U.S. patent number 3,802,809 [Application Number 05/257,247] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-09 for completely dry and fluid-tight vacuum pumps.
Invention is credited to Paul Vulliez.
United States Patent |
3,802,809 |
Vulliez |
April 9, 1974 |
COMPLETELY DRY AND FLUID-TIGHT VACUUM PUMPS
Abstract
A completely dry and fluid-tight vacuum pump having a cycle of
circular translation movement and comprising a fixed body having a
fixed disc provided on at least one of its sides with a projection
in the form of a spiral, a mobile disc mounted opposite said fixed
disc and also provided with at least one projection in the form of
a spiral intercalated with the spiral of said fixed disc and having
the same angular amplitude, a mechanism by which said mobile disc
is coupled to and supported by said body, said mechanism comprising
at least three crank handles having the same degree of eccentricity
and coupled to each other in a synchronized manner in order to
produce a movement of circular translation of said mobile disc with
respect to the body during the operation of said pump, means for
driving said mobile disc and for causing it to carry out said
movement, the spirals of said fixed and mobile discs being spaced
apart by a small constant clearance irrespective of the position of
said mobile disc, and fluid-tight bellows means, the extremities of
which are respectively fixed to said mobile disc and to said body,
said pump being further characterized in that said mobile disc is
directly coupled at its periphery to the three crank-handles, while
a fixed central barrel couples said fixed disc to a fixed base of
said body and is surrounded by said bellows means, one extremity of
which is connected to said mobile disc and the other extremity to
said base.
Inventors: |
Vulliez; Paul (27,
Pont-Audemer, FR) |
Family
ID: |
26216423 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/257,247 |
Filed: |
May 26, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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Jun 1, 1971 [FR] |
|
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71.19699 |
Sep 8, 1971 [FR] |
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71.32376 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
418/5; 418/55.3;
418/60; 418/91; 418/55.2; 418/55.4; 418/88; 418/104 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04C
29/025 (20130101); F04C 29/04 (20130101); F04C
27/008 (20130101); F04C 18/0215 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04C
18/02 (20060101); F04C 27/00 (20060101); F04C
29/02 (20060101); F04C 29/04 (20060101); F01c
001/02 (); F04c 017/02 (); F04c 027/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;418/5,9,55,60,88,91,104 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Croyle; Carlton R.
Assistant Examiner: Vrablik; John J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Young & Thompson
Claims
What I claim is:
1. In a completely dry and fluid-tight vacuum pump having a
circular translation cycle and comprising: a fixed body having a
fixed disc provided on at least one of its sides with a projection
in the form of a spiral, a mobile disc mounted opposite said fixed
disc and also having at least one projection in the form of a
spiral intercalated with the spiral of said fixed disc and having
the same angular amplitude, a mechanism by which said mobile disc
is connected to and supported by said body, said mechanism
comprising at least three crank-handles of equal eccentricity
coupled in a synchronized manner to each other in order to effect a
movement of circular translation of said mobile disc with respect
to the body during the operation of said pump, means for driving
said mobile disc and causing it to carry out said movement, the
spirals of said fixed and mobile discs being spaced apart by a
small constant clearance irrespective of the position of said
mobile disc, and fluid-tight bellows means, the extremities of
which are respectively fixed to said mobile disc and to said body;
the further characteristic features that said mobile disc is
directly coupled at its periphery to the at least three
crank-handles, while a fixed central barrel couples said fixed disc
to a fixed base of said body and is surrounded by said bellows
means, one extremity of which is connected to said mobile disc and
the other extremity to said base.
2. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said fixed disc is
located closer to said fixed base than said mobile disc.
3. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said fixed disc
and said mobile disc are arranged with respect to each other in
such manner that said mobile disc is located between said fixed
disc and the fixed base.
4. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which the mounting of
said fixed spiral on said central barrel is effected in such manner
that the lateral portion delimiting the thickness of said spiral is
orientated so as to face said base.
5. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which a preliminary
vacuum pump is adapted to deliver to atmosphere and has its suction
located at the delivery of said pair of spirals, the suction of
which is connected to the chamber in which the vacuum is to be
created.
6. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said pair of
spirals comprises a fixed spiral with a large central bulb and a
mobile spiral with a small central bulb.
7. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said pair of
spirals comprises a fixed spiral with a large central bulb and a
mobile spiral having no central bulb.
8. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said spirals are
adapted to suck-in at their periphery and to deliver into their
central portion.
9. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which the suction of
said spirals is effected through the space formed in the interior
of said fixed central barrel, and the delivery is effected into the
annular space comprised between said fixed central barrel and the
bellows means surrounding said barrel.
10. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said pump has a
single active pumping member with a single projection of spiral
form on said fixed disc and a single spiral projection on said
mobile disc.
11. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 10, in which said spirals are
provided with a central bulb which is hollow towards the
exterior.
12. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which said pump further
comprises two active pumping members, the mobile disc being
provided in two parts the spiral projections of which are disposed
face to face in spaced relation and between which is arranged said
fixed disc having spiral projections on each side adapted to
co-operate respectively with the spiral projections of the two
parts of said mobile disc, said parts being associated with said
single driving mechanism while the active assembly is isolated from
the atmosphere by said bellows means which are constituted by a
single bellows.
13. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 12, in which the spirals of
one of said active pumping members have no central bulb and have
their suction located at their central portion, while the spirals
of the other active pumping member have a central bulb which is
hollow towards the exterior, and have their suction located at
their periphery.
14. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which, for the purpose
of cooling, a hood surrounds said pump in an independent manner,
said hood comprising a cooling fluid reservoir from which said
fluid is drawn and sent under pressure through a channel in said
fixed central barrel towards a conduit formed in said fixed disc
and from which said fluid passes into a cavity formed in the spiral
of said fixed disc, and then passes into a conduit from which said
fluid is sent into a further cavity formed in the spiral of said
mobile disc.
15. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 14, in which each of said
cooling cavities is formed by a hollowed portion of said spiral,
open towards the exterior.
16. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 15, in which said hollow
portion of said spiral open towards the exterior is formed in a
central bulb of said spiral.
17. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 1, in which the suction of
said pump is adapted to communicate with the annular space
comprised between said fixed central barrel and the bellows means
surrounding said barrel.
18. A vacuum pump as claimed in claim 17, in which a delivery
conduit provided with a valve is disposed in the interior of said
fixed central barrel.
Description
In conventional mechanical pumps utilized for obtaining a primary
vacuum, such as vane pumps or oscillating piston pumps, the active
pumping parts comprise friction zones which are lubricated.
Due to the existence of a film of oil between the active pumping
parts, these conventional mechanical pumps attain a high
compression ratio since, by permitting a rubbing action, this oil
film reduces the lateral and radial leakages of fluid to be pumped,
by practically eliminating all play between these same working
parts. The presence of this oil also makes uniform throughout the
mass of the pump the distribution of heat resulting from the
pumping effect and mechanical friction, which makes it possible to
prevent differential expansion which may lead to a blocking of the
various parts.
The fluid-tightness of these pumps with respect to th exterior is
not however complete, and the lubrication of the friction zones
causes a pollution of the fluid and of the chambers to be pumped
out. In spite of the expedients employed to remedy this condition,
serious disadvantages result in many applications.
In order wholly to prevent these drawbacks, there have already been
proposed vacuum pumps of the volumetric type, in which the working
parts move with respect to each other following a precise and
generated cycle of circular translation, without any friction or
lubrication, and in the interior of a pumping zone, the
fluid-tightness of which is complete with respect to the atmosphere
and to the lubricated parts at the same time. Pumps of this kind
are described in particular in French Certificate of Addition No.
93,048 of September 29, 1967 in the name of Paul Vulliez.
In order to approach the performances of conventional mechanical
pumps for primary vacua, the vacuum pump described in the
Certificate of Addition No. 93,048 must have:
1. An effective conformation of the active pumping parts;
2. A constant and very small lateral and radial play between the
active pumping surfaces, which implies:
A high precision of kinematic working with the absence of any
phenomena of bending or deformation due to the forces resulting
from the movement and from the effects of pressure;
The absence of any differential expansion attributable to the
temperature rise produced by the pumping and the mechanical
movement, this differential expansion necessarily having the effect
of modifying the relative dimensional accuracy, and in consequence
the play between the active pumping surfaces.
The present invention relates to vacuum pumps of the type
comprising a fixed body having an inlet and an outlet for a working
fluid, a passage for the said working fluid which extends between
the said inlet and the said oulet, and which is arranged in the
interior of the said body, mobile means for effecting a
displacement of the working fluid from the said inlet to the said
oulet, a mechanism by which the said mobile means are coupled to
the said body and are supported by it, the said mechanism
comprising at least three crank-handles of equal eccentricity,
coupled in a synchronized manner to each other, so as to control a
precise circular movement of translation of the said mobile means
with respect to the said body during the operation of the pump,
means for driving the said mobile means and for causing them to
carry out the said movement, the said passage having walls which
are shaped so as to follow the configuration of the envelope of the
space swept by the said mobile means during their movement, the
said mobile means and the walls closest to the said passage being
separated by a small constant clearance, irrespective of the
position of the said mobile means, and fluid-tight bellows means
having their extremities fixed respectively to the said mobile
means and to the said body in order to isolate the said passage
from the atmosphere and from the lubricated mechanisms.
