U.S. patent number 3,803,584 [Application Number 05/331,768] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-09 for display system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Courier Terminal Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Lorenz A. Hittel.
United States Patent |
3,803,584 |
Hittel |
April 9, 1974 |
DISPLAY SYSTEM
Abstract
A display system primarily for utilization as a remote terminal
device in a computer system, incorporating a single recirculating
store. The store incorporates a recirculating register that stores
the entire message to be displayed on a cathode ray tube; the
register operates at a predetermined first frequency and a
character generator is utilized to continuously read the encoded
characters recirculating in the store and develop video signals
therefrom. The beam of the cathode ray tube, under the control of a
timing generator, sweeps the first scan line of each row of
characters to be displayed, then sweeps the second scan line of
each row and so on until all of the scan lines of each row of
characters has been scanned and the message has been displayed. No
scanning takes place between the character rows. During the sweep
of the beam along a scan line, the recirculating register operates
at the predetermined first frequency; however, upon the completion
of each scan line and until the sweep of the next scan line, the
recirculating register operates at a second predetermined but lower
frequency.
Inventors: |
Hittel; Lorenz A. (Scottsdale,
AZ) |
Assignee: |
Courier Terminal Systems, Inc.
(Phoenix, AZ)
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Family
ID: |
26813418 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/331,768 |
Filed: |
February 12, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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115641 |
Feb 16, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
345/26; 345/27;
315/365 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09G
5/222 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
5/22 (20060101); G06f 003/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/324AD,172.5
;315/22 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trafton; David L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cahill, Sutton & Thomas
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of my co-pending application
Ser. No. 115,641, filed Feb. 16, 1971, entitled "Display System,"
now abandoned.
Claims
1. In a CRT display system for displaying information, said
information comprising one or more rows of characters formed by
generating dots on the CRT while sweeping a plurality of scan lines
for each row of characters with the beam of said CRT, said system
connected to a transmission line for receipt of bit serial
information, the improvement comprising:
a. an input register for receiving bit serial information and
transferring said information in character serial form;
b. a memory connected to said input register to receive said
character serial information, said memory comprising a
recirculating register having a first and a second recirculation
rate;
c. a character generator connected to said memory to serially
detect characters recirculating in said memory and to successively
generate codes in response to each character;
d. a CRT control means connected to said character generator for
generating dots on said CRT in accordance with said codes during
the sweep of said beam along a scan line;
e. said memory, when operating at said first recirculation rate,
serially presenting all characters in a row of characters to the
character generator during the time said beam sweeps a single scan
line of said row of characters;
f. said memory, when operating at said second recirculation rate,
presenting no characters to the character generator during the time
said
2. The combination set forth in claim 1, wherein said CRT control
means includes a timing generator for directing said beam to sweep
the first scan line of all rows of characters, then the second scan
line of all rows of characters, and then the succeeding scan lines
of all rows of characters.
Description
The present invention pertains to display systems, and more
particularly, to cathode ray tube display systems useful for
operation as remote terminals of computer systems.
The utilization of a cathode ray tube in combination with a
keyboard and communication lines to a computer system to form a
remote terminal and read out is well known. Typically, information
encoded by manipulation of a keyboard and transmitted via
communication or other transmission lines is utilized to gain
access to the memory banks of a data processing system for
ascertaining the status of a particular address in the computer
memory and/or up-dating the stored information. By utilizing the
proper control words generated at a remote keyboard, access may be
gained, for example, to the status of a commercial account which,
in turn, is stored at a remote location in the memory banks of a
data processing system. The information thus addressed is
retransmitted with appropriate control characters, in bit-serial
fashion, through their communication or transmission lines back to
the remote terminal. This information is then displayed on a
cathode ray tube. The information may be altered by the operator at
the keyboard and the up-dated information retransmitted to the
remote computer memory banks.
The implementation of cathode ray tube (CRT) techniques in
combination with encoded bit-serial binary transmitted information
gives rise to several problems. The information received must
obviously be stored in some fashion to permit the form of the
information to be altered so that it will be compatible with the
CRT system. Prior art terminals provide a memory in the remote
terminal to receive and store a message transmitted from the remote
computer. The entire message, stored in the terminal memory, is
then retrieved a line at a time and placed into a recirculating
device, such as a delay line. The contents of the delay line are
then utilized for the generation of video signals to permit the CRT
beam to sweep a sufficient number of scan lines to produce a row of
characters across the face of the CRT. Upon completion of the
generation of a row of characters, the contents of the delay line
are replaced in the memory and a second row of information is
retrieved from the memory and placed in the delay line.
