U.S. patent number 3,799,162 [Application Number 05/280,736] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-26 for method of producing collagenic material for the closure of lesions.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Canadian Patents and Development, Limited. Invention is credited to Cesar Aurelio Romero-Sierra, Joseph A. Tanner.
United States Patent |
3,799,162 |
Romero-Sierra , et
al. |
March 26, 1974 |
METHOD OF PRODUCING COLLAGENIC MATERIAL FOR THE CLOSURE OF
LESIONS
Abstract
The production of collagenic material for the closure of lesions
in enhanced, and thus the healing of a lesion accelerated by
applying histamine to the lesion and then radiating the tissue
cells bounding the lesion with electromagnetic radiation. The
electromagnetic radiation being in the non-ionizing range of
frequency, and having an intensity less than one milliwatt.
Inventors: |
Romero-Sierra; Cesar Aurelio
(Bath Ontario, CA), Tanner; Joseph A. (Ottawa,
Ontario, CA) |
Assignee: |
Canadian Patents and Development,
Limited (Ottawa, Ontario, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25765542 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/280,736 |
Filed: |
August 14, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
604/20 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61N
5/00 (20130101); A61N 1/40 (20130101); A61B
17/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
17/04 (20060101); A61N 1/40 (20060101); A61N
5/00 (20060101); A61m 037/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/172.1,303.1,405,334,172,1.3,362,1.2,DIG.8 ;424/273 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Collagen Currents, Sept. 1960, Vol. 1, No. 3; The Effect of
Histamine and a Histamine-Releasing Agent Compound 48/80 on Wound
Healing, Boyd & Smith, Journal of Pathology & Bacteria, 78
379-88 (1959); Biology Abstracts 35 32145, June 15, 1960. .
Collagen Currents, Nov. 1960, Vol. 1, No. 5, Effects of Whole Body
X-Irradiation on Wound Healing, Surgeons Forum 10 840-4 (1960).
.
Annals of Surgery, Jan. 1963, Vol. 157, No. 1; Origin of
Fibroblasts in Wound Healing: An Autoradiographic Study of
Inhibition of Cellular Proliferation by Local X-Irradiation, H. C.
Grillo, June 5, 1962, pp. 453-67. .
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 3rd Ed. June 6, 1966,
Histamines and Antihistamines, William W. Douglas..
|
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Recla; Henry J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lemon; Francis W.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of producing collagenic material for the closure of
lesions, comprising applying histamine to the lesion, and radiating
tissue cells bounding the lesion with electromagnetic radiation,
the electromagnetic radiation being in the non-ionizing range of
frequency, having an intensity less than one milliwatt so that the
reproduction of collagenic material by the tissue cells is
enhanced.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the histamine is
histamine diphosphate.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the tissue cells are
radiated with a 27 MHz electromagnetic radiation from an electrode
held proximal to the tissue cells for 15 minutes.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic field
is radiated from an electrode, the electrode is a rod electrode,
and the electrode is placed lengthwise along the lesion.
Description
This invention relates to a method of producing collagenic material
for the closure of lesions.
It has already been noted in an article by C. Romero-Sierra, Susan
Halter and J.A. Tanner entitled "Effect of an Electromagnetic Field
on the Sciatic Nerve of the Rat," in "The Nervous System and
Electric Currents," Vol. 2. Edited by Norman L. Wulfsohn and
Anthony Sances, Jr., Plenum Press, 1971, page 84, lines 9-16, that
away from the center of an electromagnetic field in rat specimens
subjected to electromagnetic radiation for a short period of time
only, collagen appeared in tests to have increased in amount and
collagen-like fibrils, different from those found in rat specimens
which were not subjected to electromagnetic radiation, appeared
protruding from the Schwann cell cytoplasm into the endoneural
space. The tests were carried out on the exposed sciatic nerve of a
right leg of the specimen rats.
Whilst these test showed that collagen increased in amount using
small dosages of electromagnetic energy of low intensity, the
increase in collagen was insufficient to indicate the use of
electromagnetic radiation in a practical manner for the closure of
lesions.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of
producing collagenic material which can be used in a practical
manner for the closure of lesions.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of
producing collagenic material for the closure of lesions,
comprising applying histamine to the lesion, and radiating tissue
cells bounding the lesion with electromagnetic radiation, the
electromagnetic radiation being in the non ionizing range of
frequency, and having an intensity less than one milliwatt, so that
the reproduction of collagenic material by the tissue cells is
enhanced.
In the accompanying drawings which illustrate by way of example,
comparative tests which have been carried out, with embodiments of
the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an adult rat having a lesion
coated with histamine and subjected to electromagnetic radiation to
produce collagenic material.
