U.S. patent number 3,809,024 [Application Number 05/318,664] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-07 for four-stroke and two-stroke rotary internal combustion engine.
Invention is credited to Harold G. Abbey.
United States Patent |
3,809,024 |
Abbey |
May 7, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
FOUR-STROKE AND TWO-STROKE ROTARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Abstract
A rotary internal combustion engine including a stator having a
circular chamber within which is coaxially disposed a shaft
supporting an off-center circular rotor, the diameter of the rotor
being such that the distance between the center of the shaft and
the zenith on the rotor periphery is substantially equal to the
radius of the chamber whereas the distance between the center of
the shaft and the nadir on the periphery is substantially equal to
half this radius. Extending into the chamber are slide plates which
are urged into continuous contact with the rotor surface to divide
the chamber into operating zones of varying volume into which fuel
charges are admitted for compression and ignition to produce gas
expansion creating torque forces, the spent gases being exhausted
from the zones.
Inventors: |
Abbey; Harold G. (East Orange,
NJ) |
Family
ID: |
26960497 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/318,664 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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280733 |
Aug 14, 1972 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
123/244;
418/139 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01C
1/3564 (20130101); F01C 21/0881 (20130101); F02B
2075/027 (20130101); F02B 2053/005 (20130101); F02B
1/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01C
1/356 (20060101); F01C 1/00 (20060101); F01C
21/00 (20060101); F01C 21/08 (20060101); F02B
1/04 (20060101); F02B 75/02 (20060101); F02B
1/00 (20060101); F02b 053/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/8.07,8.45,8.31,8.29
;418/243,248,139,142,63 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Croyle; Carlton R.
Assistant Examiner: Koczo, Jr.; Michael
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending
application Ser. No. 280,733, filed Aug. 14, 1972 for ROTARY
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
Claims
1. A rotary internal combustion engine comprising:
A. a stator having a substantially circular chamber defined by a
pair of parallel end walls and a continuous side wall,
B. an output shaft coaxially mounted within said chamber,
C. a rotor having a circular cross-section mounted off-center on
said shaft, said rotor having a diameter along which the distance
between the center of the shaft and the zenith of the rotor is
slightly less than the radius of the chamber, and the distance
between the center of the shaft and the nadir of the rotor is no
more than about half this radius, whereby as the rotor sweeps the
chamber the zenith travels in a circular scan path concentric with
the side wall of the chamber and there is no point of contact
between the rotor and the side wall,
D. independently movable slide plates extending into the chamber at
angular displaced positions therein to divide same into operating
zones, the edges of said slide plates being received in guide slots
formed in the end walls of the stator, the plates being urged into
continuous contact with the surface of the rotor, whereby in the
course of a full rotation of the rotor, each slide plate moves
between a maximum retracted position and a maximum extended
position, said guide slots having lengths extending between said
maximum retracted and extended positions whereby at no point in the
movement of a plate are the edges thereof unsupported or
unsealed,
E. means in said guide slots sealing the edges of said plates, said
means engaging the edges of said plates and being movable therewith
within said guide slots, and means sealing the peripheral edges of
said rotor with respect to the end walls of the chamber whereby the
resultant volume of each zone is determined by the space enveloped
by the associated slide plates and the related surfaces of said
rotor and said stator and said volume continuously varies to a
degree determined by the extent to which the associated plates are
extended, and
F. means associated with said zones selectively to induce a
combustible mixture therein, to compress and ignite said mixture,
to produce power
2. A rotary combustion engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said
sealing means for said slide plates includes shoes which engage the
edges of said plates and are movable within said slots in said
stator, said shoes being
3. A rotary combustion engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said
rotor is provided with a peripheral collar which is freely mounted
on said rotor whereby as said rotor turns on said shaft, said
collar undergoes epicyclic
4. An engine as set forth in claim 3, wherein said collar is
provided with sealing rings which are accommodated within annular
grooves in the edges of said collar and are urged against the end
walls of said stator to seal
5. An engine as set forth in claim 1, further including springs to
urge
6. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein four of said slide
plates are provided in a quadrature arrangement for four-stroke
operation, each of the resultant zones including means for the
intake of a gasoline-air mixture, means to ignite said mixture and
means to exhaust the resultant
7. An engine as set forth in claim 6 wherein said means are
constituted by
8. An engine as set forth in claim 1 including port means
associated with said zones which are selectively opened and blocked
by said rotor in the course of rotation to cause said engine to
operate on a two-stroke
9. An engine as set forth in claim 8, wherein four slide plates are
provided to divide said chamber into two pairs of companion zones,
one zone in the first pair having a transfer port coupled by a pipe
to a carburetor and communicating with an inlet port in the other
zone which is further provided with an exhaust port and ignition
means, one zone in the second pair having a transfer port coupled
by a pipe to a carburetor and communicating with an inlet port in
the other zone which is further
10. An engine as set forth in claim 9, further including
unidirectional valves in said pipes to admit a gasoline-air mixture
to the associated zone and to prevent discharge through said pipes.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to rotary internal combustion
engines, and more particularly to a rotary engine wherein an
eccentrically-mounted rotor sweeps cyclically through a circular
stator chamber and cooperates with slider plates which continuously
engage the rotor surface to define operating zones to carry out a
four-stroke or two-stroke internal combustion action that directly
generates a rotational force.