This typical prior art system utilizes conventional video raster
scan techniques. Under this prior system, complex buffering between
the temporary recirculating line store and memory is required and
the information transfer in the system is limited since the
recirculating line store must recirculate at a frequency which will
permit the CRT beam, operating in synchronism with the
recirculating store, to successively sweep the scan lines of the
first row of characters before the beam may begin the generation of
succeeding rows of the message to be displayed.
The utilization, in prior art systems, of conventional CRT raster
scanning methods offers the advantage of the availability of
mass-produced television elements; however, this conventional
raster system exhibits many disadvantages when it is used in a
remote terminal display. As described above, the recirculating row
store must be used to refresh the image on the CRT screen at a rate
faster than human visual response; if high quality characters are
to be displayed, the vertical resolution available with standard
television raster scan systems dictates that either additional
buffering is required or the terminal memory must be a random
access memory. Also as described above, the usual solution is to
utilize one large memory in combination with a smaller
recirculating memory which, in turn, is synchronized with the
horizontal scan on the screen of the CRT.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a
display system incorporating a CRT and utilizing a single display
system store or memory.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a CRT
display system incorporating a single memory for storing all of the
characters to be displayed on the CRT while continuously
recirculating the entire contents of the memory.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a
CRT display system incorporating the combination of a single
recirculating memory and a scanning arrangement whereby the entire
message to be displayed may be recirculated in the memory.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a
CRT display system incorporating a single memory that continuously
recirculates the stored information and wherein the frequency of
the recirculation varies in accordance with the position of the CRT
beam.
These and other objects of the present invention will become
apparent to those skilled in the art as the description thereof
proceeds.
The present invention may be described by reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a display system constructed in
accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a scanning pattern for a typical CRT
display.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 2, useful in
describing the operation of the system of the present
invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a portion of FIG. 1 in greater
detail.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a CRT beam sweep scheme
incorporated in the teachings of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, communication of transmission lines 10 are
connected to an interface module 11 to provide appropriate matching
between the characteristics of the display and transmission
facilities. The information received is in bit serial form and is
applied to an input register 12 so that the transmitted character
may be assembled and parity checks performed. The information thus
contained in the register 12 may also be checked or decoded to
ascertain if the information is control information (and not to be
displayed) or a character to ultimately be stored and displayed on
the cathode ray tube. Information may thus be applied from a remote
computer (not shown) to the input register 12; alternatively,
information may be supplied to the input register 12 from a
keyboard 14. The keyboard may be used to interrogate the remote
computer, to place information into the display device for
subsequent transmittal to the computer, or to alter or up-date
displayed information received from the computer.
The characters are subsequently transferred from the input register
12 to memory 16. The memory 16 contains all of the characters or
information to be displayed by the system and continuously
recirculates this information. Unlike prior art display memories,
all rows of information continually recirculate at a predetermined
first recirculation frequency. The memory comprises a recirculating
register of the type commonly known as "metal-oxide-semiconductor
integrated shift registers." This shift register continuously
recirculates the stored information contained therein at a
preselected first recirculating frequency; however, the frequency
of recirculation may be changed, provided the frequency does not go
below a minimum frequency determined by the register design. In the
memory 16, the recirculating register is chosen to recirculate at a
frequency in synchronism with the video system of the CRT display,
as will be described more fully hereinafter; however, during a
portion of the time in operation, the memory 16 will be operated at
a lower frequency. Shift registers of the type suitable for use in
the system of the present invention are described in the literature
and may be found, for example, in Electronic Design, March 1, 1969,
Volume 17, No. 5, "MOS Delay Lines."
As the characters recirculate in the memory 16, they are
sequentially provided to a character register 18 which, in turn,
presents the digitally encoded character to a character generator
20 that will generate an appropriate seven bit code for application
to register 21, depending on the scan line sweeping the character
position at that instant. The register 21 contains the necessary
information for the cathode ray tube control 22 to thus generate
appropriate dots on the screen of the CRT video display 24. The CRT
control includes the video drive, horizontal and vertical drives
necessary for the generation of the display.
An operator's control panel 30 is provided to permit appropriate
housekeeping, diagnostic, and special functions to be implemented.
