U.S. patent number 3,798,919 [Application Number 05/306,474] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-26 for deep submergence ambient pressure cryogenic storage apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Carlton H. Hershner, Sr..
United States Patent |
3,798,919 |
Hershner, Sr. |
March 26, 1974 |
DEEP SUBMERGENCE AMBIENT PRESSURE CRYOGENIC STORAGE APPARATUS
Abstract
The cryogenic storage vessel comprises a liquid storage volume,
a conduit ading from that volume, a large flowable mass of solid
spherical insulators within that conduit and a diaphragm at the end
of the conduit opposite the liquid storage volume. The ambient
pressure of the seawater surrounding the apparatus is transmitted
to the cryogenic liquid by means of displacement of the diaphragm
which is in contact with the ambient seawater and the corresponding
change in the internal volume of the liquid storage apparatus. The
mass of insulating spheres are allowed to flow within the conduit
and partially into the liquid storage area upon displacement of the
diaphragm. The insulators allow vapor of the liquid within their
interstices but maintain a thermal gradient between the liquid and
the diaphragm sufficient to protect the diaphragm from the
extremely low temperatures of the cryogenic liquid by substantially
preventing convection and conduction.
Inventors: |
Hershner, Sr.; Carlton H.
(Arnold, MD) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
23185467 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/306,474 |
Filed: |
November 14, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/53.1; 220/901;
220/560.12; 220/560.09; 405/210 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17C
3/02 (20130101); F17C 2203/0629 (20130101); F17C
2205/0341 (20130101); F17C 2201/06 (20130101); Y10S
220/901 (20130101); F17C 2203/0329 (20130101); F17C
2203/0337 (20130101); F17C 2201/0185 (20130101); F17C
2221/012 (20130101); Y02E 60/321 (20130101); F17C
2223/0161 (20130101); F17C 2203/0636 (20130101); F17C
2201/019 (20130101); F17C 2201/0128 (20130101); F17C
2221/011 (20130101); Y02E 60/32 (20130101); F17C
2223/033 (20130101); F17C 2270/0128 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F17C
3/02 (20060101); F17C 3/00 (20060101); F17c
001/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/45 ;220/9LG,18
;114/.5T ;61/46.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Assistant Examiner: Capossela; Ronald C.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia; R. S. Hodges; O. E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for storing a liquid in a high ambient pressure
environment while maintaining said liquid at a high temperature
differential with respect to the ambient temperature
comprising:
a means for storing liquid;
a partition means in contact with the ambient environment and
separating the ambient environment from the internal volume of the
apparatus and which is displaced in response to a change in the
differential pressure between the internal and the ambient
pressure, thereby causing a change in the volume of the entire
apparatus;
a means connecting said means for storing liquid and said partition
means for allowing free transmission of the ambient pressure into
the liquid storing means and restricted transmission of some of the
liquid in the vapor state from the means for storing liquid to said
partition means while substantially preventing heat transfer by
conduction and vapor convection and establishes a high temperature
gradient between the ambient temperature and the temperature of the
stored liquid.
2. An apparatus for storing a liquid as in claim 1, wherein said
means connecting said means for storing liquid and said partititon
means comprises:
a conduit means;
a flowable means within said conduit means and in contact with said
partition means, which flowable means has interstices which may be
permeated with the vapor of the stored liquid wherein said flowable
means both occupies the conduit means and partially flows into and
out of the means for storing liquid in response to changes in the
volume of the apparatus.
3. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein:
said partitition means is a flexible diaphragm.
4. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein:
said partition means is a movable piston.
5. An apparatus as in claim 1, including:
a means connected to said means for storing liquid, for extracting
liquid from said means for storing liquid.
6. An apparatus for storing a liquid in a high ambient pressure
environment while maintaining said liquid at a high temperature
differential with respect to the ambient temperature,
comprising:
a means for storing liquid;
a partition means in contact with the ambient environment and
separating the ambient environment from the internal volume of the
apparatus and which is displaced in response to a change in the
differential pressure between the internal and the ambient
pressure, thereby causing a change in the volume of the entire
apparatus;
a conduit means;
a flowable means within said conduit means and in contact with said
partition means, which flowable means has interstices which may be
permeated with the vapor of the stored liquid wherein said flowable
means both occupies the conduit means and partially flows into and
out of the means for storing liquid in response to changes in the
volume of the apparatus.
7. An apparatus as in claim 6, wherein:
said means for storing liquid and said conduit means comprise;
a thin metal inner wall; and
a thermal insulation covering said walls.
8. An apparatus as in claim 6, wherein:
said partition means and said means for storing liquid are attached
to opposite ends of said conduit means.
9. An apparatus as in claim 6, wherein said means within said
conduit means is a mass of small solid particles.
10. An apparatus as in claim 8, wherein:
said small solid particles are spherical in shape and made of a
material from the group of materials consisting of glass, ceramics,
polycarbonate, chlorotrifluroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene,
aluminum, and stainless steel.
11. An apparatus as in claim 9, wherein said small solid particles
are spherical in shape and thermal insulators.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of cryogenic liquids as fuels is desirable because of the
high energy/density ratio of cryogenic fuels and oxidizers. To
achieve the high energy/density ratio the fuels are stored as
liquids and used as gasses. Such fuels as hydrogen and oxygen are
used to power thermal engines, fuel cells, rocket engines, etc. In
order to take advantage of the high energy/density ratio of the
cryogenic fuels, they must be stored and maintained as cryogenic
liquids. Further, it is necessary to store them in vessels which
themselves are not so heavy as to substantially decrease the
energy/density ratio of the system (fuel and liquid storage
mechanism) to below a desirable level. A heavy storage mechanism
would obviate the advantage of using cryogenic liquids as
fuels.