In a standard internal combustion gasoline engine of the
reciprocating-piston type, a combustible mixture is compressed in a
cylinder and ignited. The gases which are produced in the cylinder
by the combustion of the gasoline-air mixture, expand and thrust
the piston downwards. Acting through a connecting rod, the piston
imparts a rotary motion to the crankshaft. The spent burned gases
must then be removed from the cylinder and replaced by a fresh fuel
charge, so that a new cycle can begin. The energy for effecting
this change in the contents of the cylinder, is supplied by a
flywheel which stores some of the released energy.
A distinction must be drawn between four-stroke and two-stroke
operation in an internal combustion engine. To carry out a full
cycle of operations, including changing the contents of the
cylinder and effecting combustion, the four-stroke engine requires
four strokes of the piston, whereas the two-stroke engine entails
only two piston strokes.
The present invention makes use of a continuously rotating rotor
supported eccentrically on an output shaft coaxially mounted within
a circular stator chamber to directly produce a rotational force.
This rotary engine goes through the equivalent of a four-stroke or
two-stroke action, but since no piston is involved, there is no
reversal of direction, as in a piston-engine, where the piston must
come to a complete halt before changing direction.
Because the present invention provides the equivalent of a
four-stroke or two-stroke internal combustion piston action without
the drawbacks incident thereto, a brief review of the standard
four-stroke and two-stroke piston actions may be helpful.
In a four-stroke, reciprocating piston engine, the first stroke is
an induction stroke in which the descending piston draws a fresh
gasoline-air mixture from the carburetor through the then open
intake valve into the cylinder. The exhaust valve is closed during
the first stroke.
In the second or compression stroke, both the intake and exhaust
valves are closed, and the rising piston acts to compress the
mixture to a predetermined pressure level (i.e., 7 to 8
atmospheres), at which point the compressed mixture is ignited by
the spark plug.
In the third or power stroke, both valves are still closed, and the
pressure developed by the gases of combustion acts to force the
piston downwards. In the fourth or exhaust stroke, the exhaust
valve is open, but the intake valve is closed, and as the piston
again rises, it discharges the spent gases from the cylinder.
Since power is developed during only the third stroke, the
single-cylinder, four-stroke reciprocating engine has a low degree
of uniformity, for the rotation of the crankshaft is subject to
acceleration and deceleration during an operating cycle. A smoother
running action is obtained with multi-cylinder engines wherein the
cranks of the crankshaft are staggered in relation to one
another.
In the two-stroke, reciprocating-piston engine, the piston
periodically covers and uncovers inlet and exhaust ports in the
cylinder wall, thereby obviating the need for valves. At the start
of the first stroke, the piston is at its highest position, and
when the gasoline-air fuel mixture, which is compressed in the
space above the piston, is ignited, the piston is thrust downwards
and, in the course of travel, opens up the exhaust port.
The burnt gases in the cylinder, which are still under high
pressure, escape through the open exhaust port. When the piston
descends further, its upper edge releases the inlet port which
admits a fresh fuel charge into the cylinder so that the remaining
burnt gases are flushed out, thereby completing the first stroke.
When, in the next stroke, the piston rises again, all ports are
again closed for a time, and during this period the fresh charge is
compressed so that a new cycle can begin.
In an attempt to overcome the serious drawbacks of
reciprocating-piston engines, rotary internal combustion engines
have been developed, the best known of which is the so-called
"Wankel" engine. In the Wankel engine, a triangular rotor carries
out essentially the same functions as a piston in a reciprocating
engine. That is to say, the rotor acts to draw a fresh fuel charge
into the engine chamber to compress the charge and after ignition
thereof, to capture the force of the expanding gases, the rotor
serving finally to sweep the exhausted gases out of the engine
housing.
In a Wankel-type engine, the triangular rotor operates within a
chamber whose epitrochoid shape is dictated by the complex motion
of the rotor as it revolves about an eccentric on a rotating main
shaft. This motion is usually produced by means of a gear rotating
about an off-center axis, causing the triangular rotor to travel
with a non-uniform or wobbling motion. In some Wankel-type engines,
an equivalent motion is obtained by a cam and roller, or by a
linkage mechanism.
