U.S. patent number 3,803,452 [Application Number 05/219,478] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-09 for lamp control circuit.
Invention is credited to Sandor Farkas Goldschmied.
United States Patent |
3,803,452 |
Goldschmied |
April 9, 1974 |
LAMP CONTROL CIRCUIT
Abstract
A lamp control circuit useful as a lamp flasher, dimmer or timer
and to obtain stroboscopic or other unusual lighting effects. The
circuit includes a switch which alternates between two stable
states with the dwell time in each state established by a
respective interval timing circuit. Power from an ac source is
supplied to the lamp by a controlled rectified gated via one of two
diacs. The first diac conducts when the voltage across a first
capacitor, charged from the ac source, exceeds a certain level and
when the switch is in one state. When the switch is in the other
state, a discharge circuit maintains the capacitor charge below the
diac threshold level. During this time, however, the second diac
can gate on the rectifier when the voltage across an associated
capacitor, charged from an adjustable voltage source, is
sufficiently great. In a flasher mode the switch continuously
alternates between states, the circuit providing separate control
of the lamp bright and dim time interval and of the dim light
intensity. Unusual lighting effects are obtained when the switch
dwell time in each state is less than the ac source period.
Inventors: |
Goldschmied; Sandor Farkas
(Fullerton, CA) |
Family
ID: |
22819418 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/219,478 |
Filed: |
January 20, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/210;
315/DIG.4; 315/200A; 315/240 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
41/30 (20130101); H05B 47/10 (20200101); H05B
41/44 (20130101); Y10S 315/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
41/44 (20060101); H05B 41/30 (20060101); H05B
37/02 (20060101); H05B 41/36 (20060101); H05b
037/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;307/252B
;315/DIG.4,DIG.5,DIG.7,2A,2R,210,227,240,241 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Dahl; Lawrence J.
Claims
Intending to claim all novel, useful and unobvious features shown
or
1. A lamp control circuit comprising:
a controlled rectifier connecting an ac power source to said
lamp,
switch means alternating between first and second stable
states,
a first gating circuit including a first capacitor charged from
said source, a first diac operatively connecting said first
capacitor to the control electrode of said rectifier, said first
gating circuit gating said rectifier into conduction when the
voltage across said first capacitor exceeds a threshold level, and
a discharge circuit connected to inhibit charging of said capacitor
when said switch means is in said second state, so that said first
gating circuit can gate said rectifier into conduction only when
said switch means is in said first state, and
a second gating circuit including a second capacitor, a second diac
operatively connecting said second capacitor to the control
electrode of said rectifier, and potentiometer means connected to
said ac source to provide an adjustable voltage for charging said
second capacitor, said second gating circuit gating said rectifier
into conduction when the voltage across said second capacitor
exceeds said threshold value and when said switch means is in said
second state in which said first capacitor is
2. A control circuit according to claim 1 wherein said discharge
circuit comprises:
a pair of series connected, complementary transistors one of which
is biased on only when said switch means is in said second state
and the other of which has a grounded base,
a pair of unidirectionally conducting means respectively connecting
said first diac other terminal to the otherwise unconnected
collector and emitter elements of said complementary transistors
and respectively oriented to permit discharge of said first
capacitor through said other complementary transistor for positive
or negative charge on said first
3. A control circuit according to claim 1 wherein said switch means
comprises:
first and second transistors connected so that one conducts when
the other is off, and
a separate interval timing circuit associated with each transistor
and operative to turn on that associated transistor after the other
transistor
4. A control circuit according to claim 3 wherein the interval
timing circuit associated with each transistor comprises:
a capacitor having one terminal connected to a non-control element
of the other transistor,
means supplying a selectable voltage via a resistor to the other
terminal of said capacitor, the values of said capacitor, said
resistor, and said selectable voltage establishing said interval of
time,
unidirectionally conducting means connecting said capacitor other
terminal to the control electrode of the associated transistor,
and
a resistor connected between said associated transistor control
