U.S. patent number 3,809,042 [Application Number 05/136,529] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-07 for internal combustion engine equipped with means for reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide which is exhausted from the engine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hitachi, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Yukio Hosho, Hisanori Moriya, Yoshishige Oyama.
United States Patent |
3,809,042 |
Hosho , et al. |
May 7, 1974 |
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EQUIPPED WITH MEANS FOR REDUCING THE
AMOUNT OF NITROGEN OXIDE WHICH IS EXHAUSTED FROM THE ENGINE
Abstract
An internal combustion engine for vehicles equipped with means
for reducing harmful exhaust gases, especially nitrogen oxide, in
which a first ignition plug and a second ignition plug are so
installed in the combustion space of the engine that the combustion
characteristic of the first plug is superior to that of the second
plug. Either or both of these plugs are differently operated in
accordance with the nitrogen oxide content in the exhaust gas.
Inventors: |
Hosho; Yukio (Katsuta,
JA), Moriya; Hisanori (Katsuta, JA), Oyama;
Yoshishige (Hitachi, JA) |
Assignee: |
Hitachi, Ltd. (Tokyo,
JA)
|
Family
ID: |
12399357 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/136,529 |
Filed: |
April 22, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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|
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Apr 22, 1970 [JA] |
|
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45-33899 |
Jun 26, 1970 [JA] |
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45-55162 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
123/638;
123/640 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02P
15/08 (20130101); F02B 75/10 (20130101); F02P
15/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02P
15/00 (20060101); F02B 75/10 (20060101); F02P
15/02 (20060101); F02P 15/08 (20060101); F02B
75/00 (20060101); F02p 003/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/148C,8.09,191S,148 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goodridge; Laurence M.
Assistant Examiner: Flint; C.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Craig and Antonelli
Claims
1. An internal combustion engine equipped with means for reducing
the amount of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases thereof, without
increasing other harmful substances such as carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons, characterized in that said means comprises first
ignition means and second ignition means, said two ignition means
being operatively connected to means for changing the ignition
thereof, said second ignition means being disposed in a recess
communicating with a combustion space so that the combustion
characteristics of said second ignition means is inferior to those
of said first ignition means in order to carry out the combustion
by said second ignition means at a relatively smaller rate than
that in the case of said first ignition means, but to carry out the
full combustion so as not to increase the amounts of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases, said changing means
operating only said second ignition means for acceleration and high
speed operation of the engine such that the combustion at the time
of acceleration and high speed operation is
2. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, in which a
cylinder wall of the engine is provided with said recess for
accommodating an ignition plug of said second ignition means, an
electrode head of said plug being retracted as compared to the
normal position thereof so as to impart poor combustion
characteristics to said second ignition means, and the position of
an ignition plug of said first ignition means being
3. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, in which
said changing means includes means for changing over said first and
second ignition means in accordance with instructions for reducing
the amount of
4. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, in which
said first and second ignition means are so arranged that they are
operated during the normal running of vehicle until an instruction
for reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide and affecting the
ignition of said second ignition means
5. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, in which
each of said first and second ignition means is provided with means
for advancing
6. An internal combustion engine equipped with means for reducing
the amount of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases of a vehicle, in
which a combustion space of an engine is provided with a main
ignition plug and an auxiliary plug, said main ignition plug being
located in such a place where the combustion characteristics and
thermal efficiency are superior to those of other places, said
auxiliary ignition plug being disposed in a recess of the engine
communicating with said combustion space so that the speed of flame
propagation after the ignition is smaller than that of said main
ignition plug, said ignition plugs being respectively connected to
a single distributor means which has a pair of rotary electrodes
and a pair of fixed electrodes, said main ignition plug and said
auxiliary plug being operated by relay means, said relay means
operating only said auxiliary plug for acceleration and high speed
operation of the engine whereby the amount of nirogen oxide is
properly reduced without excessively increasing the amounts of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons during all of the running
7. An internal combustion engine equipped with means for reducing
the amount of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases thereof without
substantially affecting the amounts of other harmful components,
comprising at least one combustion chamber, first and second
ignition means for each combustion space, said first and second
ignition means providing different combustion characteristics for
the fuel-air mixture in the combustion space, said second ignition
means including an ignition plug disposed in a recess of the engine
communicating with said combustion space so that the speed of flame
propagation after the ignition is smaller than that of said first
ignition means and control means operatively connected with said
ignition means for controlling the operation thereof as a function
of engine parameters affecting the contents of nitrogen oxide in
the exhaust gases, said control means operating only said second
ignition means for acceleration and high speed operation of said
engine.
8. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein said
engine includes at least one cylinder and a piston disposed
therein, and said first and second ignition means includes
respectively first and second ignition plugs, said first ignition
plug being disposed in the combustion space and second ignition
plug being disposed in said recess in said
9. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, wherein said
changing means includes means responsive to the running condition
of the vehicle.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine
equipped with means for reducing the nitrogen oxide content in the
exhaust gas thereof without increasing the amount of other harmful
substances, such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The problem of air pollution owing to an extraordinary increase in
the number of automotive vehicles in city traffic has become a big
social problem everywhere in the world; as a result, it has been
decided to restrict the contents, not only of hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases, but also of nitrogen oxide
(NO.sub.x) because of the formation of smog by the photochemical
reaction in the air and of its stimulative affectation of the eyes
of human beings.
Incidentally, as is known, the production of the hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide takes place due to an insufficiency of combustion
in the cylinders of the engine and, therefore, it is possible to
considerably decrease the amounts of these components when the
combustion is carried out completely by providing a sufficient
amount of air at high temperatures, and this improvement in
combustion efficiency causes an increase in the thermal effect of
the engine.
In contrast thereto, since a lowering of the maximum combustion
temperature has a tendency to suppress an increase of the
combustion efficiency of the engine to prevent, as a result
thereof, the formation of of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas, the
following measures have been proposed heretofore as solution to the
above problems:
1. controlling the spark advance;
2. providing such a mixture gas as avoids the peak air-fuel
ratio;
3. recycling a part of the exhaust gas;
4. injecting water; and
5. employing a catalytic converter.
The above systems, however, are not yet practicable because they
involve different problems. That is, in the case of changing the
spark advance, the tendencies of a decrease in the output power and
of an increase in the fuel cost in proportion to the reduction in
the rate of nitrogen oxide are great and, furthermore, the value of
the decrease in nitrogen oxide can not be made as large as is
desired because the angle through which a change can be effected is
limited at most to 10.degree.. In the system of changing the mixing
ratio of air-fuel, when the gas mixture is relatively thin or lean,
an ignition failure takes place frequently causing an instability
of the number of revolutions of the engine, whereas, to the
contrary, when the gas mixture is relatively rich, the contents of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases become large
and the fuel cost increases.
In the system of recycling the exhaust gas in which a part of the
exhaust gas is subjected to reintroduction into the engine by the
suction effect of the latter, the ignition becomes unstable due to
the presence of the uncombusted substances and, furthermore, carbon
or tar-like substances tend to be deposited in the suction pipe,
suction vane, etc. Furthermore, in the water injection system, it
is necessary to use as much water as fuel, and the apparatus for
controlling the amount of water increases the cost of the vehicle.
Finally, a catalytic system satisfying the desired purifying
ability and the required service life has not been developed.
Among the above-mentioned systems, the system for recycling the
exhaust gas is rather useful in view of the rate of decreasing the
amount of nitrogen oxide and of the small decrease in the output
loss, and such a device combined with both the
mixing-ratio-changing system and the ignition-control system is
therefore believed at present to be most available and practicable.