A memory control 32 provides the necessary logic to control the
recirculating memory 16 while a timing generator 34 controls the
overall synchronism of the entire system. The timing generator 34
will include a control oscillator and digital counters for
appropriately timing the sweeping of the CRT beam as well as the
overall timing control of the display system, as will be discussed
more fully hereinafter. A video voltage supply 36 is connected to
the video display 24 to accommodate the necessary high voltages
required by the display system.
Referring now to FIG. 2, in the embodiment chosen for illustration,
a typical display is shown incorporating fifteen rows 40 of
characters, each row being of a length 41 sufficient to make
available forty character positions. Each row 40 comprises 12 scan
lines, as indicated at 42, while only the top eight scan lines, as
indicated at 43, are provided for the generation of characters. A
vacant space 44 equal to six scan lines is provided between each of
the rows 40. An enlarged view of one of the rows 40 may be seen by
reference to FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. 3, the row 42 is shown incorporating twelve scan
lines numbered 1 - 12, with the first eight reserved for the
generation of characters. In the illustration of FIG. 3, characters
DEF and L are shown. It may be seen that the characters are formed
by a plurality of dots 50, each occupying a dot space; each
character is alloted an area equal to seven dot spaces 51 in width
and eight scan lines in height. An inter character space 52 is
provided and is equal to three dot spaces. Thus, scan lines 1 - 8
are utilized for the generation of characters, while scan lines 9
and 10 provide a vertical space between the characters generated in
scan lines 1 - 8 and scan lines 11 and 12, which are reserved for
an underscore or cursor 53. The cursor is provided on the display
and is positionable through the keyboard to indicate the "active"
character position, which character position is either being
written into or being changed. The vacant space 44 (equivalent to
six scan lines 13 - 18, although no scan lines are actually present
or used) provide the inner-row space and are followed thereafter by
the next succeeding scan line of the following row.
The information contained in the memory 16 is continuously
displayed on the CRT video display 24. As each character is
presented to the character register 21, the character generator
will detect the dot spaces in the first scan line containing dots
and will enable the CRT control to energize the beam at its
positions. Thus, during the first sweep of the first scan line of
the first row, the dots shown in FIG. 3 across the top of the
characters "DEF" will be displayed. During the sweep of the CRT
beam along scan line 1, the memory recirculates at a frequency
synchronized with the CRT beam. Upon completion of the sweep of
scan line 1, and during the CRT beam retrace, the recirculation
frequency of the memory 16 is reduced through the memory control 32
by the timing generator 34, such that when the beam is ready for
its next scan line sweep, the next character to be displayed is
present in the character register 21. It may be noted that although
the CRT beam has only completed the sweep of scan line 1 of the
first row, the character just having been contained in the
character register has been replaced by the next character in the
next row (rather than waiting for all of the scan lines of a
particular row to be completed). The timing generator 34 positions
the CRT beam to sweep the first scan line of the second row rather
than the second scan line of the first row.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the timing generator is shown in greater
detail. The control oscillator 60 is a conventional crystal control
oscillator providing an 8.5 megahertz timing pulse. This signal
supplied is a master clock to much of the display control logic and
also drives a dot start and position counter 61. The dot counter
times the output from the character generator 20 to the video drive
22. Again the dot start position counter provides a master
character time pulse used extensively in the general control logic.
It also feeds a character counter and decoder 62 which counts the
number of characters in each row supplying the necessary row start
and stop times to the memory control 32. In the implementation
shown, a predetermined character time is used to turn on a
horizontal drive flip-flop 63 which operates a standard television
horizontal sweep circuit. Another predetermined character time is
used to reset the flip-flop and to drive a row counter and decoder
64. The row counter and decoder provides discrete row time pulses
to the memory control as well as to the line counter and decoder
65. The line counter and decoder provides decoded line location
identification to the character generator 20 as well as control
signals to the delay counter 66. The delay counter is used to
develop a vertical start delay inversely proportional to the line
count. This method is one of many possible schemes which could be
used to provide the within described scanning scheme. As the line
count is increased by one at the end of the last row, the delay
counter 66 is started and provides an output pulse that is used to
trigger the start of the vertical sweep period. The vertical sweep
circuitry is similar to that used by the television industry.