electrode
5. A device according to claim 1 wherein said load comprises an
6. A control circuit according to claim 1 and adapted to supply
power to two lamps, further comprising:
another controlled rectifier connecting said ac source to the
second lamp,
a third gating circuit for gating said other rectifier into
conduction when the voltage across a third capacitor charged from
said source exceeds a threshold level and when said switch means is
in said second state, and
a fourth gating circuit for gating said other rectifier into
conduction when the voltage across a fourth capacitor charged from
an adjustable voltage source exceeds a threshold level while said
switch means is in
7. A lamp control circuit comprising:
a source of ac power connected to said load via a controlled
rectifier,
a first gating means for initiating conduction of said rectifier
when a signal derived from said source exceeds a certain value,
said first gating means including a first capacitor charged from
the ac source to provide said derived signal, and a first diac
operatively connected between said first capacitor and the control
electrode of said rectifier,
a second gating means comprising a potentiometer connected to said
source to provide an adjustable voltage, a second capacitor charged
by said adjustable voltage, and a second diac operatively connected
between said second capacitor and said rectifier control electrode,
said second gating means initiating conduction of said rectifier at
a phase angle of the ac cycle established by the magnitude of said
adjustable voltage,
switch means continuously alternating between two stable states and
having separate interval timing means to establish the respective
dwell time in each of said stable states, and
disable circuit means, comprising a circuit discharging said first
capacitor when said switch means is in one of said stable states,
for preventing said first gating means from initiating conduction
of said
8. A control circuit according to claim 7 wherein said controlled
rectifier comprises a triac connected in series with one line
between said ac source
9. A control circuit according to claim 8 wherein said switch means
comprises first and second transistors operatively connected so
that one transistor conducts when the other is off, each interval
timing means comprising:
a capacitor charged through a resistor by a voltage of controllable
magnitude, said capacitor being connected between the non-control
electrode of one transistor and a diode leading to the control
electrode of the other transistor, another resistor shunting said
diode and said
10. A control circuit according to claim 7 wherein said switch
means is powered by substantially unfiltered dc voltage supplied
during half of each ac source cycle by a single diode.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lamp control circuit for
intermittently changing the intensity level of an incandescent or
fluorescent lamp. The circuit is useful as a lamp flasher, dimmer,
timer or stroboscope control, and to provide other unusual lighting
effects.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A wide variety of applications exist for lamps exhibiting
intermittently changing intensity levels. Such lamps may be used to
attract attention, as in a sign or advertising display; for
decorative or aesthetic effect, as in twinkling Christmas tree
lights; and for functional purposes such as timing in an
educational game or a stroboscope. In the past, no lamp control
device has been available having the versatility for implementing
all of these functions, and it is an object of the present
invention to provide such a circuit which is operative with either
incandescent or fluorescent lamps.
Most prior art lamp flashers merely switch on and off the power to
the lamp. The lamp alternates between conditions of maximum
brightness and no light output. The resultant display lacks the
unusual, aesthetically pleasing effect achieved when a lamp
alternates between two different intensity levels, one mode of
operation implemented by the present invention.
Another shortcoming of prior art lamp flashers is a lack of control
over the time duration that the lamp is on or off. Thus, many lamp
flashers employ a fixed, periodic cycle with identical on and off
times. The result is a monotonous blinking of the lights. Other
devices utilize thermostatic type switches which open or close for
short periods of time when a heater reaches a certain temperature.
Random blinking is achieved.
In contradistinction, the present invention facilitates independent
control of the time intervals during which the lamp is at each
intensity level. Thus, in an advertising display a lamp may be
maintained at a bright level for a relatively long period, then
switched to a dim level for a very short time interval. In another
application, Christmas tree lights can be adjusted to glow dimly,
with sudden bright flashes; a twinkling effect is produced.
