U.S. patent number 3,802,335 [Application Number 05/231,121] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-09 for system for controlling the hydraulic ram of a refuse compactor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Dynetics Corporation. Invention is credited to Joseph F. Longo.
United States Patent |
3,802,335 |
Longo |
April 9, 1974 |
SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE HYDRAULIC RAM OF A REFUSE COMPACTOR
Abstract
A system for controlling the hydraulic ram of a refuse compactor
comprising actuating the forward movement of the ram to effect the
compacting and limiting the actuation to a first predefined time.
Simultaneously sensing the pressure in system as a result of the
compaction and on sensing of a predetermined level limiting the
continued actuation to a second time period less than the
first.
Inventors: |
Longo; Joseph F. (Wilton,
CT) |
Assignee: |
International Dynetics
Corporation (South Norwalk, CT)
|
Family
ID: |
22867812 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/231,121 |
Filed: |
March 2, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
100/35; 100/50;
100/49; 100/250; 100/269.16 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B30B
9/3007 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B30B
9/30 (20060101); B30B 9/00 (20060101); B30b
013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;100/49,249,250,53,218,269R,229A,50,51 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilhite; Billy J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schaffer; Murray
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for controlling the operation of a compactor formed of
a longitudinal compression chamber, having an inlet at its rear end
for delivery of material, a compaction zone, an outlet at its
forward end for the expulsion of material, and a hydraulic ram
adapted to reciprocate within said compression chamber, comprising
means responsive to the delivery of said material for actuating
said ram to move forward from said inlet toward said compaction
zone, said means including timer means for extending the forward
movement of said ram within a first predetermined time interval and
thereafter retracting said ram, means for sensing the pressure on
said hydraulic ram effected by the movement of said refuse during
said first time interval, and means responsive during said first
time interval to the sensing of a predetermined level of pressure
for determining a second predetermined time interval less than said
first predetermined interval, and means for arresting the forward
movement of said ram within said first predetermined time interval
on the expiration of said second time interval.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said hydraulic ram
includes a piston and a cylinder, a source of hydraulic fluid under
pressure connected to said cylinder and valve means for delivering
fluid to said cylinder to retract or extend said piston, and
wherein said means for actuating said ram includes a photo sensor
responsive to the delivery of a predefined quantity of material to
actuate said valves.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2, including valve means for
the relief of said hydraulic fluid, said valve means being set to
relieve hydraulic pressure in said cylinder at a predetermined
level greater than said sensed predetermined level of pressure.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said means for
sensing the pressure level comprises a pressure switch connected
with said cylinder, and said means for determining said second time
interval comprises a time delay relay.
5. A method for controlling the operation of a hydraulic ram in
compacting apparatus comprising the steps of actuating said ram in
response to the delivery of material to said apparatus to move
forward against said delivered material, extending the forward
actuation of said ram for a predetermined time period, sensing the
pressure in said ram in response to the compaction of material
during said predetermined time period, determining a second time
period upon sensing of a predetermined pressure level during said
predetermined time, limiting said second time period to an interval
less than said first time period and ceasing actuation of said ram
in the event said predetermined pressure level is maintained for
said second time period before expiration of said first time
period.
6. The method according to claim 5 including the step of limiting
the pressure on said ram to a fixed level, said fixed level being
greater than said predetermined pressure determining the start of
said second time period.
7. The method according to claim 6 including the step of
determining the differential in pressure between said fixed level
and said predetermined level and the second time period to permit
said ram to continue actuation during said second time period to
raise the pressure on said ram to the fixed pressure level.
Description
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to apparatus and method for
compacting refuse, garbage and the like.
Various devices for compacting refuse, garbage, trash and the like
are now well known. One such device is described in my U.S. Pat.
No. 3,580,166, dated May 25, 1971.