In vacuum pumps of this type proposed up to the present time, and
especially the pump with a single mobile spiral described in the
Certificate of Addition No. 93,048, it is seen that the disc of
this mobile spiral is provided on its outer face with a central
coupling member in the form of a barrel coupled to the three
crank-handles and surrounded by the bellows, while the disc of the
fixed spiral which is intercalated in the mobile spiral forms part
of the fixed body.
The Applicant has discovered that this arrangement gives good
results when the constant clearance provided between the spirals of
the two discs is not very small, which corresponds to applications
in which the value of the vacuum required from the pump is not very
high. On the other hand however, an arrangement of this kind has
the disadvantage of involving risk of accidental contacts when the
constant clearance is made very small in order to obtain a high
degree of vacuum.
The Applicant attributes this disadvantage to the fact that the
movement imparted by the crank-handles to the mobile disc passes
through the intermediary of a central member, which may cause a
whipping action, the amplitude of which may be small at the centre
but increases towards the periphery of the disc, thus involving
risk of accidental contacts.
The Applicant has found that this risk may be avoided, and that it
is possible to obtain greatly improved operation with a simpler and
more robust construction, when the coupling member surrounded by
the bellows is rigidly secured to the fixed disc and not to the
mobile disc.
The present invention has for its object improvements in vacuum
pumps which are completely dry and fluid-tight and which have a
circular translation cycle, making it possible to obtain a simple
and robust construction and also a very great precision of
operation and excellent performances, and this without any risk of
pollution or leakage or excessive heating, or seizure by incorrect
contact, and under good conditions for the suction and
delivery.
According to the invention, a vacuum pump is characterized in that
the crank-handles which determine the circular translation movement
and which are arranged at the periphery, directly drive the mobile
disc which occupies a central position circumscribed by the said
crank-handles, while the fixed disc is coupled to the fixed body by
a fixed central barrel surrounded by the bellows, one extremity of
which is directly or indirectly connected to the mobile disc while
its other extremity is coupled to the fixed body.
This arrangement has the result of preventing in the movement
transmission any central intermediate member which may be capable
of generating whipping movements tending to become amplified
towards the periphery. On the contrary, the high degree of accuracy
which has already been achieved by the position of the
crank-handles in the peripheral zone only increases when
approaching the centre. There is thus obtained a very great
precision of movement permitting a very small clearance to be
formed between the spirals without risk of contact, and the pump is
thus capable of producing a high vacuum.
More precisely, this result is obtained by the provision of a fixed
body preferably made in one single piece and having its central
portion surrounded by the bellows, while the peripheral portion
comprises three slots arranged for the strictly accurate
positioning of the shafts. This arrangement gives great rigidity to
the assembly, preventing bending deformations due to the effect of
pressure in the central delivery zone of the fixed spiral, and
permitting a high precision of the circular translation cycle
generated by the three crank-shafts which thus work without any
overhang, and therefore without bending deformation.
Furthermore, the fact of providing a fixed central barrel
surrounded by the bellows in order to support the fixed spiral
facilitates the suction and delivery conditions of the fluid to be
pumped. More particularly, the suction may be effected in a simple
manner in the annular space included between the fixed central
barrel and the bellows which surrounds it, while a delivery conduit
with its valve may readily be placed along the axis of the fixed
central barrel. It will also be noted that a vertical position is
favourable to the blowing-out and the expulsion of any liquid which
may originate from condensable vapours in the interior of the
spirals.
According to another characteristic feature of the invention, there
is provided a series of arrangements permitting the elimination of
any differential expansion capable of modifying the working
clearances between the active parts of the pump.
To this end, the body, the active pumping members, the mechanical
transmission and movement members are preferably chosen from
materials which have the same coefficient of expansion and the same
thermal conductivity. Also, from the time of starting-up, means for
the circulation of a cooling fluid come into action in such manner
that the heat produced by the pumping effect and the mechanical
movement is uniformly distributed between the body, the active
pumping members and the movement transmission members. Under these
conditions, the working clearance of the pump remains constant both
during operation and at each setting to work, even if the starting
operations are carried out at different ambient temperatures.
It will be observed that in this type of pump in which the active
pumping parts have no friction between each other, the quantity of
heat generated remains lower than that produced by a conventional
pump such as that of the vane type, in which the friction gives
rise to a considerable heating effect which is added to that due to
the thermo-dynamic pumping effect. For this reason, the pump
according to the invention can operate at high speeds, which
constitutes one of the factors in high performances.
In one form of embodiment of the invention, the mobile disc is
single, that is to say it has only one spiral projection which, in
co-operation with the fixed spiral projection, forms a single
working pumping member.