The independent time interval adjustment feature permits the
present invention to be used for stroboscopic control of a lamp. In
another application, the circuit may be used in conjunction with an
educational game. Thus the lamp may illuminate a question for a
selected period of time. At the end of this interval, the lamp
intensity is reduced so that the question no longer can be seen.
The off interval, during which time the question must be answered,
can be separately controlled. Thus, e.g., the student may have five
seconds to read the question, and one second to provide the answer.
At the end of the answer time, the light comes on again to
illuminate another, or perhaps the same, question. In an
alternative embodiment, a second lamp may be lit during the answer
period, telling the student that he must answer the question. The
second lamp could illuminate the correct answer.
In still another mode of operation the present invention can be
used to provide unusual, "psychedelic" lighting effects. For
example, a fluorescent lamp can be made to flash at rates greater
than the ac source frequency. The flashing rate may be asynchronous
with the line frequency, producing unique optical beat effects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The foregoing objectives are achieved by providing a lamp control
circuit including a switch which alternates between two stable
states with the dwell time in each state established by a
respective interval timing circuit. Power from an ac source is
supplied to an incandescent or fluorescent lamp via a controlled
rectifier which is gated on by one of two diac circuits, depending
on the setting of the bistable switch.
The first diac supplies a rectifier gating signal when the voltage
across a first capacitor charged from the ac source exceeds a
certain level and when the switch is in a first stable state. When
the switch is in the second state, a discharge circuit maintains
the capacitor charge below the diac threshold level. During this
time, however, the second diac can gate on the controlled rectifier
when the voltage across a second capacitor is sufficiently great. A
potentiometer controls the voltage used to charge the second
capacitor. Thus, the potentiometer setting may establish the lamp
intensity level when the switch is in the second state.
The bistable switch itself includes a pair of transistors connected
so that one conducts when the other is off. Separate interval
timing circuits, each including a capacitor charged via a resistor
from an adjustable voltage source, are associated with the
transistors. These circuits independently establish the dwell times
of the switch in the two stable states.
The discharge circuit includes a complementary pair of transistors
connected in series. The base of one transistor receives an input
only when the switch is in the second stable state. The base of the
other transistor is grounded. A pair of diodes connect the first
capacitor to the otherwise unconnected, non-control elements of the
complementary transistors. The diodes are oriented to accomplish
discharge of the capacitor regardless of the charge polarity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
A detailed description of the invention will be made with reference
to the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 is an electrical schematic diagram of a lamp flasher in
accordance with the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The following detailed description is of the best presently
contemplated mode of carrying out the invention. This description
is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the
purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention,
since the scope of the invention best is defined by the appended
claims.
Referring now to the drawing, the inventive lamp control circuit 10
is connected to an ac source by a plug 11, and supplies power from
this source to a lamp or other load via a socket 12. The power thus
supplied alternates between two levels under control of a bistable
switch generally designated 13. When the switch 13 is in one stable
state, the setting of a potentiometer 14 establishes the level of
power supplied to the load. Separate potentiometers 15, 16,
independently control the dwell time of the switch 13 in each of
the two stable states.
In an illustrative mode of operation, the switch 13 dwell time in
each state may be longer than the ac source period. With the dwell
times so adjusted, the lamp will alternate between maximum
intensity when the switch 13 is in the first ("bright") state, and
a level of lesser intensity, established by the potentiometer 14,
when the switch 13 is in the second ("dim") state. The
potentiometers 15, 16 respectively control how long the lamp
remains at the bright and dim intensity levels.
One line 20 from the ac source is connected directly to the
terminal 12a of the socket 12. The other line 21 from the ac source
is connected via a fuse 22 and a triac 23 or like controlled
rectifier to the terminal 12b of the socket 12. The triac 23 is
controlled by a signal supplied via a line 24 to the triac gate.
When the switch 13 is in the first state, this signal is provided
by a circuit 25; with the switch 13 in the second state, the triac
23 is controlled by a circuit 26 including the potentiometer
14.
The potentiometer 14 is connected in series with a current limiting
resistor 27 across the triac 23. The potentiometer tap 14a is
connected to the gate of the triac 23 via a diac 28 and a current
limiting resistor 29, and to a capacitor 30. The capacitor 30 is
charged to a voltage level adjusted by the potentiometer 14. The
diac 28 conducts when the voltage across the capacitor 30 exceeds a
certain threshold level (typically on the order of 5 to 10 volts).
Accordingly, a gating signal may be supplied to the line 24 during
a portion of each ac half cycle established by the setting of the
potentiometer 14. The triac 23 goes into conduction when a gating
signal is present on the line 24, thereby supplying power to the
load for the remainder of the ac half cycle.
The circuit 25 similarly includes a diac 33 connected to the triac
control line 24 via a current limiting resistor 34. When the switch
13 is in the first state, an ac signal from the line 20 charges a
capacitor 35 via a capacitor 36 and a line 37. When the voltage
across the capacitor 35 exceeds the threshold level of the diac 33,
a gating signal is supplied to the triac 23. When the switch 13
dwell times are adjusted to be greater than the ac period, this
diac 33 gating signal occurs near the beginning of each ac half
cycle, causing the triac 23 to conduct for most of each ac cycle,
thereby supplying the load with maximum power.
When the switch 13 assumes the second state, a circuit 25a
maintains the capacitor 35 discharged so that the diac 33 does not
conduct, and no output signal is provided by the circuit 25. During
this interval, conduction of the triac 23 is controlled by the
circuit 26 as described above.
With the switch 13 in the second state, a positive signal is
provided on a line 38 to the discharge circuit 25a. During each ac
half cycle that the source power on the line 20 is positive, the
switch 13 output signal is supplied via a resistor 39 to the base
of an NPN transistor 40, causing that transistor to conduct.
Thus whenever the transistor 40 conducts during a positive half of
the ac cycle, the positive charge on the capacitor 35 rapidly is
discharged to ground via a resistor 41, a diode 42, the transistor
40 and the emitter-to-base path through a grounded base PNP
transistor 43. During the negative half of each ac cycle, the
capacitor 35 is discharged via the resistor 41, another diode 44
and the collector-to-base path through the transistor 43. Thus, the
capacitor 35 remains discharged and no gating signal is supplied
via the diac 33 so long as the switch 13 is in the second
state.
When the switch 13 assumes the first state, the line 38 is held
near ground, the transistor 40 remains off, and the capacitor 35
can charge sufficiently to provide a triac gating signal via the
diac 33 as discussed above.
The bistable switch 13 itself operates in a manner not unlike a
free-running multivibrator. Thus the switch 13 includes a pair of
transistors 51, 52 which alternate continuously between the first
state in which the transistor 51 is off and the transistor 52 is
on, and the second state in which the transistor 51 is on and the
transistor 52 is off. The dwell times in the first and second
states are controlled by interval timing circuits 53 and 54
respectively including the potentiometers 15 and 16.
When the switch 13 assumes the first state, the transistor 52 goes
on. As a result, the line 38 drops to ground potential, biasing the
base of the transistor 51 to ground via a resistor 55; the
transistor 51 goes off. The potentiometer 15 is connected between a
positive supply line 56 and ground, so that a positive voltage is
provided at the potentiometer tap 15a. This voltage begins to
charge a timing capacitor 57 via a resistor 58 connected by a line
59 to one terminal of the capacitor 57. The other capacitor 57 is
connected to the line 38, and thus is held at ground potential.
As the capacitor 57 charges, the voltage on the line 59 becomes
increasingly positive. This line 59 also is connected via a diode
60 and a resistor 61 to the base of the transistor 51. Thus as the
capacitor 57 charges, the voltage at the transistor 51 base goes
more positive, eventually reaching a level sufficiently high so as
to bias on the transistor 51. When this occurs, the collector
voltage of the transistor 51, on a line 62, drops from a positive
value to ground. Since the line 62 is connected via a resistor 55'
to the transistor 52 base, that transistor goes off. The switch 13
thus flips from the first to the second state.