In brief, the device comprises a longitudinally extending
compression chamber having a discharge opening at its leading end
and a feed opening at its trailing end. Mounted to reciprocate,
within the compression chamber is a hydraulically operated ram
designed to compact, to a predetermined density and pressure,
refuse fed into the chamber through the feed opening. Mounted at
the discharge opening of the chamber is a manually pivotal door
movable between an open and closed position, against which, when
closed the refuse is compacted. In other machines, the door may be
at an angle and the refuse compacted against an end plate or
member. In general, such devices are complex and require a number
of controls, switches to effect compaction. Largely, the complexity
results from the desire to compact trash to a given volume, density
and/or weight without taking into account the nature of the trash
itself.
It is the object of the present invention to provide an improved
system for compaction of refuse and the like which is simpler and
more economical than those heretofore known.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a system
wherein control of the compaction cycle occurs without the use of
mechanical switches and the like.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system
for compaction of refuse which takes into account the nature of the
refuse and desired compaction load in order to control the
cycle.
It is also an object of this invention to provide for control of
the compaction system based solely on the differences and levels in
the hydraulic system.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
It has been found that refuse has a feature of spring back or
resiliency which, under a compacting force, exerts a back pressure
in the system which is, of course, measurable. According to the
present invention a method is provided which controls the
compaction cycle on this back pressure and as a consequence one is
able to compact varying loads of refuse under different conditions
of density, weight and volume.
Full details of the present invention follow herein, and will be
seen from the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
In the drawing,
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a compactor employing the
present invention, and
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the method of operation.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As seen in FIG. 1, the present invention is applied to a compactor
apparatus comprising a tubular compression chamber 10 of round or
polygonal section, as desired, mounted on a suitable base 12. The
chamber has a rear or trailing end 14 in which a hydraulic ram
assembly 16 comprising a ram head 18, conforming in cross section
to the chamber, a piston 20, and double acting cylinder 22 are
arranged. Forward of the trailing end is an inlet section 24 for
refuse of any type and still more forward is a compaction zone 26
wherein the refuse is actually compacted. The forward end of the
compaction zone is closed by a pivotal door 28 which also
conveniently forms the bulkhead against which the refuse is
compacted. Arranged above the inlet 24 is a hopper 30 in which an
electric eye or photo sensor 32 is arranged. In general, the
arrangement is similar to that shown in the aforementioned patent
to which reference can be made.
The electric eye is connected by leads 34 to an on-off switch
S.sub.1 which merely supplies electric current from a suitable
source L.sub.1 - L.sub.2 to the system. When depressed the switch
S.sub.1 activates a light R indicating the actuation of the
mechanism. The photo eye 30 is adapted to sense the presence of a
sufficient amount of refuse in the inlet for compaction. The photo
eye includes switching means which in response to the sensing of
the refuse closes completing a circuit between the leads L.sub.1
and L.sub.2 to a motor which operates a conventional hydraulic
compressor P connected via conduits 36 and 38 to the forward
working and reversing sections of the cylinder 32 respectively.
Simultaneously, current passes through a normally close contact KA
of a two pole relay K to a hydraulic valve VR arranged in conduit
38. The valve VR is adapted to provide flow to the reverse section
of the cylinder to cause the cylinder to retract the piston to the
rear or trailing end. As the ram is under no external load, only
low pressure is supplied to it by the pump compressor. However,
when it reaches its most rear dead head position the load
increases, increasing the pressure in conduit 38. This increase in
pressure is sensed by a low pressure hydraulic switch HPS.sub.1
which is normally open and is adapted and pre-set to switch over or
close on the reaching of a predetermined pressure level. On closing
of the switch HPS.sub.1 circuit is completed through the two pole
contact K, reversing the contacts KA which when open causes the
reverse movement of the ram to be stopped and since, contact KB now
closes a circuit is completed acuating a valve VF in the conduit 36
connected to the forward working section of the cylinder 22. The
valve VF permits flow of hydraulic media causing the ram to move
forward. Simultaneously, contact KB completes a circuit through a
timing device TM which may be a conventional clock or timer. The
timing device is set for a predetermined time period. At the end of
the predetermined period set in the timer, the timer TM causes a
contact TM.sub.1 normally closed in the line with the photo eye to
open, breaking contact with the motor M immediately ceasing
operation of the hydraulic system. The ram is thus stopped in its
forward most position, pushing the refuse that was in the inlet
toward the bulkhead door 28.
It will be obvious from the foregoing that the forward movement of
the ram, or its compaction stroke extends for a period equal to the
period set by the timer. The stroke is in a single cycle, extending
only during that period. The length of the compression chamber and
the speed at which the ram moves is of no consequence provided,
however, that the ram moves sufficiently forward of the inlet to
push the refuse. The compaction density, volume and weight are
determined by the following technique.
Arranged within the conduit 36 delivering working pressure to the
cylinder is a high pressure switch HPS.sub.2 normally open. The
switch HPS.sub.2 is set at a predetermined pressure level, of
sufficient height to determine a full compaction load as will more
fully be described later. It will be understood that under
compacting loads, i.e. when the ram is pushing refuse against the
bulkhead, a reaction force is applied against the ram face. This
backward force creates a back pressure in the working or forward
operating section of the cylinder which increases the pressure
level of the fluid media. It has been determined that under certain
conditions the increase in pressure, when sustained for a given
period of time, is indicative of the compaction of any given refuse
to a desired density.
Thus the high pressure switch HPS.sub.2 is connected to a time
delay relay T.sub.3 set to operate after the elapse of a given time
interval. The relay T.sub.3 is provided with three contacts
T.sub.3a, normally closed and in line with the photo eye; T.sub.3b
bridging the switch HPS.sub.2 ; and T.sub.3c, operating a lamp A.
The latter two contacts are normally open. Thus, when switch
HPS.sub.2 senses the predetermined high back pressure, it actuates
relay T.sub.3, only after the elapse of the predetermined time
delay period; this satisfied the pressure time relationship
indicative of a given density compacted load. Thereafter, T.sub.3
switches and opens contact T.sub.3a stopping the motor, similar as
if the photo eye or timer TM, were opened. T.sub.3b bridging the
switch HPS.sub.2 insures the operation of the timing relay T.sub.3
even if the pressure should suddenly drop thereafter. T.sub.3c
signals via lamp A the completion of the compaction load.
In order to set the predetermined pressure on the switch HPS.sub.2
a relief valve 40 is inserted in the conduit 36. The relief valve
is set a predetermined level, above that of the high pressure
switch HPS.sub.2 to "blow" or relieve the pressure in the forward
or working section of the cylinder 22. It also functions as a
safety valve. By arranging the pressure setting of the switch
HPS.sub.2 and that of the relief valve at a given differential, the
ram continues, during the delay inherent in the relay T.sub.3, to
push or compact the load up to the level of the pressure set in the
relief valve 40. Preferably, the pressure differential and time
delay are set so that the relief pressure setting is reached just
an instant before the time period expires. This insures that the
refuse load is compacted to a fixed pressure determined by the
relief valve.
When the refuse is fully compacted, as determined by the
cooperative operation of the pressure switch HPS.sub.2, the relief
valve 40 and the timing sequences of Timer TM and the delay action
relay T.sub.3, the load is ready for removal. The door 28 is then
opened and a second manual switch S.sub.2 is depressed. Switch
S.sub.2 has a contact A closing a circuit between the forward
operating hydraulic valve VF, a contact D reversing the relay
K.sub.1 and a contact C normally closed in line with the high
pressure switch HPS.sub.2 and the delay relay T.sub.3. When switch
S.sub.2 is depressed the ram is moved forward the full limit of its
capable stroke ejecting the compacted refuse from the compaction
zone.
Lastly, a safety switch M.sub.1 for shutting off the motor is
provided. This switch is also connected in line with the reversing
hydraulic valve VR and thereby causes reversal of the ram
automatically.
In operation, refuse is fed to the inlet and the compaction zone is
closed. As soon as sufficient refuse has been accumulated the
electric eye starts the machine, the ram is caused to first reverse
until the low pressure switch HPS.sub.1 causes it to then move
forward, at which time the timer TM cuts in. The ram pushes forward
until the expiration of the predetermined period set by the timer
TM unless, within that period, the high pressure switch senses a
fully compacted load for a given period of time.