In an alternative form of embodiment which contemplates the
production of a higher vacuum, the mobile disc is provided in two
parts, of which the spiral projections are placed facing each other
in a spaced-apart manner, and between which is mounted the fixed
disc having spiral projections on each side intended to co-operate
respectively with the spiral projections of the two parts of the
mobile disc so as thereby to form two active pumping members.
In this arrangement, the two spirals along which the fluid to be
pumped first passes, are spirals without a central bulb in which
the fluid is subjected to a centrifugal effect which improves at
low pressures the vacuum production of the working assembly of the
pump. These spirals are practically not subjected to any heating,
as their compression ratio is only considerable at low
pressures.
It will be appreciated that the construction with a fixed central
barrel permits a particularly simple construction of this
arrangement with two pairs of spirals rigidly fixed to the single
driving system and with only one fluid-tightness bellows.
From the point of view of industrial performance obtained, it will
be observed that the type of pump with a single pair of spirals is
capable, when delivering directly at an atmospheric pressure of 760
torr, of producing in the case of air a limiting vacuum in the
close proximity of one one-hundredth torr, measured on the McLeod
gauge. Under the same conditions, the limiting vacuum reached by
the type of pump having two pairs of spirals is located at a value
better than one one-thousandth torr.
By way of example, and for a pump having a generated volume of 60
cu.m./hr and rotating at 1,460 r.p.m., these results are obtained
with a functional clearance of the order of eight one-hundredths of
a millimeter.
In another alternative form, especially for the purpose of a
miniaturized construction, there is associated in a single
apparatus a dry pump of conventional type, for example with a
deformable diaphragm or equivalent device, and a pair of spirals
with or without bulb.
The deformable diaphragm pump delivers directly at atmospheric
pressure and sucks at the central delivery of the spirals, the
peripheral suction of which is coupled to the chamber in which the
vacuum is to be created. The work of the second active pumping
member constituted by the pair of spirals sucking directly from the
chamber makes it possible to improve substantially the limiting
value of the vacuum in this chamber.
This result is obtained by the fact that the compression ratio,
that is to say the efficiency of this pair of spirals, increases
considerably from the level of the low pressures which the
diaphragm pump alone can attain in producing a first preliminary
vacuum of a value of a few torrs. This increase in efficiency
results from the increase in the resistance to leakages across the
working clearance of the apirals as and when the pressure
falls.
Taking into account, on the one hand the small amount of power
consumed in driving these pumps with a small generated volume, and
on the other hand the large amount of work supplied by the
diaphragm pump in producing the preliminary vacuum, the quantity of
calories resulting from the thermo-dynamic pumping effect of the
pair of spirals becomes negligible. It is thus easily possible to
preserve the strict dimensions of the assembly by avoiding any
differential expansion which adversely affects the operation. A
single incorporated fan, directly driven by the control of the pump
permits the necessary cooling to be effected and provides
stabilization of the temperatures of the mechanical parts and of
the internal portion of the body.
The operation without circulation of cooling liquid in contact with
the spirals makes it possible to adopt arrangements in the sense of
miniaturization and safety of working. In particular, the external
face of the disc of the mobile spiral is directly fixed on the
mobile extremity of the bellows, whereas a fluid-tightness bell is
fixed on the periphery of the inner face of this same disc of the
moving spiral. This bell which is not provided with a central
opening, comes on top of the fixed spiral assembly which is in turn
locked on the extremity of the fixed central barrel which is
surrounded by the bellows.
This assembly is especially remarkable in that the expansions which
could be produced by an accidental heating, act in the direction of
increase in the lateral working clearances. It will in fact be
understood that any expansion of the central barrel tends to move
the fixed spiral away from the mobile spiral in the direction of
the axis of the pump. There is thus obtained a very substantial
safety in operation by virtue of this arrangement, applicable to
spirals which are capable of operating without direct cooling by
liquid.
It will thus be appreciated that the construction in accordance
with the present alternative form of the invention provides,
especially in the applications in which the utilization of the
deformable diaphragm is compatible with the fluid to be pumped and
the quality of the vacuum to be obtained, a simple solution of
small overall size for apparatus in which the generated volume is
small, that is to say is limited to about 15 cu.m./hr.
The performances obtained by this association of a diaphragm pump
with one or the other type of spirals make it possible to obtain,
by way of example for air, with a working clearance of the order of
six one-hundredths mm. and a speed of 1,460 r.p.m. a limiting
vacuum of one one-thousandth torr, measured on the McLeod
gauge.
Forms of construction of the invention are described below by way
of example, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in
which:
FIG. 1 is a view in vertical cross-section, taken along the line
I--I of FIG. 2, of a vacuum pump with a single pair of spirals;
FIG. 2 is a view of the same pump in horizontal cross-section taken
along the line II--II of FIG. 1, the spirals being in an
instantaneous position preceding the end of the suction stage;
FIG. 2a is a view similar to that of FIG. 2, but in the
instantaneous position of the end of delivery and full suction:
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the same machine in which there is
shown an oil circuit serving for cooling and equalizing the
temperatures of the active pumping parts and for the lubrication of
the movement transmission members;
FIG. 4 is a view of an alternative form of vacuum pump having two
pairs of spirals, shown in vertical cross-section taken along the
line IV--IV of FIG. 5, in a different angular position;
FIG. 5 is a view in horizontal cross-section, taken along the line
V--V of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a view in cross-section taken along the line VI--VI of
FIG. 7 of another alternative form of vacuum pump in accordance
with the invention, with one pair of spirals and a diaphragm
pump;
FIG. 7 is a view of this further alternative form in cross-section,
taken along the line VII--VII of FIG. 6, the spirals being shown in
the instantaneous position corresponding to the end of the suction
phase and to half delivery.
In the form of embodiment shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 2a and 3, there is
seen a vacuum pump which is completely dry and fluid-tight and
having a circular cycle of translation. This pump comprises a fixed
body 10 having a fixed disc 13' provided on one of its sides with a
projection in the form of a spiral 13.
A mobile disc 23' is opposite to the fixed disc 13', and is also
provided with a projection in the form of a spiral 23, intercalated
with the projection 13 of the fixed disc 13' and having the same
angular amplitude. A mechanism is provided for coupling the mobile
disc 23' to the body 10 and serves to support the disc. This
mechanism comprises at least three crank-handles 20 having equal
eccentricity E and coupled to each other in a synchronized manner
so as to effect a circular movement of translation of the mobile
disc 23' with respect to the fixed body 10 during the operation of
the pump.
Driving means 19 which are described later in more detail, are
provided so as to drive the mobile disc 23' and to cause it to
carry out the said movement. The spirals 13 and 23 are separated by
a small constant clearance which is independent of the position of
the mobile disc 23'. A fluid-tight bellows 11 has its extremities
fixed respectively to the mobile disc 23' at 28, and to a base 10"
of the fixed body 10 at 30.
The mobile disc 23' is directly coupled at its periphery to the
three crank-handles 20, while a fixed central barrel 10' couples
the fixed disc 13' to the fixed base 10" of the fixed body 10, and
is surrounded by the bellows 11.
The metallic bellows 11 employed in order to obtain complete
fluid-tightness of the system is positively protected against any
torsion force, operational or accidental, due to the kinematics of
the driving system with three synchronized crank-handles 20.
For this reason, and on condition that the rules are observed which
connect the length of the bellows to the eccentricity during
working, the duration of life in this member in vacuum-production
applications is practically unlimited.
More particularly, the pump is of the type having a single pair of
spirals 13 and 23. It is provided with a shaft A and its fixed body
10 is made of one piece and is composed of the central portion or
barrel 10', the base 10" and a peripheral portion 10'". This latter
surrounds the bellows 11 which in turn surrounds the barrel
10'.
The peripheral portion 10'" is provided with three openings 12
located at 120.degree. with respect to each other. On the central
barrel 10' of the fixed body 10 there becomes centered the fixed
disc 13' powerfully locked by bolts 14 with the interposition of a
static fluid-tight joint 15. The three portions of the body located
in the vertical axis of the openings 12 are machined so as to
receive guiding bearings 16 and 17 and an axial thrust-bearing 18,
which serve to ensure the accurate positioning of each of the three
shafts 19, of which the crank-handles 20 drive a transfer member 21
with an eccentricity having a value E, through the intermediary of
bearings 22.
The mobile disc 23' which carries the spiral 23 is made fixed to
the transfer member 21 by a series of bolts 24. The mobile disc 23'
comprises on its upper face reinforcing ribs 25 which are intended
to prevent deformation due to the effects of pressure.
On the shafts 19 are keyed balancing weights 26, and on the
crank-handles 20 are provided other balancing weights 27. These
various weights are calculated and positioned in such manner as to
obtain a perfect static and dynamic balancing of the members having
a circular translation movement.
At its upper portion, the bellows 11 is welded to a bell 28, in
which the clamping by bolts 24 on the transfer member 21 compresses
a static joint 29 which thus ensures fluid-tightness between this
bell 28 and the mobile spiral 23.
At its lower portion, the bellows 11 is welded to an annular member
30 which is in turn clamped on the body by means of the
countersunk-head bolts 31, with the interposition of a static
fluid-tight joint 32.