As compared to a conventional reciprocating piston engine,
relatively little energy is wasted in a Wankel-type engine, for
while the piston in a four-stroke or two-stroke engine must come to
a complete halt at the end of each stroke, the rotor of a Wankel
engine is never arrested, and functions continuously to convert the
force of the expanding gases into a torque that is applied directly
to the main shaft.
One reason why the Wankel engine has not received widespread
acceptance despite its low cost and other significant advantages,
lies in its inherent wobbling motion, which gives rise to
energy-dissipating forces that not only materially affect the
efficiency of the engine, but also produces objectionable
vibrations and unacceptable noise levels.
Moreover, this wobbling action of the rotor in traversing the
epitroichoid chamber quickly degrades and wears out the engine
parts, particularly those fabricated of standard materials. It is
for this reason that expensive wearing surfaces made of exotic
metal have in recent years been introduced in Wankel engines, but
these materials offer no solution to deficiencies inherent in the
standard design of a Wankel-type and other known forms of rotary
engines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is the main object of this invention
to provide a rotary engine capable of operating on the four-stroke
or two-stroke principle without, however, at any time reversing
direction, to convert the thrust of the expanding gases directly
into rotary motion.
More particularly, it is an object of this invention to provide a
rotary engine of the above-type wherein a circular rotor
eccentrically mounted on an output shaft coaxially positioned
within a circular stator chamber, is caused by forces produced by
internal combustion to rotate with substantially uniform
motion.
A significant advantage of the invention is that, as compared to a
Wankel-type rotary engine, it is of simple construction, for it
dispenses with the usual eccentric gearing and makes use of a
circular stator chamber rather than a chamber having a complex
shape which dictates a wobbling rotor motion. Not only is an engine
according to the present invention less costly than a Wankel engine
of equivalent horsepower, but it also has a longer life, for with a
circular sweeping action of the rotor within a circular chamber, no
actual point of wear contact exists between the rotor and the wall
of the chamber.
Also an object of this invention is to provide a rotary engine of
the above-type, in which the stator chamber is divided by slide
plates engaging the rotor surface, into operating zones, the slide
plates being tracked and sealed to avoid leakage from the zones and
to thereby maintain the efficiency of the engine.
A salient feature of the present invention is that the rotor, in
the course of movement, brings about a change in volume in the
operating zones defined by the slide plates engaging the rotor,
which changes in volume are comparable to those produced by
movement of a piston within a cylinder without however going
through changes in direction as in the case of a piston.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a low-cost,
efficient rotary engine which is substantially free of vibration,
noise and other objectionable factors.
Briefly stated, these objects are attained in a rotary internal
combustion engine wherein a circular rotor is eccentrically mounted
on an output shaft disposed coaxially within a circular chamber,
the diameter of the rotor being such that the distance between the
shaft center and the zenith point on the rotor periphery is
substantially equal to the radius of the chamber, whereas the
distance between the shaft center and the nadir point on the
periphery is substantially equal to half this radius, whereby as
the rotor sweeps the chamber the zenith travels in a circular scan
path without actually making contact with the wall of the
chamber.
In the four-stroke embodiment of the engine, the chamber is divided
into four operating zones by four slide plates arranged in
quadrature and extending radially into the chamber, the plates
being urged into continuous engagement with the rotor surface. Each
zone operates with a combustion cavity containing the gap
electrodes of a sparkplug as well as intake and exhaust valves,
whereby in the course of two full revolutions of the rotor, a fuel
mixture is induced into the zone, compressed therein, ignited to
undergo power expansion generating a thrust force on the rotor,
after which the spent gases are exhausted.
In the four-stroke arrangement, ignition in the four zones is
effected in a timed sequence wherein ignition takes place in the
course of the first revolution in one pair of opposing zones, and
in the course of the second revolution in the other pair of
opposing zones, whereby four power pulses are generated at
quadrature positions during the two revolutions to complete a full
operating cycle imparting a high torque to the shaft and giving
rise to a smooth-running, substantially uniform rotary output
motion.
In the two-stroke embodiment of this engine, one pair of opposing
zones cooperates with combustion cavities containing the gap
electrodes of two sparkplugs, there being a lateral exhaust port in
each of these zones whose opening and closing is determined by the
position of the rotor relative thereto. The other half of opposing
zones operates with respective lateral fuel supply ports whose
openings and closings are determined by the position of the rotor
relative thereto.
In this two-stroke arrangement, ignition takes place alternately
one-hundred eighty degrees apart in the course of each revolution
of the rotor, the air-fuel mixture taken into a zone which includes
a supply port being compressed in the next zone and ignited therein
to produce power expansion, the spent gases being discharged
through the exhaust port.