FIG. 2 is a magnified transverse view (450X) of the incision area
of a control rat wherein the incision has been treated with saline
only,
FIG. 3 is a magnified transverse view (450X) of a control rat
wherein the incision has been treated with saline and radiated with
an electromagnetic field,
FIG. 4 is a magnified (450X) transverse view of the incision area
of a rat treated with histamine only, and
FIG. 5 is a magnified (450X) transverse view of the incision area
of a rat treated with histamine and radiated with an
electromagnetic field.
In FIG. 1 there is shown an adult rat 1 which has been anesthetized
with ether and Nembutal. The back of the rat has been shaved and a
horizontal lesion or incision 2 made with scissors (not shown) in
the area just below the scapulae.
A rod electrode 4, is connected by a cable 6 to an electromagnetic
energy generator 8 for producing a 27 MHz field of electromagnetic
radiation. The generator 8 is connected by a cable 10 to a power
source 12.
In the tests according to the present invention rats 1 after being
anesthetized were given the incision 2, and histamine was applied
to the incisions 2. The incisions 2 were then radiated with
electromagnetic energy from the electrode 4 with the electrode 4
placed lengthwise along the incision 2 and held proximal thereto.
These tests were compared with tests wherein the incisions 2 in
other rats 1 were treated with saline and not radiated, and others
treated with histamine and not radiated.
THE TESTS
Twelve adult rats 1 weighing from 200 to 300 grams were used in
this study. The rats were divided into four groups: control rats
treated only with saline applied locally to the incision 2; test
rats 1 treated with two drops of saline to the incision 2 and 15
minutes exposure to a VHF (27MHz) field with the electrode 4 held 0
- 5 mm from the area; control rats 1 treated with two drops of
histamine diphosphate (1.0 mg per ml); applied to the incision 2
and test rats 1 treated with two drops of histamine disphosphate
(1.0 mg. per ml) applied to the incision 2 and 15 minutes exposure
to a VHF (27MHz) field with the electrode held 0-5 mm above the
incision 2.
After anesthetizing the rats with ether and Nembutal, the backs of
test and control rats 1 were shaved and a 1 to 1.5 cm horizontal
incision 2 was made with scissors in the area just below the
scapulae. Any blood that appeared in the wound area near the
incision 2 was removed with gauze and the point of a 20 guage
needle was used to adjust the edges of the incision 2 and to appose
them. After application of the saline or histamine to the incision
2, the edges of both test and control wounds near the incisions 2
were carefully apposed and held tightly together. For the test rats
1, the electrode was held at a distance of 0 - 5 mm above the
incision 2. After 15 minutes both control and test rats 1 were
returned to individual cages for 24 hours. An attempt was made to
perform each operation in as uniform a way as possible and to limit
each operational procedure to a maximum of 25 minutes.
After 24 hours the wounds from the incisions 2 were carefully
examined and the rats 1 sacrificed with ether. An area of skin 1
.times. 11/2 in. surrounding the incision 2 was excised and placed
in Bouin's fluid. Paraffin sections were cut and stained with
haemotoxylin and eosin, and van Gieson's stain.
RESULTS -- GROSS OBSERVATIONS
CONTROL GROUP No. 1 WITH SALINE
In all rats 1 a small amount of blood appeared between the two
apposed edges of the incisions 2 during the operation. The edges of
the incision 2 did not appear to to adhere well and one of the rats
1 shook the edges loose at the end of the 15 minutes. After 24
hours the edges did not appear to be well apposed in any of the
incisions 2 and the healing process was incomplete.
TEST GROUP NO. 1 WITH SALINE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Before application of the electrode 4, the edges of the incisions 2
of the test rats were similar to the incision 2 of the control rats
1 treated with saline. However, after exposure to the field, the
edges of the incisions 2 appeared to be more adherent and more
easily applied to each other. After 15 minutes exposure, the
incisions 2 appeared cemented. Over a period of 24 hours, healing
was grossly completed and in two of the rats 1 the edges of the
incisions 2 were very neatly apposed.
CONTROL GROUP NO. 2 WITH HISTAMINE
The edges of the incisions 2 treated with histamine appeared to be
much more adhesive and pliable than those treated with saline.
After 15 minutes of tightly apposing the sides, the edges seemed to
adhere better than those of the incisions 2 treated with saline.
After 24 hours the edges were not as well apposed as they were
originally and gaps could be seen.
TEST GROUP NO. 2 WITH HISTAMINE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
The edges of these incisions 2 were adhesive like those of the
control group with histamine and after application of the
electromagnetic field became even more manageable. After 15 minutes
exposure only a thin hair-line incision 2 could be seen. After 24
hours, the incisions 2 appeared to be healing very well compared to
all the other groups, including the control group No. 2 with
histamine.
