of the original planar array. The
locations of the modules 1'-31' in the linear array 46 are points,
shown as small circles, found by perpendicularly projecting the
location of each module 1-31 of the planar array onto the line 43
as shown in FIG. 4. The line 43 on which the modules 1'-31' of the
equivalent linear array 46 lie is the intersection line of the
mechanical plane in which the original planar array lies, and the
plane 40 in which a pattern is to be considered, in this example, a
10.degree. plane. The plane in which the pattern is to be
considered is a plane including the line which is the principle
mechanical axis 42 of the original planar array, as shown in the
isotropic view of FIG. 3.
Equivalent linear arrays 45-51 for the 31-module planar array are
shown in FIG. 5 for seven values of angular orientation of the
measurement plane 40 in 10.degree. steps from 0.degree. to
60.degree., which completes a cell of the angular arrangement
beyond which the far-field patterns repeat themselves. The
10.degree. planes are angularly close enough together to show that
the projections on a linear array of the modules of the planar
array have an apparently random character everywhere despite the
systematic pattern with which they are located in the antenna
plane, i.e., the 10.degree. spacings are close enough to prevent
surprises between the linear arrays shown.
FIG. 6 shows a corporate feed system 68 by which a radio frequency
energy source 70 feeds the modules 1-31, through individual phase
shifters 72. A resistor 74 serves as a substitute for a 32nd
antenna to balance the corporate feed 68. The radiation pattern can
be steered by individually adjusting the phase shifts that are
introduced by the phase shifters 72. The required phase shifts are
linearly related to the spacings between projected module positions
such as are shown on FIG. 5; this is conventional. A situation in
which all antennas are excited with identical phases is, of course,
a particular case of the linear relationship between projected
module positions and antenna phases.
When the preferred antenna array is electronically steered, the
equivalent linear array (in a measurement plane which includes both
the principal mechanical axis 42 of the array and the new location
of the principle lobe), has all of its distances and spacings
foreshortened by a factor of the cosine of the angle between the
principal mechanical axis 42 and the axis of the steered main lobe.
For example, when the center of the main lobe is steered, by phase
shifting, so as to be directed to a point 66 of FIG. 3 instead of
along the principal mechanical axis 42, the array is viewed
slightly obliquely by an observer at point 66, and not
perpendicularly. The resulting foreshortening of spacings between
elements in the X direction is equivalent to a change of frequency
so far as the production of grating lobes in planes through point
66 is concerned. If the spacings as foreshortened were expressed in
terms of wavelengths, the pattern in the planes through point 66
would be no different than if the unforeshortened original spacings
were expressed in terms of a different (shorter) wavelength.
Therefore, when the positions of the modules 1-31 have been chosen
so as to minimize grating lobes over a wide frequency range, that
same choice of module locations produces a pattern having low
grating lobes even when the pattern is electronically steered off
the mechanical axis 42, at least insofar as pattern planes through
the main lobe point are concerned, wherein the spacings between
modules are effectively foreshortened. As to other pattern planes
40, the original unforeshortened linear array applies for the plane
at right angles to the plane through the steering angle. It may be
appreciated that with the grating lobes effectively suppressed in
the aforementioned planes 40, the grating lobes will be suppressed
also for intermediate angular orientations of the plane of pattern
measurement, especially since such intermediate planes involve only
a composite of two sets of effective module spacings, both somewhat
foreshortened effectively as was described above.
Good pattern performance during steering will be achieved only to
the extent that nulls of the module pattern were not relied upon
for reduction of the grating lobes, because the module pattern does
not steer upon electronic steering of the antenna array. Where the
modules themselves are small arrays made of a number of element
antennas, it is feasible, of course, to steer the module patterns
simultaneously with the steering of the array factor so that some
of the benefits gained by tailoring the module pattern to reduce
the residual grating lobes can be maintained despite the beam
steering.
Antenna arrays whose grating lobes are minimized by a pure
rendomization process inherently have low aperture illumination
efficiency, because the module antennas themselves, if all
identical, must be small enough not to overlap where their center
spacings are close. The present invention has module spacings which
are systematic as to their utilization of available aperture area
in achieving high illumination efficiency, but which at the same
time exhibit a minimum of systematic character as to the spacings
of elements 1'-31' of the equivalent linear array, which is the
principle factor determining suppression of grating lobes by
smearing. The equivalent linear spacings are pseudo-random, the
pseudo-randomness being achieved by the relative angular locations
of the rings.
In the present invention, aperture efficiency is diminished to the
minor extent that diminishment is required for space density
tapering in the outer ring 38. Thus, a high aperture illumination
efficiency is achieved, consistent with a slight amount of space
density tapering provided for reduction of sidelobes.
Although the present antenna array accomplishes low grating lobe
levels only by placement of the module antennas, without reliance
upon tailoring of the module pattern, further improvement of the
final antenna patterns can be achieved for a frequency or frequency
range by tailoring the module pattern so that its nulls fall on the
most offensive of the remaining grating lobes. In this way the
benefits of module pattern tailoring can be combined with the
benefits of suppression of grating lobes by module placement, to
achieve excellent final array pattern shapes for all orientations
of the measurement plane.
The array embodying the invention not only accomplishes a low
average sidelobe level but also accomplishes a low maximum sidelobe
level wherein all sidelobes are near the average sidelobe level and
no sidelobe is extremely offensive.
Because of module locations, the modules of antenna array of the
present invention can be uniformly excited as to amplitude if that
is desired without incurring a penalty of high sidelobes. Although
the array can be operated with good results with uniform amplitudes
of exciting currents in all of the modules, amplitude tapering can
also be employed if desired for further improvement of the
resultant array patterns. FIG. 6 shows individual attenuators 76 as
one method for accomplishing this.
* * * * *