U.S. patent number 3,802,558 [Application Number 05/347,184] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-09 for refuse sorting and transparency sorting.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sortex Company of North America, Inc.. Invention is credited to Hugh R. Rhys.
United States Patent |
3,802,558 |
Rhys |
April 9, 1974 |
REFUSE SORTING AND TRANSPARENCY SORTING
Abstract
A method and apparatus for sorting refuse into its components
wherein the refuse is comminuted into a mass of particles, and a
fraction containing a mixture of glass particles, which are at
least partially transparent, and substantially opaque particles are
sorted from the remainder of the refuse. The particles in the
separated fraction are passed seriatim through a transparency
sorter which senses the degree of transparency of the particles and
sorts the particles in accordance with the sensed transparency
values. The transparent sorted glass particles can also be sorted
according to color during the transparency and color sorting
process. The transparency sorter preferably comprises a strip light
source with a plurality of photosensitive means, such as
photodiodes, aligned in a row with the strip light source. The
photosensitive means scan across the light source as the particles
fall past the light source. Sorting is effected when a certain
minimum number or percentage of the photosensitive means sense
darkness as the particles pass the photosensitive means.
Inventors: |
Rhys; Hugh R. (Grand Rapids,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Sortex Company of North America,
Inc. (Lowell, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
23362667 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/347,184 |
Filed: |
April 2, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
209/557; 209/588;
209/908; 209/580; 209/636; 209/639; 209/930 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B07C
5/02 (20130101); B07C 5/3425 (20130101); B07C
5/366 (20130101); Y10S 209/908 (20130101); Y10S
209/93 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B07C
5/00 (20060101); B07C 5/02 (20060101); B07C
5/342 (20060101); B07c 005/342 () |
Field of
Search: |
;209/75,111.5,111.6,111.7,3,138,139,213,214 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schacher; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Church; Gene A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McGarry & Waters
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. In a method of sorting refuse into its components wherein said
refuse is comminuted into a mass of particles, a fraction
containing substantially a major portion of glass particles which
are at least partially transparent and a minor portion of opaque
particles are sorted from the remainder of the refuse, the
improvement which comprises:
feeding said glass and opaque particles in said fraction seriatim
through a photometric sensing zone and therein photoelectrically
sensing the degree of transparency of each of said particles;
and
sorting said particles in accordance with the transparent value of
each of said particles thus sensed,
whereby said opaque particles are sorted from said glass
particles.
2. A method of sorting refuse according to claim 1 and further
comprising the step of sensing a property of said particles related
to color, and thereafter sorting said glass particles in accordance
with the sensed color-related property of said particles, whereby
said glass particles are sorted according to color.
3. A method of sorting refuse according to claim 2 wherein said
particles are projected in a free-fall trajectory through said
photometric sensing zone and said transparency sorting and said
color sorting take place during said free-fall trajectory.
4. A method of sorting refuse according to claim 3 and further
comprising the step of sensing a property of said particles during
said free-fall trajectory related to the metal content thereof, and
sorting said particles in accordance with the value of the said
metal-related property thus sensed.
5. In a system for sorting refuse into its components, said system
having means to comminute said refuse into a mass of particulate
particles, and means to sort a fraction containing substantially
only a major portion of glass particles which are at least
partially transparent and a minor portion of opaque particles from
the remainder of said refuse, the improvement which comprises:
means for photometrically sensing the property of said particles
related to the transparency thereof;
means for feeding said glass and opaque particles seriatim to said
transparency sensing means; and
means for sorting said particles in accordance with the
transparency related property sensed, whereby said opaque particles
are sorted from said glass particles.
6. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 5 wherein said
photometric sensing means includes a strip light source and a
plurality of photosensitive means spaced from said light source in
a row and aligned with said light source, said particles being fed
between said light source and said row of photosensitive means.
7. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 6 wherein each of
said photosensitive means generates a signal representative of the
value of the light detected thereby, and said sorting means
includes means coupled to said photosensitive means for sorting
said particles when a predetermined number of said photosensitive
means have an output signal below a predetermined value.
8. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 7 wherein said
photosensitive means are photosensitive diodes.
9. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 8 and further
comprising means to effect scanning of said diodes across said
light source.
10. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 5 wherein said
feeding means includes means to feed said particles in a free-fall
trajectory through said photometric sensing means and said sorting
means includes means to alter the trajectory path of said
particles.
11. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 10 and further
comprising means for sorting said glass particles according to
color.