In such a system, however, the drawbacks involved in the recycling
system necessarily remain. The foregoing describes the present
condition in connection with the measures involving the nitrogen
oxide problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a system for
reducing the nitrogen oxide content in the exhaust gases of an
internal combustion engine without increasing the amount of other
harmful substances.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an
internal combustion engine equipped with a system for remarkably
reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas without
increasing a loss of output power.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such
an apparatus for reducing nitrogen oxide as will produce no
increase or only an extremely small increase in the contents of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in spite of a large decrease in
the content of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas, so that all the
problems owing to the above-mentioned harmful substances can be
solved in an effective manner.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a
system for reducing the harmful substances in the exhaust gases
substantially without any contamination within the engine.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an
internal combustion engine equipped with such a
nitrogen-oxide-reducing system as will not deteriorate the
operation of the engine.
The present invention provides an internal combustion engine
equipped with a system for reducing or suppressing the production
of nitrogen oxide as well as for exhausting hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide, in which a combustion chamber is provided with a pair of
ignition plugs different from each other with respect to their
combustion characteristics, each of both of them being operated in
accordance with the condition of the engine operation, whereby the
nitrogen oxide content in the exhaust gas is reduced.
The foregoing objects as well as other objects, features and
advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the
following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the
attached drawings, in which:
Brief description of the drawing
fig. 1 is a plan view of a cylinder head embodying the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a cylinder embodying
the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the important portion
of the cylinder shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram for an ignition device according to the
present invention;
FIGS. 5a to 5c are graphs, respectively showing the content of
nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas
from conventional engines of the prior art and from engines
according to this invention, which are operated continuously;
FIGS. 6a to 6c are graphs, respectively showing the content of
nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas
from conventional engines of the prior art and from engines
according to this invention, which are operated under various
conditions; and
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, a cylinder head 1 is provided with a
pair of ignition plugs 3, 4, an intake valve 5 and an exhaust valve
6. The ignition plugs 3, 4 are disposed within a combustion space 2
to ignite the fuel which is present therein. A piston 7 connected
through a suitable connecting means, such as a crank means, to
shafts of distributors 9, 10, reciprocates in a cylinder.
The ignition plug 3, an ignition coil 11 and the distributor 9
constituting a first ignition means generally designated by
reference numeral 12, and the ignition plug 4, an ignition coil 14
and the distributor 10 constituting a second ignition means
generally designated by reference numeral 15, each include a
respective condenser 16, 17, which are alternately connected
through a conventional change-over switch 18 to a battery 19 (FIG.
4). In the first ignition means 12 an ignition portion 20 of an
electrode of the ignition plug 3 projects into the combustion space
2 in a conventional manner, whereas, in contrast thereto, the
ignition plug 4 is placed within a recess 23 formed in a cylinder
wall 22 so as not to project with the ignition portion 21 of an
electrode of the ignition plug 4 into the combustion space 2.
In the above construction, under operating conditions as will cause
the amounts of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases to be large, for
example, in the case of a small-load, high-speed operation or of an
acceleration operation, only the second ignition means 15 is
operated. In the other operating conditions, only the first
ignition means 12 or both ignition means are operated. Since the
control of the spark plugs 3 and 4 in the manner described above
can be achieved by conventional means responsive to load and/or
speed or acceleration, a detailed description thereof is dispensed
with herein, especially as the engine parameters, such as vacuum in
the intake manifold, etc., are known to those skilled in the art,
which can be used as control magnitudes.
The volume and shape of the recess 23, in which the ignition plug 4
of the second ignition means is disposed, are properly determined
and chosen in accordance with experiments; in any case the
combustion characteristics of the second ignition means 15, i.e.,
the combustion characteristics that are imparted by the ignition
means 15 including its ignition plug 4 to the gas mixture in the
combustion space 2, must be made inferior to those of the first
ignition means 12. For example, such a relationship between the two
ignition means 12 and 15 is realized that the flame propagation
speed, which is the speed of the flame propagation from the
position of the electrode 21 of the ignition plug 4 over the entire
combustion space 2, is made smaller than the speed obtained with
the first ignition means 12. The above relationship is established
by taking into consideration the desirability not to excessively
increase the contents of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the
exhaust gases and not to lower the output power of engine.