There can be seen at 33 in FIG. 1 the suction pipe of the pump,
which is rigidly fixed to the body 10 and at 35 is seen the
delivery conduit which comprises a valve 34 and forms part of a
member 36. This latter passes through the central barrel 10' of the
body 10 and is clamped on this barrel with the interposition of
fluid-tightness joints 37 and 38, intended to prevent leakages of
cooling oil towards the exterior. It will be observed that the
conduit 35, the valve 34 and the member 36 are coaxial with the
shaft A of the pump.
The chamber in which the vacuum is to be created is connected to
the suction pipe 33 rigidly fixed to the body 10. As soon as the
pump is put into service, the gaseous fluid to be pumped is
subjected to the continuous and progressive effect of compression
due to the displacement in a movement of circular translation of
the mobile spiral 23 with respect to the fixed spiral 13. There is
then created a suction of this gaseous fluid in the annular space
delimited by the interior of the bellows 11 and of the bell 28 and
the exterior of the central barrel of the body 10 and of the fixed
spiral 13, and this is followed by a discharge of this same gaseous
fluid through the valve 34 and the conduit 35.
The operation of the pair of spirals 13 and 23 is that of a
multi-stage pump, and will be described in the text which follows
with reference to FIGS. 2 and 2a which correspond to different
instantaneous positions.
Each revolution of the spiral defined by an angular development of
360.degree. corresponds to one stage of compression.
At each cycle of circular translation, the displacement of each of
the separation contacts (to within the clearance) makes it possible
for each stage to obtain its own progressive compression, the
imprisoned volumes remaining continuously isolated from each other
by as many separation barriers as there are stages in the pump.
More precisely, it can be seen from FIG. 2 that the spirals 13 and
23 are shown in a position preceding the end of the suction phase.
When the position of the spirals corresponds to this end of the
suction time, the two first volumes imprisoned at V1 are subjected
to a first compression after a first cycle of circular translation,
reducing them to the two volumes V2. After a second cycle, these
latter volumes are subjected to a second compression and are
combined in the same volume V3 which, during the course of the
third cycle, is subjected to the effect of the final compression so
as to be completely expelled (apart from the leakages) through the
valve 34, the spirals being then located in the instantaneous
position of the end of delivery and full suction, as shown in FIG.
2a.
It will be noted that the large central bulb of each spiral 13 and
23, in addition to the advantage of being provided with an external
cavity 43, 45 for cooling purposes, permits by its thick shape a
reduction of the radial and lateral leakages in the zone at which
the compression is highest. Also, for the same eccentricity of
operation E, the common volume of final compression V3 (FIG. 2)
will increase in size as and when the two bulbs between which this
volume is defined, are themselves larger, which especially
facilitates the choice of an optimum size for the exhaust orifice
34.
It will be appreciated that the whole of the pump chamber in which
the vacuum is created is completely isolated at the same time from
the exterior and from a cooling and lubricating oil circuit which
will be described below with reference to FIG. 3, in which the path
of the oil is indicated diagrammatically.
In the bottom of an external hood 39 which encloses in an
independent manner the whole of the pump, is provided an oil tank
in which is immersed the pump 40 driven by one of the shafts
19.
The pulsated oil in the annular space 41 between the exterior of
the member 36 and the interior of the central barrel 10', comes
into a conduit 42 formed in the disc of the fixed spiral 13 and
rises into the cavity 43 provided in the central bulb of the fixed
spiral 13. It escapes from there through the tube 44 and is
projected into the interior of the cavity 45 provided in the
central bulb of the mobile spiral 23.
By reason of the movement, after having come into contact with the
outer surface of the spiral 23, the oil is powerfully projected
along the hood 39. The whole of the mechanical portion becomes
lubricated by projection, and the greater part of the oil streams
down along the hood 39 and falls back after having been cooled into
the reservoir of the pump 40.
It will be noted that when the pump is sufficiently large, the
cavities 43 and 45 of the bulb can be extended into the whole or
part of the development of the spirals.
It will be understood that the fact of having an intense
circulation of cooling oil, especially in the cavities 43 and 45
located immediately on the outside of the central zone of the
spirals, where the effect of final compression gives rise to the
greatest quantity of heat, and causing this oil to circulate
subsequently both in the interior of the central barrel 10' and on
the exterior of the discs 13' and 23' of the spirals 13 and 23 and
over the whole of the body 10, results in an equalization of the
temperatures in all the members of the pump located inside the
non-working hood 39.
In this way, all differential expansion between these same members
is avoided, which enables the same working clearance to be
preserved between the spirals, under all working conditions. This
result constitutes an essential factor of safety in working and
ensures constant and excellent industrial performances from these
machines.
The drive of the pump (not shown on the drawings) is effected
either directly or indirectly by one of the three vertical shafts
19 which pass out of the hood 39.