The setting of the potentiometer 15 will establish the voltage
level supplied via the resistor 58 to charge the capacitor 57.
Accordingly, the setting of the potentiometer 15 will control how
soon the transistor 51 is turned on, and thus will establish the
interval or dwell time during which the switch 13 remains in the
first state. The second interval timing circuit 54 functions in a
manner exactly analogous to the timing circuit 53 (and includes
components identified by corresponding primed numbers). The setting
of the potentiometer 16 controls the voltage level used to charge
the capacitor 57' and thus establishes the timer interval taken to
turn on the transistor 52.
The transistor 51 collector voltage is provided by a divider
including the resistors 64, 65 series connected between the line 56
and ground. Collector voltage to the transistor 52 is supplied via
a resistor 66. A speed-up capacitor 67 connected between the
collectors of the transistors 51, 52 completes the switch 13
circuit.
Power to the switch 13 is supplied by single diode 70 connected in
series with a current limiting resistor 71 between the voltage
supply line 20 and the line 56. A capacitor 72 provides some
filtering for the otherwise pulsating dc supplied on the line 56
during each ac half cycle that the line 20 is positive.
If the first timing potentiometer 15 is set at a minimum and the
second timing potentiometer 16 set at a maximum, the switch 13
essentially will remain set in the second ("dim") state. Under this
condition, power supplied via the socket 12 is controlled entirely
by the potentiometer 14. The potentiometer 14 thus can be used as a
dimmer, to control the constant light level from a lamp connected
to the socket 12.
The device 10 can be used with either an incandescent or a
fluorescent lamp. When flashing a fluorescent lamp, the
potentiometer 14 is adjusted to a level which will maintain
ionization when the switch 13 is in the "dim" state. When the
switch 13 flips to the "bright" state, the fluorescent lamp will go
to full intensity. The lamp will continue to flash at the duty
cycle established by the interval timing potentiometers 15 and
16.
The discharge circuit 25a is extremely fast acting. Thus the
circuit 10 will operate effectively when the dwell time in either
or both switch 13 stable states is less than the ac source period.
With the switch 13 dwell times so adjusted, the triac 23 may be
gated into conduction by either of the circuits 25, 26 during each
ac half cycle, depending on whether the capacitor 35 or the
capacitor 36 first reaches diac threshold level. As a result,
unusual lighting effects are achieved, which may include flashing
at a beat frequency related to the difference between the ac source
frequency and the switch 13 alternation rate.
As an optional feature, the device 10 also may supply power to a
second lamp or other load under timing control of the same switch
13. The circuit shown at the bottom of FIG. 1 facilitates such
operation.
The second lamp is connected to a socket 12' having a first
terminal 12a' connected to the ac line 20, and a second terminal
12b' connected via a triac 23' to the ac source line 21. The triac
23' is controlled by circuits 25' and 26' identical to the circuits
25, 26 described above.
Note that the input to the circuit 25' is connected to the line 62
of the switch 13. As a result, the triac 23' gating signal will be
provided by the circuit 25' when the switch 13 is in the second
state. With the switch 13 in the first state, the gating signal on
the line 24' will be established by the setting of a potentiometer
14' associated with the circuit 26'. Thus, if two lamps are
connected to the respective sockets 12 and 12', the lamps will
flash in unison, but one lamp will become bright when the other
goes dim, and vice versa.
The inventive lamp control circuit can be employed advantageously
in an educational game. Thus a lamp connected to the socket 12 will
go on to illuminate brightly a question to be answered. How long
the question may be studied is adjusted by the potentiometer 15. At
the end of the study period, the question lamp goes off and a
second lamp, connected to the socket 12' goes on indicating that
the question must be answered. The answer period is controlled by
the potentiometer 16. Programmed learning is enhanced.
* * * * *