12. A system for sorting refuse according to claim 11 wherein said
color sorting means includes means to detect a property of said
glass particles related to color during its free-fall trajectory
thereof, and means for altering said free-fall trajectory in
accordance with the value of the property thus detected.
13. A method of sorting opaque particles from a mixture of said
opaque particles and glass particles wherein said glass particles
are at least partially transparent, said method comprising the
steps of:
passing said particles in said concentrate seriatim through a
transparency sensing zone and therein sensing the transparent
quality of said particles; and
sorting said particles according to the value of transparency thus
sensed.
14. A method of sorting opaque particles according to claim 13
wherein said sensing zone includes a strip light source and a
plurality of photosensitive sensing elements aligned in a row with
said strip light source, and further comprising the step of
scanning said photosensitive elements across said strip light
source as said particles pass between said strip light source and
said photosensitive elements.
15. A method according to claim 14 and further comprising the step
of calculating the number of photosensitive elements which detect a
light value below a predetermined value and sorting said particles
when said calculated number exceeds a predetermined minimum.
16. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles from a mixture of
said particles and glass particles which are at least partially
transparent, said apparatus comprising:
transparency sensing means for sensing the degree of transparency
of particles;
means for feeding said mixture of particles seriatim to said
transparency sensing means wherein the transparent qualities of
each of said particles is serially sensed; and
means for sorting said particles in accordance with the degree of
transparency sensed by said transparency sensing means.
17. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 16
wherein said transparency sensing means includes a strip light
source and a plurality of photosensitive means in a row and aligned
with said strip light source, and said feeding means passes said
particles between said strip light source and said row of
photosensitive means.
18. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 17
and further comprising means to effect scanning of said
photosensitive means across said strip light source.
19. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 18
wherein each of said photosensitive means generates a signal
representative of the intensity of light sensed thereby; and means
coupled to said photosensitive means for calculating the number of
said photosensitive means which sense a light intensity below a
predetermined value, and means for effecting sorting of said
particles when said calculated number exceeds a predetermined
value.
20. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 19
wherein said calculating means calculates the ratio of the number
of said photosensitive means which sense a light intensity below a
predetermined value to the number of said photosensitive means
which sense a light intensity above said predetermined value.
21. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 16
and further comprising means for sensing a property of said
particles related to the color thereof and means to effect sorting
of said articles according to the value of color-related property
thus detected.
22. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 21
and further comprising means for sensing a property of said
particles related to the metal content thereof, and means for
sorting said particles according to the value of the metal-related
property thus sensed.
23. An apparatus for sorting opaque particles according to claim 22
wherein said transparency sensing means, said color sensing means,
and said metal sensing means are aligned with respect to each other
for passage therethrough of said particles in a single free-fall
trajectory; and said feeding means projects said particles in a
free-fall trajectory through each of said transparency sensing
means, said color sensing means, and said metal sensing means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to sorting of particles according to their
transparent properties. In one of its aspects, the invention
relates to sorting of a refuse stream to remove substantially
opaque particles from a glass particulate fraction. In another of
its aspects, the invention relates to sorting substantially opaque
particles from glass particles which are substantially
transparent.
2. State of the Prior Art
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,396 to Robert M. Gillespie and Hugh R. Rhys,
there is disclosed and claimed a method and apparatus for sorting a
refuse stream into various components. A fraction containing
substantially only glass particles is sorted from the remainder of
the refuse particles and the glass containing fraction is
photometrically sorted according to color. It has been found that a
small amount of stones, ceramic crock-ery, smaller bits of metals,
wood, hard rubber, bone, clinker and other such non-glass materials
are included in the glass fraction. These undesirable non-glass
particles sometimes report with the flint or colorless glass
obtained when flint glass is sorted from colored glass. These
non-glass particles must be further sorted from the glass particles
to yield a satisfactory result.
Apparatus have been devised to sort translucent particles according
to their translucent value. For example, Fraenkel in U.S. Pat.
3,197,647 discloses and claims an appartus for sorting translucent
particles according to their translucent properties by passing a
polarized light through the particles and employing a detector
opposite the source of the light with a filter crossed with respect
to the direction of polarization of the light. However, insofar as
presently aware, no apparatus has been devised for sorting
particles according to the transparent properties, or the ability
of the particles to pass light energy in undisturbed form.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a method and
apparatus for removing stone, ceramic crockery, and other such
opaque particles from a glass concentrate which has been sorted
from a comminuted mass of refuse. The particles of the glass
concentrate, including the opaque particles, are fed seriatim
through a photometric sensing zone wherein each of the particles is
photometrically measured for the transparent qualities thereof. The
particles are thereafter sorted in singular fashion in accordance
with the sensed transparent qualities thereof. The opaque particles
are thereby removed from the glass concentrate, leaving the
concentrate free from opaque particles.