A second shaft 19 may actuate directly the member 40 intended to
pulsate the cooling fluid. In this connection it will be noted that
in the case of small pumps for which the generated volume is of the
order of 10 cu.m/hr to 15 cu.m/hr, this fluid may be air driven by
a centrifugal fan into sections of passage suitably formed for that
purpose.
Apart from the oil which serves at the same time for cooling the
spirals and for lubricating the mechanical portion, this latter
being then lubricated with grease, it is possible to couple the
cooling to a water intake, the mobile spiral being provided in this
case on its upper face with a fluid-tight chamber connected by two
flexible tubes, one to the circuit coming from the fixed spiral and
the other to waste.
Reference will now be made to FIGS. 4 and 5, in which the
arrangement is similar to that which has just been described with
reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, but in which the pump is of the type
having two active pumping members each provided with a pair of
spirals.
More precisely, the vacuum pump shown in FIG. 4 is a machine the
construction of which is similar to that of FIG. 1, but which
comprises on the one hand a first pair of spirals 46 and 47 without
a central bulb (see FIG. 5) and on the other hand a second pair of
spirals 13 and 23 with a hollow central bulb towards the exterior,
which is similar to the pair of spirals which have been described
with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, and of which the view in
cross-section taken along the line a--a of FIG. 4 corresponds to
the angular position of FIG. 2.
In the pump shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the primary limiting vacuum is
improved by causing the fluid to be pumped to pass into the first
pair of spirals 46 and 47, which have no central bulb. Suction
through the orifice 33 is effected by the internal zones 48 and 49,
and the delivery is made by the peripheral zones 50 and 51, which
both open directly into the suction zones of the two spirals 13
with bulb and 23 also with bulb, which, as in the case of FIGS. 1
and 2, ensure directly delivery to atmospheric pressure.
The two spirals 46 and 47 have a generated volume which is chosen
to be very close to that of the spirals 13 and 23.
At the beginning of pumping, the suction volume at 33 is pulsated
from the interior towards the exterior of the spirals 46 and 47
and, as in the case of the spirals 13 and 23, with a constant
separation between the enclosed volumes and the suction and
delivery zones.
The identical similarity of the volumes generated by each of the
pairs of spirals results in the fact that in practically the whole
preliminary phase of the pumping, the compression due to the action
of the spirals 46 and 47 remains extremely small and that in
consequence their temperature rise is negligible.
On the other hand, as soon as the suction pressure in the zones 48
and 49 becomes small, that is to say in the vicinity of 1 torr, the
efficiency of the spirals 46 and 47 begins to increase, thus
enabling the whole pump assembly to reach a limiting degree of
vacuum having a value better than one one-thousandth torr, this
being due to the fact that the resistance to leakage across the
working clearance increases considerably as and when the pressure
falls.
The performances of the pump shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 are due to
bringing up to speed at low pressures of the molecules of the fluid
to be pumped, this bringing up to speed resulting simultaneously
from the volumetric effect and the centrifugal effect produced by
the movement in circular translation of the mobile spiral 46 with
respect to the fixed spiral 47.
Due to the act that their efficiency is only effective at low
pressures, the two spirals 46 and 47 generate practically no heat
and can give good results with a working clearance having a value
greater than that of the spirals 13 and 23.
More precisely, there can be seen in FIG. 4 the mobile spiral 23
with bulb, the movement of which in circular translation with
respect to the fixed spiral 13, is produced by the same mechanical
assembly as that described with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.
This fixed spiral 13 belongs to a single member 13', in the form of
a disc, in the lower part of which is machined the second fixed
spiral 47 in which there is intercalated the second mobile spiral
46. The two discs 23' and 46' of the mobile spirals 23 and 46 are
fixed by the annular member 52 to each other, the member 52
replacing the bell 28 of FIG. 1 and being powerfully clamped
simultaneously to the transfer member 21 and to the disc 46' of the
second mobile spiral 46.
The other arrangements applied to this construction, such as
cooling, static fluid-tight joints, etc., are similar to those
already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
There will be noted the advantage of simplicity achieved in this
construction, in which the two pairs of spirals work by means of a
single driving system and with a single fluid-tightness
bellows.
Reference will now be made to FIGS. 6 and 7, in which is shown
another alternative form, concerning more particularly, but not
exclusively, a miniaturized construction.
There is seen in FIGS. 6 and 7 a completely dry and fluid-tight
pumping unit consisting of a diaphragm pump P delivering to
atmosphere through the conduit 53 and taking its suction through
the conduit 54 and the orifice 35 in the annular space comprised
between the interior of the bellows 11 and the central barrel 10'
of the body 10. Into this annular space opens the delivery orifice
34 of the fixed and mobile spirals 13 and 23, in which the
peripheral suction is delimited by the bell 28. This suction is
connected to the chamber to be exhausted by the conduit 33 arranged
inside the central barrel 10' and the member 14. This latter serves
to fix the fixed spiral 13 on the said central barrel 10'.