Thus, if during the forward motion of the ram, the ram is arrested,
or retarded in its movement by the back pressure of the refuse, at
a given pressure level for more than the given time, the motor is
stopped no matter what position the ram is in, and the unloading
signal is obtained. The second time period (i.e. the interval of
the relay T.sub.3) must fall within the total predetermined time
period set by the timer TM otherwise the ram stops as if only a
partial load has been made, having not sensed a full load compacted
at a given pressure for a given period of time. During the time
interval of the of the relay T.sub.3 the timer TM is in control and
the ram continues moving forward at a pressure reaching toward that
of the relief valve pressure setting. It is only after the given
interval elapses that the relay T.sub.3 trips and takes over
control.
It is preferable to have the high pressure switch HPS.sub.2 set at
a level only slightly, a few hundred PSI, less than that of the
setting on the relief valve. Thus, the actual pressure on a
compacted load will be only slightly less than the maximum
available, so that during the interval of the relay T.sub.3 the
load pressure could be easily increased to the maximum.
Furthermore, preferably, the second time interval (T.sub.3) is such
that its length is sufficient to allow the building of the pressure
in the system to the maximum. The final load on the refuse will,
therefore, be substantially equal to that set by the relief
valve.
It has been determined that each class of refuse has a different
spring rate. Thus, household refuse differs from industrial refuse
and household refuse itself differs in the general amount of solid,
liquid, organic and inorganic matter it contains. By knowing the
spring rate, or rate of expansion of the refuse, the density of the
refuse as a function of its back pressure under compaction can be
easily determined. Thus the pressure maximum level of the relief
valve can be determined, the pressure level of the high pressure
switch HPS.sub.2 and time required to reach the maximum pressure
are easily found. These can be set into the HPS.sub.2 and relief
valve 40 as previously described. The interval of the first timer
TM controls only the position when the ram stops relative to the
bulkhead. It thus, may be adjusted to vary the length of the load.
The density of the load is not effected by the timer TM since the
same applied pressure acts on the refuse from the combination of
the high pressure switch HPS.sub.2 and the relay T.sub.3 , less of
course, frictional drag created by the walls of the compaction
zone. The length of the load will thus, also influence its total
weight.
Density may be changed by varying the pressure differential between
the high pressure switch HPS.sub.2 and the relief valve 40.
As an example of the parameters which may be applied to the present
system in a compaction chamber of approximately 31/2 feet from the
face of the retracted ram to the bulkhead door, 12 inches from the
forward ram face to the bulkhead door and a ram diameter of
approximately 17 inches, the timer TM may be set at 17 seconds, the
relay T.sub.3 at 3 seconds, the relief valve 40 at 3,000 PSI, the
high pressure switch at 2,700 PSI. Consequently the pressure
differential of 300 PSI triggers the load sensing system, for a
period of 3 seconds at which time the load approaches a 3,000 PSI
level. Translated to the face of the ram, a pressure of
approximately 35 lbs./sq. in. is developed on the refuse;
sufficient to compact ordinary household refuse at a 4 or 5 to 1
ratio.
This is merely an example, other parameters will, of course, be
determined based on the type of refuse to be compacted based on the
spring rate of each.
Various modifications may be made. For example, the relay T.sub.3
may be replaced by another timer or clock mechanism and separate
relay. The hydraulic valves may be separate or combined, for
example, in a three position four way valve. Other modifications
will be obvious.
An advantage of the present invention other than in the simplified
method described is that fact that no mechanical switches are used.
Thus, all the control elements may be removed from the compactor
proper and housed in a remote control panel. The only control lines
necessary for operation which need be connected to the compaction
apparatus, are the conduits for the hydraulic cylinder and the lead
connections from the electric eye.
It will thus be seen that a simple, system and method has been
developed by which hydraulic compaction can be obtained to a degree
controlled solely by the hydraulic pressure system itself.
* * * * *