Various ways and means of conventional nature exist which permit to
determine the correct ignition times for the two ignition means 12
and 15, i.e., the operating condition of the change-over switch 18,
taking into due consideration the running condition in city
traffic, where the congestion of traffic is heavy, and the running
condition in the country, where the exhaust gases do not represent
as severe a trouble as in city traffic, or such items as stability
of engine rotation, fuel-cost efficiency and output power, etc. For
example, the ignition time can be decided by detecting the opening
degree of a throttle valve and/or the back pressure, and/or by
using the changing in the transmission and/or by adding the
temperature condition of the engine to any of the foregoing
parameters. As stated above, the ignition time condition is thus
chosen by conventional means in accordance with the conditions of
exhaust gas restrictions. Since switches 18 performing these
functions are known in the art and are available, a detailed
description thereof is also dispensed with herein.
The analytical results of the exhaust gas contents are shown in
FIGS. 5a through 6c, in which an engine embodying the present
invention has a capacity of 1,200 cubic centimeters.
In FIGS. 5a through 6c, data Nos. 1 and 2 show the results in
connection with the engines provided with the same ignition means.
In FIGS. 5a to 5c, data No. 1 relates to such engines as are of the
ordinary type with respect to the diameter of the main jet of the
evaporator, the position of the ignition plug and the spark
advance, which corresponds to the first ignition means according to
the present invention. On the contrary, data No. 2 relates to an
ignition means in which the portion of the electrode 21 of the
ignition plug 4 is recessed by 90 millimeters as compared with the
conventional one, i.e., this arrangement of the ignition means
corresponds to the second ignition means 15.
In the case of data Nos. 3 and 5, only the diameter of the main jet
of the evaporator is changed as compared with that of the engine of
data No. 1; in the case of data No. 4, the position of the ignition
plug as used in data No. 3 is changed, and in the case of data No.
6, the position of the ignition plug of that of data No. 5 is
changed and the ignition time is delayed by 10 degrees in angle as
compared with that of data No. 5.
According to FIGS. 5a to 5c, it will be appreciated that a
considerable reduction of the nitrogen oxide amount is attained
and, furthermore, by combining the second ignition means with such
changes as changes of the diameter of the main jet and the spark
advance, it is possible to remarkably reduce the amount of nitrogen
oxide. According to the present invention, the amounts of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons do not change unfavorably, but rather
decrease.
In the conventional systems, if the amount of nitrogen oxide is
decreased, there exists a tendency for the amount of other harmful
components to become remarkably large; however, there is no such
undesirable relationship in the present invention.
There are shown in FIGS. 6a to 6c the analytical results of the
amounts of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the
exhaust gas, in which the tests were performed by changing the
running conditions of the vehicle. According to FIGS. 6a to 6c, the
largest amount of nitrogen oxide is found in the acceleration run,
and it is appreciated that the reduction of the amount of nitrogen
oxide is considerable when the present invention is employed. In
connection with the amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, a
small change of the amount of carbon monoxide is produced, and the
amount of hydrocarbons seems to become slightly larger. However,
the amounts of these substances can be easily reduced by any
suitable means and in any conventional manner, such as, for
example, by blowing air for recombustion into an exhaust pipe.
Thus, it is possible to reduce the amounts of nitrogen oxide,
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to operate the second ignition
means during acceleration running conditions and to operate the
first ignition means during other running conditions. It is, of
course, possible for effecting the reduction of nitrogen oxide in
the operation other than the acceleration to determine the position
of the ignition plug, the shape of the recess or the like of the
second ignition means.
In FIGS. 6a to 6c, the running conditions are as follows:
I: idling
Ii: acceleration running (0 .fwdarw. 25 mile/hr.)
Iii: constant running (30 mile/hr.)
Iv: deceleration running (30 .fwdarw. 15 mile/hr.)