Where fuel injection is used rather than carburetion, air is taken
in instead of an air-fuel mixture and fuel is injected directly
into the combustion chamber in timed sequence during or after
compression of the air charge.
Where fuel-air mixture charging is effected by auxiliary means such
as a pump, blower or compressor, all four zones defined by the four
slide plates can be utilized as power chambers, with lateral ports
for intake and exhaust, suitably manifolded. In such an
arrangement, two-stroke combustion cycling takes place in each of
the four zones sequentially, ignition occurring each 90.degree.
revolution or four power pulses per revolution. This provides the
equivalent power of a four-cylinder, two-stroke engine or of an
eight-cylinder, four-stroke engine. It is also to be understood
that rotary engines according to the invention are operable with
combustible gases such as hydrogen or butane.
OUTLINE OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention, as well as other
objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the
following detailed description to be read in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section taken through a four-stroke rotary
engine in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a transverse section taken in the plane indicated by line
2--2 in FIG. 1; FIG. 2A is a section taken in the plane indicated
by line 2A--2A in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3 is a top view of the engine;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the valve mechanism in the engine;
FIG. 5 is a view taken in the plane indicated by line 5--5 in FIG.
1;
FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively show in schematic form the
operating phases I, II, III and IV of the four-stroke engine
illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 is a longitudinal section taken through a two-stroke rotary
engine according to the invention;
FIG. 11 is a top view of the engine shown in FIG. 10;
FIGS. 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively show in schematic form the
operating phases I, II, III and IV of the two-stroke engine
illustrated in FIG. 10.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to FIGS. 1 to 5, there is shown a preferred
embodiment of a four-stroke rotary engine in accordance with the
invention. The main components of the engine are a rotor, generally
designated by numeral 10, and a stator, generally designated by
numeral 11.
Rotor 10 has a perfectly circular configuration, and is directly
mounted off-center on an output shaft 12, coaxially supported
within the circular chamber of stator 11. The diameter of the rotor
is such that the distance D.sub.z between the center X of shaft 12
and the zero degree or zenith point Z on the periphery of the
rotor, is substantially equal to the radius of the chamber, whereas
the distance D.sub.n between shaft center and the 180.degree. or
nadir point N on the rotor periphery, is substantially equal to
one-half the radius of the chamber.
There is minimal clearance between zenith point Z on the rotor and
the wall of the stator chamber. Though there is no point of contact
between the rotor and stator in the course of revolution, the
minimal clearance therebetween does not constitute a leakage or
loss path for it is part of the chamber and its clearance
volume.
The zenith of the rotor sweeps through a circular scanning path
that is concentric with the wall of the stator chamber. The zenith
arc segment of the rotor acts in a manner equivalent to that of a
piston blade whose top surface moves in one phase of the operating
cycle toward the chamber wall to compress a fuel mixture in the
associated chamber zone to an extent determined by the clearance
volume afforded by the engine design. In this context, the wall of
the chamber effectively acts as a cylinder head (again using the
piston-cylinder analogy) while the side plates of the chamber
function as the cylinder wall. However though the present rotary
engine is in some respects analogous to a reciprocating piston
engine, it must always be borne in mind that the operating strokes
in the present engine are carried out in the course of rotor
revolution always in the same direction without any reversal or
deceleration.
The chamber of stator 11 is divided into four distinct quadrature
zones A, B, C and D, by radially extensible slide plates P.sub.1,
P.sub.2, P.sub.3 and P.sub.4, each of which is spring-biased to
urge the free end of the plate to engage the surface of rotor 10
and maintain continuous contact therewith. In practice this bias
may be obtained by gas or hydraulic pressure. Formed in the stator
and communicating with zone A, is a combustion cavity C.sub.a,
within which are disposed the gap electrodes 16 of a sparkplug
13.
Disposed on either side of sparkplug 13 are two valves, one of
which functions as an intake valve 14 leading to a fuel inlet port
15. The second valve functions as an exhaust valve 17 leading to an
exhaust port 18. The valve and sparkplug structures are similar to
those in a conventional piston engine.
Similarly, a combustion chamber C.sub.b communicates with zone B,
within which are disposed the gap electrodes of a sparkplug 19.
Associated with this cavity are an intake valve 20 leading to fuel
inlet port 21, and an exhaust valve 22 leading to exhaust port 23.
A combustion cavity C.sub.c communicates with zone C, within which
are disposed the gap electrodes of a sparkplug 28. Associated with
this cavity are intake valve 24 leading to fuel inlet port 25, and
exhaust valve 26 leading to exhaust port 27.
Zone D communicates with combustion cavity C.sub.d, within which
are disposed the gap electrodes of sparkplug 29, and associated
with this cavity are intake valve 30 leading to inlet port 31, and
exhaust valve 32 leading to exhaust port 33.
We shall at this point not further consider the mechanical details
of the engine, including the means by which the components thereof
are sealed to prevent leakage from the four zones, nor the manner
in which the valves are manipulated in the course of an operating
cycle, for these will be analyzed after the basic operating
principles are explained and clearly understood.
It will be seen that in the course of a single, 360-degree,
clockwise revolution of the rotor from the zenith position Z shown
in FIG. 1, the zenith of the rotor will initially engage slide
plate P.sub.1 to force this plate fully out of the stator chamber,
and that as this zenith Z scans the wall, it will successively
engage slide plates P.sub.2, P.sub.3, P.sub.4, and back again to
plate P.sub.1, forcing each plate in turn into its fully retracted
position.
As the zenith Z moves clockwise away from each plate, the plate,
which always engages the periphery of the rotor, proceeds to move
radially into the chamber until it reaches the nadir N on the rotor
periphery, at which point the plate has its maximum extension from
the stator wall, after which the plate is progressively pushed out
of the chamber until it again reaches rotor zenith Z. Hence the
zone established between any two slide plates has a changing volume
determined at any instant by the relative degree to which the
related plates are extended into the chamber.
Each zone has it minimum volume its zenith A of rotor 10 is exactly
midway between the pair of associated plates defining the zone.
Maximum volume is attained when nadir N is at this midway position.
Between the maximum and minimum levels, the volume undergoes
changes as the rotor turns. This change in volume is known in
engine parlance as the displacement.
When a mixture compressed in an operating zone is ignited, the
expanding gases produce a torque force just as soon as the center
of gas pressure on the arced surface of the rotor passes the point
of alignment with the shaft center X. This point of alignment in
piston engines is referred to as top dead center.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 to 9 which respectively consist of
sketches showing operating Phases I, II, III and IV, we shall now
outline the operation of the four-stroke rotary internal combustion
gasoline engine having zones A, B, C and D. The engine completes a
full operating cycle in the course of two full revolutions of the
rotor. We shall therefore with respect to each zone, consider what
happens during the successive phases in both the first and second
revolutions.
FIRST REVOLUTION -- ZONE A
Phase I
Both the intake and exhaust valves 14 and 17 are closed. Zone A is
filled with a fuel charge under full compression. Zenith Z of the
rotor is at the midway position in the zone and sparkplug 13 is
ignited to explode the charge.
Phase II
Both intake and exhaust valves 14 and 17 are closed. The expanding
combustion gases produce a force on the rotor surface between
plates P.sub.1 and P.sub.2, the resultant of which is displaced
from the center of the shaft to create a torque to cause zenith Z
to move toward zone B.
Phase III
Intake valve 14 is closed, but exhaust valve 17 is now open. This
phase occurs at the end of the expansion of the gases and the
beginning of the exhaust of the spent gases through the open
exhaust valve 17.
Phase IV
In this phase, intake valve 14 is still closed and exhaust valve 17
is still open to permit continuing exhaust of the spent gases and
sweep out by the piston-like action of the rotor surface as the Z
point approaches its original position in Phase I. FIGS. 6 to 9
illustrate the rotor and valve positions for Phases I to IV of the
first revolution but not for the second revolution which will now
be described but not illustrated.
SECOND REVOLUTION -- ZONE A
Phase I
Exhaust valve 17 is still open but just about to close and intake
valve 14 is re-opened to permit the completion of exhaust and the
start of fuel intake.
Phase II
The exhaust valve 17 is now fully closed, and intake valve 14 is
now fully opened to permit further fuel intake.
Phase III
Exhaust valve 17 is still closed, and intake valve 14 is still
partially open, to permit completion of fuel intake.
Phase IV
Both exhaust valve 17 and intake valve 14 are closed as the fresh
fuel charge undergoes compression before ignition. This last phase
of the second revolution leads into Phase I of the first revolution
to initiate the next two-revolution cycle. It will be seen that
this Zone-A operation is equivalent to that of a four-stroke piston
engine, in which the successive operating phases are induction,
compression, power and exhaust.
FIRST REVOLUTION -- ZONE B
Phase I
In this phase, intake valve 20 is closed and exhaust valve 22 is
open to initiate exhaust from zone B.
Phase II
In this phase, intake valve 20 is now open and exhaust valve 22 is
still open to complete exhaust and to start fuel intake.
Phase III
In this phase, intake valve 20 is still open to continue fuel
intake, while exhaust valve 22 is closed.
Phase IV
Intake valve 20 is still open to complete intake, while exhaust
valve 22 is closed. FIGS. 6 to 9 show rotor and valve positions for
the operating phases of Zone B for the first revolution but not for
the second revolution which is described.