Desirably, the photometric sensing zone includes a strip light
source and a plurality of scanning photosensitive means, such as
photodiodes. The photosensitive means are aligned in a row with the
strip light source and scan across the strip light source as the
particles pass between the light source and the photosensitive
means. Each of the photosensitive means generates a signal
representative of the intensity of light viewed thereby during the
scanning operation. When the light intensity for a predetermined
number of photosensitive means drops below a predetermined value,
sorting of the particles causing the drop in the light value is
accordingly effected.
In one embodiment, the particles are projected in a free-fall
trajectory through the photometric sensing zone. During the
free-fall trajectory of the particles, the particles are sensed not
only for their transparency value but also for their metal content
and for color of the transparent glass particles. The particles are
thereafter sorted in accordance with their transparent value, the
metal content thereof, and according to the color of the
particles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a sorting system and method
according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view in section of a transparency
sorter according to the invention;
FIG. 3 if a partial sectional view seen along lines 3--3 of FIG.
2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the projection of shadows
onto a row of light sensors by an opaque particle;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the projection of light
energy through a transparent glass particle and onto the row of
light sensors;
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an electrical circuit used
in connection with the transparency sorter;
FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of wave forms of the
electrical circuit; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an alternate embodiment of
the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings, and to FIG. 1 in particular, there
is shown a system for sorting refuse into its various components
and having as one end product a glass fraction comprising
substantially only flint glass and a glass fraction comprising
substantially only colored glass.
Domestic trash or other suitable refuse is fed to a pulverizer unit
12 which pulverizes or comminutes the feed producing a fiber and
pulp fraction and a concentrated solids fraction. A suitable
pulverizer is a Black Clawson Hydrapulper manufactured by the Black
Clawson Company of Middletown, Ohio. The solids fraction is passed
to a cyclone separator 14 which removes a water and fiber fraction
from an upper portion and a more concentrated solids fraction from
a bottom portion.
The dewatered solids fraction is passed by a suitable conveyor to a
washer and distributor 16 where water is added thereto. The watered
fraction is distributed onto a screening and washing machine 18
having a hopper 20 with an outlet 22 at the bottom thereof and a
screen 24 across the top. The screen 24 has vibratory motion
imparted thereto to move the solids fraction along the top of the
screen 24 where it is subjected to a further water wash from a pair
of nozzles 26 and 28 positioned above the screen. A suitable screen
has 1/4 inch openings to permit particles of 1/4 inch or less to
pass therethrough into hopper 20. These particles or fines are
removed through the outlet 22. Those particles larger than 1/4 inch
then move to the lower end of the screening and washing machine 18
onto a second screen 34. Vibratory motion is imparted to this
screen also. This screen 34 preferably has openings of 3/4 of an
inch to permit particles smaller than 3/4 of an inch to pass
therethrough. The larger particles move to the bottom end of screen
34 where they are removed and passed through a recycle line 36 back
to the pulverizer 12. The recycle line can be a pneumatic conveyor
or any suitable means for returning the oversized particles back to
the pulverizer. For example, the oversize particles can even be
carted back to the pulverizer in a truck. The particles collected
in the hopper 30 will have a size predominately between 1/4 and 3/4
inch. A suitable screening and washing device is manufactured by
Derrick Manufacturing Co. of Buffalo, N.Y.
The particles are removed from the bottom of the hopper 30 through
an outlet 32 and passed to a fluidized bed conveyor and dryer 38.
As the particles are passed through this fluidized bed dryer 38,
air is directed upwardly therethrough to remove water therefrom.
The air is heated and supplied through a line 40.
The pulp and fibrous fraction from the pulverizer 12 can be passed
to a fluid bed reactor 43 after suitable water removal steps (not
shown) and incinerated in the reactor 43. Excess heat in the form
of hot air, suitably scrubbed clean of noxious elements, may be
bled from the fluid bed reactor 43, diluted with cold air if
required, and admitted to the dryer either directly or through a
heat exchanger 44 through line 42. Alternatively, the dryer may
have its own provision for heat generation. Suitable machines are
manufactured by the Door Oliver Co. of Stamford, Connecticut
(reactor), and the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. of Columbus, Ohio
(dryer). The dryer may include a cooling stage if required.
Alternatively, the hot gasses may be used to convey the material
directly through a pneumatic conveyor such as that manufactured by
the Meyer Machine Co. of San Antonio, Texas.
The dried particles are removed from an upper end of the dryer 38
and passed to a magnetic separator 46. Any suitable magnetic
separator can be used. An example of such a separator is a Rotating
Drum Type Magnetic Separator, manufactured by the Dings Magnetic
Co. of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
A magnetic fraction is separated from a nonmagnetic fraction in the
separtor 46. The nonmagnetic fraction is passed to a first
pneumatic separator 48. The separator 48 has an inlet 50, a light
fraction outlet 52, and a heavy fraction outlet 54. Air is supplied
to a bottom portion of the separator and passed upwardly
therethrough to entrain particles of lighter specific gravity. The
particles of lower specific gravity are removed through outlet 52
and passed to the inlet 58 of a second pneumatic separator 56. This
separator 56 has outlet 62 for a heavy fraction and an outlet 60
for a light fraction. Air is passed upwardly through the separator
56 to separate particles of lower specific gravity from particles
of higher specific gravity. The lower specific gravity particles
are removed through outlet 60. The flow of air through separators
48 and 56 is regulated to entrain those particles whose specific
gravity is lighter than glass and to permit glass particles to
settle to the bottom of the separator for removal. This lighter
fraction contains predominately light weight metals such as
aluminum, stones, ceramics, bones, wood, rubber and plastics. This
lighter fraction can be passed to an aluminum concentrating
apparatus where an aluminum rich fraction can be recovered for
reuse. The separtion is achieved by regulation of the upward air
velocity to split the feed according to the different settling
velocities of its particulate components. This differential is a
function of article shape as well as specific gravity. The split
can be made in free or hindered settling conditions. A suitable air
separator is manufactured by Sortex Co. of North America, Inc.,
Lowell, Michigan.
The heavier fractions separated from separators 48 and 56 comprises
essentially glass and some residual stones and ceramic, and
conceivably some balled up aluminum. These heavy glass fractions
are combined and passed to a hopper dispenser 64 which dispenses
the particles one at a time to a transparency sorting apparatus 66
wherein the particles are separated according to their ability to
pass light. The opaque particles, such as the stones, crockery, and
other ceramics, metals, wood, hard rubber, bone, clinker, etc., are
separated out and the resulting glass fraction is passed to a pair
of hopper dispensers 68 which dispense the particles one at a time
to a photometric sorting apparatus 70. The glass particles are
separated according to color in the photometric sorting apparatus
70 producing a colored cullet fraction and a flint colored
fraction. The flint colored fraction, which is worth considerably
more than the colored cullet fraction, can be remelted and used for
making clear bottles or other types of clear glassware. The colored
fraction can be either further separated by other photometric
sensing means (not shown) into different colors, or can be used as
a melt for brown bottles.
A more detailed discussion of the color sorting apparatus is
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,396 which is incorporated herein
by reference. Also disclosed in said U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,396 is
another method of sorting refuse to obtain the glass fraction which
contains a minor amount of opaque particles. The system disclosed
above for obtaining the glass fraction with the opaque particles is
only illustrative and other systems can be employed.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, the transparency sorting apparatus
66 comprises a housing 72, open at both top and bottom to allow
particles 84 to pass freely therethrough. The particles are fed
seriatim from a suitable feeding device (not shown) to the
transparency sorting apparatus 66. Such feeding devices are well
known in the art of photoelectric sorting. An example of a suitable
feeding device is disclosed in Fraenkel U.S. Pat. No. 3 197
647.
A strip light source 74, such as a fluorescent tube, is mounted in
a darkened box 75 within the housing 72 in back of a mask 76 having
a slot opening 77. A lens 78 is supported across the housing from
the light source 74 to focus the light passing through the slot 77
onto a plurality of photosensors 80. An air ejector 82 is mounted
beneath the housing 72 to deflect the trajectory of the particles
84 under certain conditions to be described hereinafter. The
photosensors 80 preferably comprise an array of photodiodes adapted
to sense the intensity of the light from the light source. The
photodiodes 80 are separate sensing units which are programmed to
scan across the slot 77 and report the intensity received at the
photodiodes in a sequential manner. Such a programmed array of
photodiodes are well known as, for example, the type sold by
Reticon Corp. of Mountainview, California. The array of diodes
gives a high resolution of light intensity across the slot 77.
Thus, the photodiodes are suitably adapted to resolve the
transparent characteristics of particles passing between the diodes
and the slot 77.