RESULTS -- LIGHT MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS AFTER 24 HOURS
In comparing Test Group No. 1 rats 1 treated with saline and
electromagnetic field to the controls treated only with saline, it
was found that the incisional gap appeared smaller on light
microscope examination. There was less white blood cell infiltrate
in the incision area and there appeared to be more of fibrin base
to the incision 2. There were more fibroblasts and macrophages in
the incisional gap of the test rats 1 than in the wound area of the
controls. Active phagocytosis by macrophages could be seen in the
test rat 1 incisions 2 but only occasionally was it observed in the
control groups (See FIGS. 2 and 3).
In FIG. 2 there is shown a magnified (450X) transverse view of the
incision area of a control rat 1 receiving only saline (control
group 1 with saline). The relatively large infiltration of cells
predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and their relative lack
of fibrin base should be noted.
In FIG. 3 there is shown a magnified (450X) transverse view of the
incision area showing the predominance of mononuclear cells in the
infiltrate and the density of the fibrin base for test group 1
treated with saline and radiated with an electromagnetic field.
The blood vessels in the area around the incisions 2 of both Test
Group No. 2 and Control Group No. 2 rats 1 treated with histamine
appeared more dilated than those of the rats 1 treated with saline
alone or with saline and the electromagnetic field. There was more
fibrin in the base of the incision area of the controls treated
with histamine than in the controls treated only with saline but
this was less than that observed in the incisional area of the test
rats 1 treated with both histamine and the electromagnetic field.
There were not as many white blood cells in the incisional gap 2 of
the controls treated with histamine as there were in the controls
treated with saline. There were still fewer in the incisions 2 of
the test rats 1 treated with histamine and electromagnetic field.
In addition, there was a greater number of fibroblasts in the
incisions 2 of the controls treated with histamine than in the
saline control.
The Test Group No. 2 rats 1 treated with histamine and the
electromagnetic field had a comparable number of fibroblasts to the
histamine controls. (See FIGS. 3 and 4).
In FIG. 4 there is shown a magnified (450X) transverse view of the
incision area of a rat 1 of test group No. 2 treated with histamine
and not radiated with an electromagnetic field. The incision area
contains approximately equal numbers of polymorphonuclear cells and
mononuclear cells.
In FIG. 5 there is shown a magnified (450X) transverse view of the
incision area of a rat 1 of test group No. 2 treated with histamine
and radiated with an electromagnetic field contains a large amount
of fibrin and only a few scattered mononuclear cells.
In order to understand the effects which an electromagnetic field
has on wound healing, the exact sequence of events involved in
normal wound healing must be known and understood. Although wound
healing has been an area of considerable interest for hundreds of
years, the actual sequence of events has only been known over the
last 15 to 20 years. There is still much which needs to be learned
about the functional events involved.
Ordman, L.J. and T. Gillman (1966) "Studies in the healing of
cutaneous wounds," 1. "The Healing of incisions through the skin of
pigs" Arch. Surg. 93 (6): 857-882, studied the normal sequence of
events involved in the healing of cutaneous wounds in young pigs.
They found that in the first day polymorphonuclear leukocytes were
present throughout the length and depth of the incision and
continuous with the blood and fibrin clot which formed the surface
of the incision. Epithelial sheets were beginning to bridge the
gap. By the second day mononuclear cells had replaced the
polymorphonuclear cells and were phagocytizing cells and debris in
the incisional area. On the third day vertically oriented
spindle-shaped mononuclear cells and argyrophilic fibrils were
first seen together with round cells in the incision. Vertically
oriented fibroblasts were seen on the fourth day and mitoses were
at maximal incidence within the intra-incisional new connective
tissue.
The following table prepared from the above tests shows that it was
found that there was less of an infiltration of polymorphonuclear
white blood cells into the incisions of both test groups as
compared to the controls. In contrast, there were many more
fibroblasts and macrophages in the incisions of the test group than
in the controls. This would suggest that the test wounds were an
entire day ahead of the control groups in the healing process if
one compares these findings to the sequence of events in normal
wound healing as described by the above Ordmann and Gillman
reference. In addition, the greater amount of fibrin in the test
incisions would possibly provide a stronger supporting structure
for the future healing process. ##SPC1##
It is shown that histamine is essential for normal wound healing.
Although its function in the healing process is not entirely
understood, it is known that histamine causes dilatation of the
capillaries in the body and an increase in the permeability of the
fine vessels on the venous side of the capillary bed. It would not
be possible to say by what exact mechanism histamine is acting in
the present study to influence wound healing. One specific
advantage provided by the treatment with histamine according to the
present invention was the increased manageability of the wound
edges. Since malapposition of incised skin is one reason for
delayed wound healing, the ability to avoid this may provide an
additional advantage in treating wounds according to the present
invention with an electromagnetic field and histamine was superior
to the other incisions including the test wound treated only with
an electromagnetic field and saline and indicates another advantage
of the present invention.
Whilst the present invention has been described in the tests in
relation to the production of collagenic material for the closure
of lesions in rats, it is also useful for production of collagenic
material for the closure of lesions in other living bodies, in
particular in humans.
* * * * *