V: constant running (15 mile/hr.)
Vi: acceleration running (15 .fwdarw. 30 mile/hr.)
Vii: deceleration running (50 .fwdarw. 20 mile/hr.)
In another example, both the first and second ignition means are
used during the normal running condition, but when the amount of
nitrogen oxide is undesirably large, only the second ignition means
is operated, whereby the efficiency of engine during the high speed
running can be increased.
According to the present invention, the first and second ignition
means can be so modified as to be capable of producing a proper
engine efficiency during the normal running operation by means of
the two ignition means and capable of allowing only the second
ignition means to operate at the time when the amount of nitrogen
oxide is undesirably large. Furthermore, it is possible to delay
the spark advance so as to operate only the second ignition means
when the amount of nitrogen oxide is large. The objects of the
present invention are attained by using a single distributor which
is operatively connected to both the first and second ignition
means in which the spark advances of respective ignition means are
so regulated as to function properly themselves.
In the following example, a distributor is connected to a pair of
rotary electrodes and a pair of ignition plugs are provided with
fixed electrodes. Only the first ignition plug, which is fixed as
in the ordinary case, is allowed to make and break by means of a
suitable switch connected to the source.
In FIG. 7, a battery 109 is connected by way of contactors 110, 111
and coils 112, 113 to rotary contacts of electrodes 114, 115.
Between the battery 109 and the coil 112 for the main plug are
inserted different switches such as, for example, a throttle valve
switch 132 which is operated in accordance with the opening of the
throttle valve, a speed switch 133 which is operated in accordance
with the vehicle speed, a gear switch 134 which is changed over in
accordance with the selected speed or gear position.
Fixed contacts or electrodes 116, 117, 118 and 119 are provided on
the side of the main plugs, which respectively cooperate with the
rotary contact or electrode 114 and are connected to the main plugs
120, 121, 122 and 123, respectively, of the engine cylinders. Fixed
contacts or electrodes 124, 125, 126 and 127 are provided on the
side of auxiliary plugs which respectively cooperate with the
rotary contact or electrode 115 and are connected to auxiliary
plugs 128, 129, 130 and 131, respectively. The rotary contacts or
electrodes 114 and 115 are driven by a crank shaft.
According to the above-described construction, it is possible to
energize both the main and auxiliary plugs or only each of the
plugs by means of the single distributor. Selection of the switches
to be operated is made in accordance with the characteristics of
engine, the regulations of exhaust gas restriction, or other
conditions. For example, in the case of the idling operation in
which the opening of the throttle valve and the mixing ratio of
fuel to air is small or in case that the opening of the throttle
valve is large and a large output power is necessary, the throttle
switch 132 for detecting the opening of the throttle valve is used
in order to operate both the main plug 3 and the auxiliary plug 4.
In the case of a high speed operation, in which it is required to
prevent a decrease in the amount of fuel consumption, the gear
switch 134 which is operatively connected to the change-speed-gear
system is used. In the case of the speed acceleration, the speed
switch 133 and gear switch 134 are used by detecting the
acceleration condition so as to operate only the auxiliary
plug.
Further, in the case of operating the vehicle in the country where
the air pollution is not as severe a problem as in city traffic,
only the main plugs 3 are operated.
According to the above-described embodiments of the present
invention, it is possible to greatly reduce the amount of nitrogen
oxide without increasing the amounts of other harmful substances
such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in a reduced size system,
while the conventional systems are difficult to employ in practice
because they have technical or economical drawbacks.
It goes without saying that the recess for accommodating the
auxiliary plug therein can be replaced by other means, such as by
using such an ignition plug as has a cylindrical cover surrounding
the end of the electrode and the vicinity thereof.
Although we have described specific preferred embodiments of the
present invention, it is understood that the scope of the present
invention is not limited thereto, but is susceptible of numerous
changes and modifications as are known to those skilled in the art,
and we therefore intend to cover all such changes and modifications
as are encompassed by the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *