U.S. patent number 3,805,387 [Application Number 05/255,545] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-23 for fiber razor blade.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Optical Corporation. Invention is credited to Walter P. Siegmund, Richard R. Strack.
United States Patent |
3,805,387 |
Siegmund , et al. |
April 23, 1974 |
FIBER RAZOR BLADE
Abstract
A cutting instrument wherein a plurality of generally axially
aligned hollow fibers are fused to form a substantially integral
assembly. The assembly has at least one surface contoured to define
a desired angle between portions of the fiber end faces and their
axes respectfully. The fiber end faces so defined then form a
plurality of cutting edges on the surface. Translational movement
of the surface with respect to the material produces a cutting
action.
Inventors: |
Siegmund; Walter P. (Woodstock,
CT), Strack; Richard R. (Southbridge, MA) |
Assignee: |
American Optical Corporation
(Southbridge, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
22968812 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/255,545 |
Filed: |
May 22, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
30/346.53; 65/31;
65/439; 76/DIG.8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B26B
21/58 (20130101); Y10S 76/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B26B
21/58 (20060101); B26B 21/00 (20060101); B26b
021/54 () |
Field of
Search: |
;30/346,346.5,346.53,346.54,346.55,346.58,346.61
;76/14R,DIG.6,DIG.8 ;51/26R,25R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Jones, Jr.; James L.
Assistant Examiner: Peters; J. C.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Berkenstock, Jr.; Howard R. Nealon;
William C.
Claims
We claim:
1. A cutting instrument having a plurality of individual cutting
edges comprising a plurality of generally axially aligned thin
hollow glass fibers drawn to a desired diameter and fused in
side-by-side relationship within an outer sleeve to form a
substantially integral assembly, said drawn fused fibers further
formed into disk-like sections exposing opposite end faces of said
fibers, said assembly having at least one surface in which one of
said opposite end faces of said fibers lie in co-planar relation,
said surface defining a desired included angle between portions of
said fiber end faces and axes, thereby forming a plurality of
cutting edges on said surface.
2. The cutting instrument of claim 1 wherein said surface is planar
thereby providing unidirectional characteristics.
3. The cutting instrument of claim 2 wherein said included angle is
between approximately 10.degree. and 90.degree..
4. The cutting instrument of claim 3 wherein said cutting angle is
approximately 18.degree..
5. The cutting instrument of claim 1 wherein said end faces are
coated with a lubricious material of low coefficient friction.
6. The cutting instrument of claim 5 wherein said lubricious
coating is polytetrafluoroethylene having a molecular weight of
approximately twenty thousand.
7. The cutting instrument of claim 5 wherein said lubricious
coating comprises a low viscosity lubricant suffusing over the
cutting surface.
8. The cutting instrument of claim 6 wherein said portions of said
fibers end faces are greater than approximately eight thousandths
of an inch, and wherein said fibers have an internal diameter
selected to provide necessary relief for the material being
cut.
9. The cutting instrument of claim 1 wherein the drawn fibers have
a soluble inner core, said core being removed by etching after
slicing, grinding and polishing of said cutting instruments.
10. The cutting instrument of claim 3 wherein said surface is
curved thereby providing at least bi-directional cutting
motion.
11. The cutting instrument of claim 5 wherein said lubricious
coating is selected from the group consisting of
polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluorapropylene,
polycholotrafluorothylene and polyethylene.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is subject to a wide range of applications,
it is however especially suited for use as a shaving instrument and
is particularly described in that connection.
Heretofore cutting instruments generally and more particularly
those of the razor blade type having comprised cutting edges
defined by two intersecting planes having a narrow included angle
therebetween. In modern razor blade technology, the cutting edges
are formed from hardened stainless steel appropriately ground to
have the necessary or optimum performance included angle. A second
facet of a narrower included angle is groud into the blade at a
position further removed from the ultimate edge thus providing a
relief to the hair being cut. Almost universally blades are now
coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion assuring a low
coefficient of friction between the skin and the hair being parted.
The first facet or the intersecting planes forming the ultimate
edge of the blade extend approximately two to three thousandths
toward the center of the blade. In razor blades of the double edge
type, an opposing cutting edge is placed upon the extreme opposite
margin of the blade blank thus providing an overall increase of
cutting edge length.
The useful life of razor blades is principally limited by two
factors. The blades being fabricated of metal are subject to severe
corrosion particularly due to the harsh environment normally
experienced. The second factor limiting life is the ultimate
strength of the metal. In normal use a razor blade must cut beard
hairs having a toughness equivalent to that of soft copper wire of
equal diameter, it must perform this task employing an ultimate
cutting edge having a radius in the neighborhood of 300 to 500
Angstroms. Realizing the extreme fatigue induced by this almost
impossible task, it is amazing that useful blade life has reached
present day standards. The applicants' invention is directed to the
ameleoration of these prior art problems and the production of an
improved cutting instrument.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an
improved cutting instrument. Another object of the applicants'
invention is to provide an improved razor blade, yet another object
of the applicants' invention is a glass cutting instrument.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
To achieve the aforegoing objects and to eliminate the problems of
prior art devices the applicants' invention contemplates a cutting
instrument in which a plurality of generally axially aligned thin
hollow fibers are fused to form a substantially integral assembly.
The fused assembly has at least one surface appropriately contoured
to define or establish a desired included angle between portions of
the fiber end faces and their axes respectfully. Establishing the
desired included angle thereby forms a plurality of cutting edges
on the surface. Translational movement of these cutting edges with
respect to a particular material produces the required cutting
action.
For a better understanding of the present invention together with
other and further objects thereof reference is had to the following
description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. Its
scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a fiber cutting instrument.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary plan view of the cutting instrument of FIG.
1.
FIG. 3 is a partial diagramatic representation of apparatus for the
drawing of glass fibers.
FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a glass fiber
assembly.
FIG. 6 is a partial fragmentary cross-sectional view of a single
fiber cutting edge penetrating a beard hair.
FIG. 5 is a typical perspective view of a single fiber contained in
the cutting instrument of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a fiber razor blade having a
cylindrically contoured surface.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a fiber cutting instrument having a
spherically contoured cutting surface.
The drawings are intended to be illustrative of the applicants'
invention and in no way delimiting of its scope. Conventional
drawing symbols are used and like numbers indicate like or similar
parts in the various figures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 represents a cutting instrument of the applicants' invention
finding principal utilization as a razor blade. Razor blade 10
constitutes a plurality of fused glass fibers 11 having their end
faces formed at a desired included angle .theta. with respect to
their axes. End faces 16 of hollow fibers 11 are co-planar with the
upper and lower cutting surfaces of razor blade 10. Translational
movement of blade 10 in the direction of arrow L produces a cutting
action on the lower surface while translational movement in a
direction of arrow U Produces cutting on the upper surface. Fibers
11 are encapsulated or clad by an outer glass sleeve 12 thus
forming an integral structure with fibers 11.
Referring to FIG. 2, the structure and cutting action of blade 10
may be better understood. There is shown a fragmentary view of the
upper portion of blade 10. Fibers 11 are shown as having eliptical
end faces 16 fused together at tangential points of contact. The
outer sleeve 12 is shown fused to those fibers 11 located near the
periphery of the structure. Interstices 13 between the fibers 11 as
well as the center apertures 14 of the fibers are shown as hollow
thus providing a maximum of cutting edges. End faces 16 form
cutting edges in the direction of the narrow included angle and on
those portions substantially transverse to the cutting direction.
The eliptical shape of fibers 11 maximizes the cutting edge formed
by the fiber end faces 16. Of course the final geometry of the
fiber 11 end faces 16 may be controlled to have almost any desired
shape to best solve the particular cutting problem and to maximize
cutting edge. The control of fiber geometry is easily achieved by
methods well known to those skilled in the art. In the preferred
embodiment of FIG. 1, the thickness of end faces 16 is greater than
approximately eight thousandths of an inch with the fiber openings
14 of substantially greater dimension to provide relief for the
beard hair being cut.
Apparatus and methods for drawing glass fibers to desired shapes
and sizes are well known to those skilled in the art. FIG. 3
demonstrates in schematic form apparatus for achieving this
purpose. A fiber optic bundle 20 comprising a plurality of fibers
clad within an outer sleeve are clamped within the apparatus by a
mechanism 21. The bundle 20 is then placed within an aperture
surrounded by heating coil 24 held within an insulative member 22.
As the end of the fiber bundle 20 is slowly drawn down, the
application of heat approximating but below the softening point of
the glass involved causes a reduction in diameter with a retention
of original geometry. Methods and apparatus suitable to this
purpose are adequately described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,992,516,
entitled "Method of Making Fiber Optical Components," Inventor --
F. H. Norton, Issued -- July 18, 1961, which patent is herein
incorporated by reference.
Briefly, blade 10 is fabricated from a large number of fibers 11 as
depicted in FIG. 4. A sectional core 15 made of soluble glass and
having a diameter D.sub.1 is assembled to a cladding 11 having a
complementary diameter D2 and length and a wall thickness .DELTA.
D. Wall thickness .DELTA. D provides the desired strength for the
blade 10 cutting edges as well as the overall cutting edge facet
depth. These fibers are axially aligned and assembled within a tube
or sleeve 12. The sleeve is then clamped by a fixture 21 and the
distal end of the bundle is placed within an area defined by
heating coil 24.
With the application of heat above the fusing temperature of the
fibers 11 but below their softening point, the entire bundle is
fused and drawn to the desired diameter for providing the necessary
shaving area. Upon drawing, the resultant boules or fiber assembly
is parted along lines 23 thereby providing the desired blade 10
thickness as well as the included angle .theta. of the cutting
edges. The parting angle of lines 23 with respect to the axis of
the bundle is complementary of the included angle .theta.. The
final geometry of the blade is determined by the shape of the
bundle after placement in the sleeve or by utilization of rollers
and other shaping techniques. Techniques and devices useful in
forming a glass fiber bundle are further described in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,227,032, 3,216,807, and 3,190,735.
The wafers are cut from the boule 20 by a diamond saw or convenient
parting instrument and although any included angle .theta. may be
selected, it has been found that an included angle of between
15.degree. and 45.degree. is most suitable. The wafers are then
ground and polished using standard optical techniques. After
grinding and polishing, they are placed in a bath containing a
solution in which the core 15 is soluble. The cladding or fiber 11
is of course insoluable in this solution and thus after appropriate
etching time only the core 15 is removed. Removal of core 15 opens
up the lumens of fibers 11 exposing cutting edges on those portions
of the inner circumference having narrow included angles. External
portions of the end faces having the same included angle .theta.
may also form cutting edges due to the exposure provided by
interstices 13. There is thus created a large number of cutting
edges on blade 10 and a vast amount of cutting surface relative to
the ordinary straight line cutting instrument or razor blade.
FIG. 5 shows a single typical fiber of razor blade assembly 10. The
depth of the cutting surface is proportional to the wall thickness
of fiber 11 and inversely proportional to sine .theta.. As
previously indicated, although the preferred shaving edge depth may
be in the range of eight thousandths, any facet depth compatible
with cutting requirements and structural integrity may be utilized.
The included angle .theta. may be varied anywhere between
10.degree. and 90.degree.. The final anciliary step in producing
the razor blade 10 is coating the surfaces with a low coefficient
of friction material. Found of particular merit is a coating of
polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion having a molecular weight of
approximately twenty thousand. Such dispersion is well known to
those skilled in the art of razor blades and methods for its
application are similarly well known. A lubricious coating may
similarly be supplied by placing a reservoir of appropriate
material above the razor blade and allowing it to suffuse down
through the fibers across the cutting surface. Other coatings that
may be used are, for example, silicone, polyhexafluoropropylene,
polychlorotrifluoroethylene polymers, polyethylene and many other
low friction fluids.
In addition to the incorporation of lubrication coatings, the life
and performance of blade 10 may be improved by placing on the
cutting surfaces a coating of metal or refractory material. Such
coatings have been found to increase the cohesion between the
lubrication coating and the cutting surface and to some extent
improve the wear characteristics of the blade. One method of
applying such coatings is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,494
issued Jan. 4, 1972 entitled Coating Method and Apparatus;
Inventors -- L. F. Herte et al. This patent describes a method of
sputtering metalic coatings as well as lubricious coatings onto
razor blade edges and may be similarly employed for the application
of refractory materials. This application is incorporated by
reference within this specification.
The following example sets forth methods and materials employed in
the making up of an experimental boule for the fabrication of a
glass fiber shaving blade:
Example
1. Monofibers were drawn consisting of a soluble glass such as a
lanthanum crown with a soda lime cladding glass of desired
thickness. The cores were ground and polished round and the
cladding was used as tubing. Three cladding tubes were used to
yield a desired 50 percent clad cross-sectional area which appears
to provide the optimum structural integrity. Core diameter after
drawing was approximately 1 mm. This provided a wall thickness of
approximately eight thousandths of an inch.
2. The monofibers approximately 250 were assembled and axially
aligned into an outer tubing of the same soda lime glass as the
cladding. This assembly was drawn under a very slight drawing ratio
to fuse the monofibers together. A bundle or boule approximately
one inch in diameter was provided.
3. The bundle or boule was then sliced into wafers of about
one-sixteenth of an inch thickness. Various wafers were cut at
angles to yield included cutting edge angles .theta. of 15.degree.,
20.degree., 30.degree., 45.degree., 60.degree., 75.degree. and
90.degree..
4. The wafers were then ground and polished using standard optical
finishing techniques.
5. The ground and polished wafers were then placed in a 50 percent
by volume nitric acid bath and the soluble cores were removed.
As apparent from the above example, various size fibers and glass
compositions may be used in fabricating a razor blade or cutting
instrument in compliance with the applicants' invention. The
cutting angles as well as necessary relief are susceptible of
variation over a wide range and thereby suitable for varied tasks.
It further becomes apparent that a fiber cutting instrument may be
made from materials other than glass such as drawn metal fibers or
refractory materials thereby providing improved cutting
characteristics or shaving efficacy as the case may be. Again the
techniques and apparatus necessary to accomplish this are well
known to those skilled in the art of fabricating fiber instruments
and devices when guided by the teachings of this specification.
It is noted at this juncture that the blade 10 so fabricated need
only be placed on a suitable handle or other holding appendage
before finding utilization for cutting or shaving purposes. FIG. 6
in schematic form displays the mechanism involved in a fiber razor
blade cutting or parting a single beard hair. The wall 11 of a
single fiber having included angle .theta. is shown impinging upon
a single hair 30 protruding above the skin 31. The leading internal
edge 32 has penetrated the hair and is shown as both cutting and
wedging apart the fiberous material. Obviously, the placement of
lubricious coatings on the cutting surfaces involved reduce the
friction in cutting or slicing through the hair itself as well as
in any contact with the skin 31 surface. Again, it is seen that the
hair 30 must find some relief within the core diameter D.sub.1 of
the fiber 11. It is also apparent that at the same time the
exterior leading edge of fiber 11 may be contacting another hair 30
in a similar manner. Referring to the aforegoing example, this
would mean that well in excess of 250 cutting edges are being
worked in normal operation of blade 10. It is further noted that it
is difficult if not impossible for skin 31 to protrude sufficiently
into the cutting instrument recesses so as to come in contact with
the cutting edges. This eliminates the nicking and scraping
normally associated with the use of razor blades.
In fashioning a razor blade instrument, it may be desirable to
contour the cutting surface in a peculiar manner for ease of
shaving as well as fitting into or around normally inaccesable
areas. FIG. 7 demonstrates a razor blade 10 having a cylindrical
cutting surface. It is seen that surface 40 generates a portion of
a cylinder and that fibers 41 are at a particular angle necessary
to provide the included angle .theta. thereby forming cutting
edges. Again, it is noted similar to the razor blade of FIG. 1 that
the blade is unidirectional, i.e., can only cut when translated in
a particular direction. The blade of FIG. 7 is further limited by
the fact that as opposed to that of FIG. 1, it may only cut on a
particular surface 40. It does provide the advantage, however, of
having a variable cutting surface with respect to the skin as well
as providing a variation of cutting angles. FIG. 8 demonstrates a
fiber cutting instrument having an omnidirectional cutting surface
51. In this configuration, the fibers 50 remain perpendicular to a
transverse section or plane of the fiber bundle. The cutting
surface 51, however, is contoured to have a spherical or eliptical
shape. As obvious from the geometry of the situation, the spherical
or eliptical surface 51 provides a variation in cutting angle
.theta. with respect to each fiber 50 of the bundle. The minimum
included angle .theta. occurring near the periphery of the blade
and the maximum angle .theta., actually reaching 90.degree., closer
to the axis of the instrument. Irrespective of the direction of
translation with respect to the material being cut, edges of narrow
included angle are met thus providing an onmidirectional cutting
instrument.
The Applicants' invention has thus provided an economical durable
cutting instrument particularly adapted for use as a razor blade.
It consists of a plurality of generally axially aligned thin hollow
fibers fused to form a substantially integral assembly. The
assembly has at least one surface defining desired included angles
between portions of the fiber end faces and their axes
respectively. The included angles so defined thereby form a
plurality of cutting edges on the surface giving greatly enlarged
cutting edge length as well as safety and ease of use. While the
invention has been described in what are at present considered to
be the preferred embodiments, it will be obvious to those skilled
in the art that various changes and modifications may be made. It
is therefore intended that this disclosure be illustrative of the
applicants' invention and all such changes and modifications come
within its spirit and scope.
* * * * *