The delay counter 66 receives information concerning the new line
to be scanned in binary coded form from 65. At the end of the last
row being displayed, this binary coded information is placed into
66 and 66 starts counting, using timing pulses derived from 62.
When the count reaches a predetermined number, the delay counter 66
is reset to zero and a timing pulse is sent to the vertical sweep
circuits to initiate the start of the vertical retrace period.
Similarly, the same procedure is reinitiated after the beam reaches
the top of the screen in order to initiate the vertical movement
downward of the CRT beam for the scanning of the next line of all
rows. Thus, it can be seen that the resulting delay between the
start of the horizontal sweep and the start of the vertical sweep
will cause the displacement of the horizontal scan line in a manner
necessary to provide the twelve scan lines used within the scanning
procedure described herein.
Implementation of the present scanning scheme may be more readily
understood by reference to FIG. 5. In starting a new picture,
assume that the beam starts sweeping in the horizontal direction
past 67, past 70, past 69, and at 68 the vertical sweep was
initiated. The beam starts moving downward in such a manner as to
sweep from 68 to 71. It should be noted that the horizontal sweep
direction 80 is adjusted with respect to the vertical direction 81
to cause the beam to sweep slightly upward. When both horizontal
and vertical sweep voltages are simultaneously applied, a true
horizontal direction results. At 71, one horizontal sweep is
completed and horizontal retrace occurs bringing the beam back and
down to line 1 of row 74. It should be noted that 74 would be the
first displayable row of characters. In like manner, the beam
sweeps the top line of each row of characters until it reaches the
last row of the displayable characters 75. When the first line
retraces its position from the last displayable row 75, the beam
proceeds along the top line of the 76th row until it reaches the
point at which vertical retrace begins, noted by 77. At this point,
the beam moves back up the screen to point 67, proceeding up the
line from 67 to 69. At 69, the vertical sweep again starts. The
vertical sweep starts the beam moving downward at 69. At 72 one
horizontal sweep for the second line is completed. The beam moves
to a position down and to the left of the screen to start the sweep
of line 2 of the first displayable row, 74. Line 2 of each
successive row is swept in succession through the last displayable
row, 75, and onward to 76. The beam sweeps along row 76 until
vertical retrace starts at 78, and the beam moves upward again to
67 at the top of the screen. The third line would be positioned by
starting the vertical sweep at a point somewhat before 69. This
procedure is repeated for each successive line until the last line
is completed. The last line is shown completing at 79 where
vertical retrace begins moving the beam upward to 67. This time
vertical sweep is not applied until the horizontal beam reaches 68,
starting the display of a new line 1. Note that each time a new
line position is to be swept, the vertical sweep is stopped and
started at successively earlier periods until the last line is
completed.
Thus, the beam sweeps the first scan line of each succeeding row
until all the first scan lines of all the rows have been scanned,
whereupon the second scan line of each succeeding row is scanned.
By scanning the character rows "in parallel" (i.e., scan line 1,
row 1, scan line 1, row 2, etc., then scan line 2, row 1, scan line
2, row 2-- until all scan lines of all rows have been scanned -- no
inter-row space is scanned) rather than completing a character row
before proceeding to the next character row, the recirculation
frequency of the memory 16 is substantially higher, even though it
is synchronized with the CRT beam sweep. The utilization of the
higher recirculating frequency permits considerably higher
communications rates without the addition of complex buffering and
also permits the utilization of dynamic MOS shift registers of the
type described above. Further, only a single memory is utilized to
store the entire message to be displayed upon the CRT screen and no
supplementary or auxiliary memory is required for the recirculation
of a character row.
The circuitry or specific logic incorporated in each of the
schematic blocks of FIG. 1 may be conventional and may be formed in
accordance with well-known and readily available techniques. For
example, the CRT control 22, CRT video display 24, and video
voltage supply 36 may be formed of conventional components readily
available on the market, while the interface 11 may be conventional
interface designs tailored to meet the requirements of the
communications or transmission system to which the present display
system is to be connected. The keyboard 14, the input register 12,
and the operator's control panel 30 may vary widely and may taken
the form of commercially available equipment. The utilization of a
single memory for recirculating the entire message to be displayed
coupled with variable recirculation frequency and the scanning of
scan lines from successive character rows without scanning between
the character rows enables the system of the present invention to
provide high communication rate capabilities, and high resolution
display, while greatly reducing the cost of the system over a
comparable performing prior art display system.
* * * * *