SECOND REVOLUTION -- ZONE B
Phase I
In this phase, both intake valve 20 and exhaust valve 22 are
closed, while the gasoline-air charge introduced during Phases II,
III and IV of the first revolution, is compressed.
Phase II
In this phase, intake and exhaust valves 20 and 22 are still
closed, and the compressed fuel mixture is ignited by sparkplug 19.
It is to be noted that ignition in Zone B takes place in Phase II
of the second revolution, whereas in Zone A, it takes place in
Phase I of the first revolution. The timing of the sparkplug
distributor is adjusted for sequential ignition in accordance with
this requirement.
Phase III
In this phase, the previously ignited mixture undergoes power
expansion while both valves 20 and 22 are closed, to cause the
zenith Z of rotor 10 to travel toward Zone C.
Phase IV
In this final phase, valves 20 and 22 are still closed while
expansion is completed, after which the rotor returns to the Phase
I position of Zone B in the first revolution, to exhaust the spent
gases resulting from power expansion.
FIRST REVOLUTION -- ZONE C
Phase I
In this phase, fuel intake has been completed and exhaust valve 26
and intake valve 24 are both closed in preparation for
compression.
Phase II
While both valves 26 and 24 are closed, the fuel mixture in Zone C
is compressed.
Phase III
With both valves closed, the compressed fuel is ignited by
sparkplug 28. It will be seen that ignition in Zone C takes place
in Phase III of the first revolution, whereas ignition in Zone B
occurs in phase II of the second revolution.
Phase IV
Valves 26 and 24 are still closed and the expanding gases produce
power to push the zenith of rotor 10 toward Zone D. FIGS. 6 to 9
illustrate the phases of the first revolution of Zone C but not
that of the second revolution to be now described.
SECOND REVOLUTION -- ZONE C
Phase I
With valves 26 and 24 still closed, expansion is completed.
Phase II
Exhaust valve is opened, while intake valve 24 is held closed, to
initiate exhaust of the spent gases.
Phase III
Exhaust valve 26 remains open while intake valve 24 remains closed
to complete exhaustion.
Phase IV
With exhaust valve 26 still closed and intake valve 24 now open,
fuel intake into Zone C is commenced, this intake being continued
in Phase I of the first revolution of the next cycle. FIGS. 6 to 9
show the phases of Zone D for the first revolution but not for the
second revolution to be now described.
FIRST REVOLUTION -- ZONE D
Phase I
With intake valve 30 open and exhaust valve 32 closed, fuel is
drawn into Zone D.
Phase II
With intake valve 30 still open and exhaust valve 32 closed, fuel
intake is completed.
Phase III
In this phase, both valves 30 and 32 are closed while the fuel is
compressed.
Phase IV
In this phase, with both valves still closed, the compressed fuel
is ignited by sparkplug 29. It will be seen that in Zone D,
ignition takes place in Phase IV of the first revolution, whereas
in Zone C, ignition takes place in Phase III of the first
revolution. FIGS. 6 to 9 show the phases of Zone D in the first
revolution but not the second revolution to be now described.
SECOND REVOLUTION -- ZONE D
Phase I
In this phase, both valves 30 and 32 are still closed, and the
ignited fuel undergoes power expansion to force zenith D of rotor
10 toward Zone A.
Phase II
In this phase, with both valves 30 and 32 still closed, power
expansion is completed.
Phase III
In this phase, with exhaust valve 32 open and intake valve 30
closed, the spent gases are exhausted.
Phase IV
In this final phase, with the exhaust valve 32 still open and
intake valve 30 closed, the exhaustion of the gases is completed
preparatory to Phase I of the first revolution, in which a fresh
charge of fuel is induced.
Thus in a four-stroke rotary engine in accordance with the
invention, each quadrature zone of the stator chamber through which
the rotor sweeps, undergoes fuel induction, compression, ignition,
power expansion, and exhaust, once every two revolutions of the
rotor, in a sequence wherein during the first revolution, Zone A
generates power in Phase II and Zone C in Phase IV, while in the
second revolution, Zone D generates power in Phase I and Zone B in
Phase III.
Thus the first revolution of the rotor is accompanied by two
successive power pulses, and the second revolution by two
successive power pulses which are in staggered time relation to the
first two pulses, thereby avoiding deceleration of the rotor and
producing a substantially uniform torque. As in a four-stroke
four-cylinder piston engine, the firing order in the present
invention is Zones A, C, D, B, equivalent to cylinders 1, 3, 4, 2
in a conventional four-cylinder engine.