The diaphragm pump P, the pumping action of which is obtained by
the alternating deformation of an elastic wall subjected to an
eccentric action from the driving shaft, is a dry and fluid-tight
machine, of which the constructional technique is known per se and
will therefore not necessitate any particular description. In its
utilization in the production of vacua, its best performances are
situated at a limiting pressure of the order of a few torrs.
The spirals shown at 13 and 23 in FIGS. 6 and 7 have the particular
feature of possessing different bulbs. By virtue of this particular
conformation, it is thus possible to adopt readily for this
miniaturized construction a pair of working spirals which are
practically identical with that of the spirals shown in FIGS. 1 and
2.
It can in fact be seen from FIG. 7 that at the end of the
compression stage, the whole of the sucked volume, with the
exception of the leakage across the working clearance, is entirely
expelled through the orifice 34. By virtue of its large bulb, the
fixed spiral 13 can easily be blocked with the interposition of the
fluid-tight static joint 15 on the central barrel 10' by the
clamping action of the member 14 comprising a threaded portion 14',
and in which the non-threaded portion serves as a centering device
on the said barrel 10'. The interior of the member 14 is hollow in
the extension of the bore of the barrel 10' in order to form the
conduit 33 connecting the suction of the spirals to the chamber to
be exhausted.
As already indicated above, it is possible with the same mounting
to replace the two different bulb spirals 13 and 23 by two spirals
without bulb and having an outline identical with that shown at 46
and 47 in FIG. 5. It will be noted that in the arrangement shown in
FIGS. 6 and 7, these spirals without bulb suck-in at their
periphery and deliver towards the central portion.
The bell 28 is forcibly clamped against the inner face of the disc
23' with the interposition of the static fluid-tight joint 29, by
the bolts 24 acting on the three ring segments 56. The connecting
member 57 welded to the extremity of the bellows 11 is then blocked
by the bolts 58 with the interposition of the fluid-tight static
joint 29', on the outer face of the disc 23' of the mobile spiral
23. At its fixed extremity, the bellows 11 is welded to an annular
member 30 which is in turn clamped on the body by the bolts 31 with
the interposition of the static fluid-tight joint 32.
The disc 23' which is of small size, comprises three extensions 23'
arranged at 120.degree. from each other and machined in order to
receive the bearings 22 in which pivot the eccentrics 20 which are
rigidly fixed to the shafts 19. These three eccentrics 20 thus
drive the assembly of the mobile spiral 23, 23' and 23" in a
strictly circular translation movement following an eccentricity
E.
In this construction, the absence of direct cooling of the active
pumping portion formed by the spirals makes it possible to adopt
arrangements tending in the direction of reduction of the
dimensions and at the same time in the direction of security of
working in the case of expansion due to accidental heating, and the
body 10 is preferably provided in two portions in order to permit
readily the assembly and adjustment of the various members.
To this end, the body 10 comprises a first member of one-piece
construction, constituted by the central barrel 10', the base and
its peripheral extension 10". A second member 10'" adjusts itself
and becomes fixed on the machined face of the peripheral portion
10" by means of the bolts 59 (see FIG. 7).
This second portion of the body 10'" comprises three cylindrical
housings arranged ar 120.degree. with respect to each other,
machined in order to receive the bearings with oblique contacts 16
and 17 which serve simultaneously as a guide and an abutment for
the strictly accurate positioning of each of the shafts 19, on
which are keyed on the one hand the eccentrics 20 driving the
mobile spiral 23, and on the other hand the masses 26 and 27
serving to effect the static and dynamic balancing of the moving
system.
The drive may be effected as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 by direct
coupling of one of the shafts 19 to an electric motor 55. A second
shaft 19 also drives directly the diaphragm pump P. At the end of
the third shaft 19 there may be mounted a small built-in fan (not
shown) intended to reduce and to stabilize in case of need the
temperature of the mechanical portion and of the portions of the
body 10" and 10'".
In this apparatus, valves are mounted on the suction and on the
delivery of the diaphragm pump and it is possible with the mounting
of the spirals 13 and 23, to provide an additional valve on the
delivery 34.
These various types of completely dry and fluid-tight primary
vacuum pumps according to the invention find their applications
especially in nuclear construction, in the manufacture of
electronic tubes and components, in the laboratories and in general
in all cases where a vacuum free from all pollution is to be
created with the maximum degree of safety.
* * * * *