The number of photodiodes in the array will depend on the
resolution desired and the width of the slot 77. The size of the
particles 84 will determine the width of the slot 77. If for
example, as desired, the particles are in the range of 1/4 to 3/4
of an inch, the slot width will be about one and one-half inches
long. For such a slot length, a diode array of about 64 units would
be suitable. For purposes of simplicity, only a few of such diodes
have been schematically represented in the drawings.
In lieu of the fluorescent light source 74 and mask 76, there can
be provided a collimated strip of light from a remote "cold" high
intensity light source transmitted through a fiber-optic light
guide. Fiber-optic light guides are well known, for example the
type sold by American Optical Corp.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4 wherein there is shown
schematically the effect of an opaque particle passing between the
light source and the diode array. An opaque particle 84 passing
between the light source 74 and the array of diodes 80 would
provide a particular light pattern on the diodes. A shadow will be
cast by the opaque particle 84 onto an area 88 of the diode array.
On either side of the shadow area 88 there will be portion 86 of
full light and portions 90 between the shadow area 88 and the light
portions 86. Thus, in any given scan by the diode array when a
particle 84 is passing through the viewing area, certain of the
diodes will report full light, certain of the diodes will report
partial light, and other diodes will report darkness.
The effect of a glass particle passing in front of the photosensors
80 is illustrated in FIg. 5 to which reference is now made. The
glass particle 92 may have a facial area 94 and side edges 96 and
98 which are disposed at an acute angle to the facial area 94.
These side edges 96 and 98 may appear translucent or even opaque to
the diodes due to reflection of the light from internal surfaces
thereof. Thus, as the array of diodes 80 scans across the face of
the glass particle 92, the diodes in areas 100 and 108 will sense
full light whereas the diodes in areas 102, 104 and 106 will sense
somewhat attenuated light depending on the color of the glass
particle 92. Possibly the diodes in areas 102 and 106 will sense a
strongly attenuated light, even dark, whereas the diodes in area
104 will sense only a slightly attenuated light.
The purpose of the transparency sorter is to sort stones and
ceramic particles such as crockery and the like from colored and
flint glass particles. Therefore, the sorting apparatus must
distinguish between the opaque particles 84 and the glass particles
92, notwithstanding that a dark or opaque signal may be obtained
from one or more diodes when scanning a glass particle. An
electrical system for distinguishing between opaque and transparent
particles is illustrated in FIG. 6 to which reference is now
made.
The photodiodes 80 are connected to amplifiers 110 which amplify
the signals. The amplified signals are passed through comparators
112 which are set at a predetermined level. The output from any
given comparator will be off when the light sensed by a
corresponding photodiode is above a predetermined level of
intensity. Thus, when there is nothing passing in front of the
photodiode, the output from the corresponding comparator will be
off. When an opaque particle passes in front of a particular
photodiode, the level of intensity sensed by the photodiode will
drop to a point at which the comparator is turned on. The output
from the comparators 112 are applied to an OR gate 114 and to a
ratio computer 116. If any of the comparators are turned on, the OR
gate will apply a signal to a pulse width monostable circuit 120
through a gate 118. The monostable circuit 120 applies a signal for
a predetermined length of time to an ejector drive 122. The
duration of the signal from the monostable circuit 120 is a
predetermined length sufficient to eject the particle as it passes
in front of the ejector. The monostable circuit 120 also has a
built-in delay circuit to delay the signal to the ejector 122 a
sufficient time to permit the particle to fall from the position
aligned with the photosensors 80 to a position aligned with the
ejector 82.
The ratio computer 116 determines the ratio of comparators which
have been turned on to those whch are off. In other words, the
ratio computer determines the ratio of dark to light areas on the
array of photosensors 80. If the radio is sufficiently large, the
ratio computer 116 will apply a signal to the gate 118 to permit
the OR gate 114 to apply the signal to the monostable circuit 120.
Gate 118 is controlled by the ratio computer 116. Thus, when no
signal is applied to gate 118 from the ratio computer 116, it
remains closed and blocks the signal from the OR gate 114. Thus, if
the ratio of on to off comparators is small, the gate 118 will
remain closed. If the ratio is above a predetermined level, the
gate 118 will be open to permit operation of the monostable circuit
120.
A counter circuit can be used in lieu of a ratio computer 116. The
counter circuit (not shown) would count the number of comparators
turned on during any given scan. If the number is below a
predetermined number, the gate 118 would remain closed. If the
number of on comparators is above a predetermined number, the gate
118 would be turned on.