It is to be understood that the invention is also applicable to a
rotary engine operating on diesel principles, for diesel engines
are also designed to operate on the four-stroke or two-stroke
principle, just like gasoline engines. The combustion process in
the diesel engine differs from that in a gasoline engine in that
instead of drawing in a gasoline-air mixture, air alone is drawn
and compressed to a relatively high ratio, as a result of which the
air is heated to a temperature in excess of 700.degree.C. Only then
is diesel fuel injected into the chamber. Because of the prevailing
high temperature, the fuel ignites spontaneously. The injection
nozzle is designed so that its spray pervades all the air in the
combustion chamber.
In connection with FIG. 2, we shall now consider the manner in
which the rotary engine is effectively sealed and the means by
which wear is reduced. As pointed out previously, there is no
actual point of contact between the periphery of the rotor and the
inner surface of the stator chamber. The operating zones are
defined by slide plates P.sub.1 to P.sub.4 which continuously
engage the periphery of the rotor, these points of engagement
representing the only points of wear. But wear at these points is
minimized in that the periphery of the rotor does not undergo the
same rotational motion as the rotor body, as will be explained
hereinafter.
Shaft 12 of rotor 10 is supported on either end by sleeve bearings
34 and 35 fitted into the end plates 11A and 11B of the stator
structure. Rotor 10 which is eccentrically mounted on shaft 12, is
provided with a peripheral collar 10A whose width is such that it
extends at either end beyond the edges of the rotor body.
Peripheral collar 10A is freely mounted on rotor 10 and is capable
of independent rotation thereon. Hence as eccentric rotor 10 turns
about shaft 12, the peripheral collar, which is subjected to radial
pressure by the slide plates P.sub.1 to P.sub.3, is carried through
the rotor scanning circle but its rotation is resisted by the
plates which in the course of a rotor revolution move in and out of
the stator chamber and continuously engage the collar. As the rotor
turns eccentrically on shaft 12, the peripheral collar thereon
undergoes epicyclic motion in which sliding motion between the
collar and plates is minimized although some degree of collar
rotation will be experienced.
It will be noted that oil lubrication passages are provided in
shaft 12 which lead to the interface of the rotor body and
peripheral collar as well as to bearings 34 and 35. it is to be
understood however that the invention is not limited to this collar
arrangement and that in practice, particularly with low-cost
motors, the peripheral collar may be omitted, in which event the
plates bear directly against the rotor body.
Sealing of the rotor is effected by means of rings 36 and 37 each
having a rectangular cross section. The rings are received within
annular grooves formed in the left end of the peripheral collar 10A
and are urged by suitable springs against the wall of the stator
and plates 11B, the rings being in sliding contact therewith. A
similar set of rings is provided for the right end of the
collar.
Sealing the slide plates, such as plates P.sub.1 and P.sub.3 shown
in FIG. 2, is effected by means of close-fitting rectangular shoes
38 and 39 slotted to receive the edges of the plates and riding
within suitable slots in the end plates of the stator as the slide
plates move up and down. Within shoe 38 is the right edge of plate
P.sub.1 and spring 38A which presses shoe 38 against the stator
slot in end plate 11A. Also in shoe 38 is a sealing block 38B with
a fitted slot to receive the bottom edge of plate P.sub.1 which is
urged by spring 38C against the side and edge of the rotor collar
10A.
Similarly with shoe 39, there is a spring 39A pressing against the
edge of the associated slide plates P.sub.3, urging shoe 39 against
the stator slot in end plate 11B. A sealing block 39B is urged by a
spring 39C against the side and edge of the rotor collar. Sealing
the clearance spaces between the sides of all slide plates and the
slots in stator 11 is effected by means of lengths of rectangular
cross section bars 44 (see FIG. 1) in rectangular grooves, the bars
being urged by springs 45 against the plates in sliding contact
therewith. The length of these bars is substantially equal to the
width of the plates exposed between the edges of the sealing
shoes.
Sealing of the zones at the surface of the rotor is accomplished by
springs which urge the slide plates into engagement with the
peripheral collar on the rotor. FIG. 2 shows a set of springs 40
for plate P.sub.1 and another set 41 for plate P.sub.3.
Thus the plates are urged into continuous contact with the rotor so
as to prevent any leakage between the adjacent zones defined by
each plate, and the edges of the plates, which move in and out, are
sealed by the shoes to prevent leakage as a result of such
movement.
Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, there is shown a rotary engine of
essentially the same construction as the four-stroke internal
combustion engine disclosed previously but instead of exhaust and
intake valves, lateral ports are provided which are selectively
opened and closed as the eccentrically-mounted rotor sweeps through
the stator chamber which is divided into operating zones by the
slide plates. But before considering the structure and function of
this rotary engine, some aspects of a conventional two-stroke
reciprocating piston engine will first be reviewed, for in such
conventional engines the crankcase functions as a pump, whereas in
the present engine there is no crankcase.