The ratio set on computer 116 would vary depending on the nature of
the feed and the size of the product. The ratio, as well as the
predetermined number for the counter can be determined empirically
for each feed size.
The output from the gate 118 under two separate conditions are
illustrated in FIG. 7. The output will be substantially straight
line 118a in the event that a glass particle passes in front of the
photosensors 80. On the other hand, in the event that an opaque
particle passes in front of the photosensors 80, the output will
show a sqaure wave pattern 118b. The wave pattern for the output
for the monostable circuit 120 would appear as a straight line (not
shown) when a transparent glass particle passes in front of the
photosensors 80. The pattern 120a illustrates the form of the wave
otput from the monostable circuit 120 when an opaque particle falls
through the sensing zone in front of the photosensors 80. As
illustrated in FIG. 7, a delay occurs between the time the particle
enters the viewing zone and the time at which the output signal
results from the monostable circuit 120.
Briefly, the operation of the transparency sorting apparatus 66 is
as follows: As the particles pass through the housing 72, the
transparency of each particle is sensed by the array of
photodiodes. In the event that the particle is opaque, as would be
the case of a stone or ceramic crockery, a certain percentage of
photodiodes would be dark as the particle passes through the
housing 72. The dark photodiodes will thereafter turn on
corresponding comparators 112 which will turn on OR gate 114. The
ratio being sufficiently high, the gate 118 will be turned on by
the ratio computer 116 to cause a signal to be sent by the
monostable circuit 120 to the ejector drive 122. The ejector will
deflect the trajectory of the particle and it will be collected in
a separate bin or on a separate conveyor.
When a glass particle passes through the housing 72, very few, if
any, of the photosensors 80 will detect an attenuation of light
energy. In any case, the number of photosensors detecting a
substantial attenuation of light energy will be sufficiently small
so that the ratio of dark to light photosensors will be below the
predetermined level set in the ratio computer 116. For example, the
ratio computer can be set at a 10-20 percent ratio. In any case,
the gate 118 will remain off and the particle will be permitted to
continue its trajectory into a collector (not shown).
In the manner described above, transparent or highly translucent
particles are separated from opaque particles.
Reference is now made to FIg. 8 for a description of a second
embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, like numerals have
been used to designate like parts. The second embodiment
illustrates schematically a device for simultaneously sorting
metals, ceramics, and other opaque particles from glass particles
and, in addition, for sorting the glass according to color.
Particles of flint glass 92a, colored glass 92b, opaque particles
84 and non-magnetic metal particles 134 are fed seriatim on a
conveyor belt 130 which is conventionally trained around a wheel
132. The particles are projected off the end of the belt 130 and
pass through a transparency detector of the type described above,
the transparency detector including a light source 74, a mask 76
which projects light at an array of photosensors 80 behind a lens
78. The opaqueness of the particles is detected by the array of
photosensors 80 in a manner described above. The outputs from the
photosensors are applied to a control circuit 136 which supplies a
control signal through a delay 138 to an ejector drive 122 of an
ejector 82. The particles also pass through a VHF search coil 140
which detects the metal particles 143, and applies a signal to a
control circuit 142. In the event that the particles are metallic,
a signal is sent through a delay 144 to ejector drive 122 of
ejector 82. The particles also pass through a color sensor 146
having a plurality of photodetectors 148 which sense the color of
the particles in a well known manner. The outputs from the
photosensors 148 are applied to a control circuit 150 which, in
accordance with a predetermined color, will send a signal through a
delay circuit 152 to an ejector drive 156 for ejector 154. The
ejectors 154 and 82 are positioned at an angle of about 90.degree.
with respect to each other so that each deflects a particle in a
different direction. The transparency detector and the color sensor
are pitched at a sufficient angle to each other so that light from
one system does not affect the other.
The photodetectors 148 are set to detect the color of the particles
passing through the color sensor 146 and to actuate the ejector 154
responsive thereto. Thus, if a particle is a piece of colored
glass, it will be ejected to the left as viewed in FIG. 8. On the
other hand, if the particle is a metal or opaque ceramic particle,
it will be ejected in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
drawing and 90.degree. from the direction of deflection of the
colored glass particles. Still further, if the particles are flint
glass, the trajectory thereof will be unaffected. Separate
collectors (not shown) are provided to collect the three separate
fractions of particles thus sorted.
Reasonable variation and modification are possible within the scope
of the foregoing disclosure, the drawings, and the appended claims
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
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