In a crankcase scavenged two-stroke reciprocating piston engine,
the crankcase is hermetically sealed so that it can function as a
pump in conjunction with the piston. When the piston ascends, a
partial vacuum is produced in the crankcase, until the lower edge
of the piston releases the inlet port to open the passage for the
admission of a fresh gasoline and air mixture into the crankcase.
When the piston descends, the mixture in the crankcase is
compressed somewhat, so that as soon as the top of the piston
releases the transfer port and overflow duct connecting the
crankcase to the cylinder, it can enter the cylinder. In the
present invention, similar functions are carried out within the
stator zones.
In the two-stroke rotary engine shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, rotor 10
is again eccentrically mounted on shaft 12 to revolve within the
circular chamber formed by stator 11. In this instance, the
reciprocating slide plates P.sub.1, P.sub.2, P.sub.3 and P.sub.4
divide the stator chamber into two pairs of companion zones A and
A' and B and B'.
Zone A' is provided with a transfer port A.sub.t which is coupled
by a transfer duct D.sub.a to an inlet port A.sub.in located in
companion zone A which includes an exhaust port A.sub.e. Zone B' is
provided with a transfer port B.sub.t which is coupled by a
transfer duct D.sub.b to an inlet port P.sub.in located in
companion zone B which includes an exhaust port B.sub.e. The
gas-air mixture from the carburetor goes through a pipe leading to
a transfer port A.sub.t, the pipe being provided with a reed intake
valve 44 which functions as a check valve. The carburetor input
pipe to transfer port B.sub.t has a similar valve 45.
Communicating with zone A is a combustion cavity C.sub.a within
which is located the electrodes of a spark plug 42 and
communicating with zone B is a combustion cavity C.sub.b within
which are disposed the electrodes of a spark plug 43. These spark
plugs are diametrically opposed on the stator 2 and fired
alternately, each 180 degrees of rotation.
The operation will now be explained in connection with FIGS. 12 to
15 which show successive operating Phases I, II, III and IV.
Phase I
In this phase, both intake port A.sub.in and exhaust port A.sub.e
in zone A are closed and the rotor, moving clockwise, proceeds to
compress the mixture in this zone. In zone B we are at the end of
power expansion, with inlet port B.sub.in and exhaust port B.sub.e
both closed. In zone B' the transfer port B.sub.t which
communicates with the carburetor, is open at the end of intake,
whereas transfer port A.sub.t in zone A is closed.
Phase II
In this phase, zone B is exhausting through port B.sub.e which is
open while purging and intake takes place through transfer port
B.sub.t in zone B', forcing the charge into zone B. Zone A is at
the end of compression and at the start of ignition with both inlet
port A.sub.in and exhaust port A.sub.e closed, while in zone A
transfer port A.sub.t is being opened to commence induction.
Phase III
In this phase, ports A.sub.in and A.sub.e are closed in zone A
where power expansion takes place. In zone A', transfer port
A.sub.t is open while intake takes place. In zone B where ports
B.sub.in and B.sub.e are closed, compression is in progress while
in zone B', transfer valve B.sub.t is closed.
Phase IV
In this phase, we are at the end of compression in zone B where
ports B.sub.e and B.sub.in are closed and at the start of
combustion and power expansion. In zone B', the transfer port
B.sub.t is being opened for intake while in zone A where port A and
ports A.sub.in and A.sub.e are open, gas is being exhausted and
purging and intake is in progress. In zone A' where transfer port
A.sub.t is open, the mixture is being transferred to zone A.
It is to be noted that the inlet and exhaust ports in the zones A
and B are on opposite side walls of the chamber. It is also
possible to provide engines with combustion valves and passages and
ports utilizing one pair of zones as an air or gas compressor for
direct fuel injection of gasoline or oil fuel to carry out
semi-diesel action in the other pair of zones. Also, the slide
plates need not be in guadrature relation, for they may be more or
less than in quadrature relation for variations of compression
pressure and other precharging and supercharging requirements.
Thus for two-stroke semi-diesel operation, the oppositely disposed
combustion chambers may be reduced to a 60.degree. to 80.degree.
inclusive angle, thereby effectively enlarging the adjoining zones
proportionately for supercharging air purposes. These zones as in
the two-stroke gasoline reciprocating engine act to effect intake
of air for a diesel fuel and air mixture or for a gasoline-air
mixture in spark ignition engines. They then compress the air or
the charge in the combustion zones and their relative displacement
determines the charging pre-pressure before the compression stroke
in the combustion zones.
While there have been shown and described preferred embodiments of
rotary internal combustion engines in accordance with the
invention, it will be appreciated that many changes and
modifications may be made therein without, however, departing from
the essential spirit thereof.
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