One traditional storage technique requires that the liquids be
stored in a vacuum environment. This necessitates the use of a
heavy steel shell to support the vacuum and in the case of a deep
submergence vessel an even heavier steel shell to also support the
great hydrostatic pressure loads at deep submergence. Another
traditional technique is the use of a non-vacuum container which
allows considerable heating of the liquid due to an inability to
sufficiently insulate the liquid. This results in a corresponding
liquid boil off which increases the internal pressure of the
vessel. Therefore, a high strength and heavy container is also
necessary to withstand the maximum pressure of the cryogenic vapor
at equilibrium temperatures. Each of these traditional approaches
require high strength containers whose weight diminishes the high
energy/density ratio of the system. This results in the loss of the
desirable high energy/density ratio advantage of cryogenic liquids
as fuels.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
An object of this invention is to provide a lightweight pressure
equalizing container for the underwater storage of fluids which
have normal boiling points very much lower than seawater
temperatures.
Another object of the invention is to provide a means of protecting
a flexible diaphragm from severely cold cryogenic temperatures so
that it will be able to maintain its flexibility and strength.
Another object of the invention is to store cryogenic fluids in a
lightweight leak tight container in which the internal pressure is
equalized with the ambient sea pressure and which is adequately
insulated both internally and externally for maintaining the
temperature of the stored cryogenic liquid at or below the
equilibrium temperature corresponding to its storage pressure and
density.
Another object of the invention is to provide a means for
establishing high temperature gradient through a media which is
itself able to maintain its physical structural integrity and
insulating characteristics while being maintained at cryogenic
temperatures and at the same time able to flow in response to the
displacement of an adjacent element which must be maintained at
ambient seawater temperatures.
Another object is the storage of substances at changing ambient
pressures while maintaining a high thermal gradient between the
ambient temperature and the temperature of the stored
substance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the present invention is to store cryogenic liquids
in a lightweight container which allows the pressure of the ambient
seawater to be transmitted to the internal section of the liquid
storage means. The pressure of the internal section of the liquid
storage means changes by allowing the volume of the entire storage
container to change in response to pressure. This is done by means
of a flexible displaceable diaphragm which makes up one of the
walls separating the seawater from the internal liquid storage
section of the container. Since most flexible materials lose their
flexibility and become brittle at cryogenic temperatures, it is
necessary to thermally insulate the diaphragm from the extremely
cold cryogenic temperatures of the liquid stored within the
container. To do this, a conduit is placed between the diaphragm
and the liquid storage area which is filled with the plurality of
small solid spheres made up of an insulating material such as
glass, ceramic material, polycarbonate, chlorotrifluroethylene,
tetrafluoroethylene, as examples. The mass or plurality of small
spheres insulates for two reasons. First, the thermal resistivity
and the minimal mutual surface contact of the spheres have an
insulating effect. Second, the interstitial vapor acts as a thermal
insulator since vapor convection is severely retarded by the
spheres. Though the insulating effect of the mass of solid spheres
would be diminished, materials with a low thermal resistivity
(which are not normally considered insulators) could also be used,
for example, aluminum and stainless steel. These spheres will tend
to separate themselves from the liquid by either being displaced by
the liquid or displacing the liquid. The spheres will be selected
to be more dense or less dense than the stored liquid depending
upon the choice of the embodiment of the invention. If the spheres
are of a less density than the liquid and are therefore displaced
by the liquid, the conduit leading to the diaphragm will be placed
above the liquid storage volume. This will cause the gravitational
attraction of the liquid to displace the spheres and maintain them
in a conduit and adjacent the diaphragm. Of course, the vapor of
the liquid will also be displaced and thereby fill the interstices
within the mass of the spheres located in the conduit.
Alternatively the spheres could be denser than the liquid and the
conduit placed below the liquid storage container. The spheres
would displace the liquid and the vapor from the boiled liquid in
the conduit would insulate the stored liquid. Whichever density of
the spheres and vertical orientation of the conduit is chosen, the
mass of spheres shall be maintained primarily in the conduit and in
contact with the partitions or diaphragm. The spheres are free to
move with respect to each other and therefore are able to flow as a
mass and shift position within the conduit and partially move into
the liquid storage volume upon displacement of the diaphragm. These
spheres, as a mass, along with vapor of cryogenic liquid in their
interstices insulate the diaphragm from the cryogenic temperature
of the liquid by substantially preventing thermal convection and
conduction through the mass of spheres. The diaphragm is maintained
at the ambient temperature, e.g., seawater temperature. The
flowability allows the diaphragm to displace freely in response to
the high hydrostatic loading of the storage system upon deep
submergence. The diaphragm and the liquid storage volume are at
opposite ends of a conduit which allows free movement of the
spheres between the diaphragm and the liquid storage volume.
Alternatively the diaphragm may be replaced by a free piston which
will move within a cylinder in response to changes in the ambient
pressure.
The surface of the lightweight storage container except for the
area made up by the diaphragm is a thin wall metal rigid structure
which is covered by a solid pressure resistant insulation. For
example, a thermo-plastic coating material, syntactic foam or a low
density ceramic could be used to rigidly insulate the rigid
surfaces of the liquid storage volume and the connecting
conduit.
The storage container includes a tube leading from the liquid
storage volume which allows the cryogenic fluid to be introduced
into the system or to be extracted from the system. A porous filter
is used at the beginning of the tube to prevent any of the solid
spheres from entering the tube. This porous filter allows only
liquid and gas flow through the tube.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a cross section of a cryogenic liquid storage means which
shows a flexible diaphragm attached to the end of a conduit, a
large mass of flowable solid spherical insulating elements within
the conduit, and a liquid storage volume attached to the conduit at
the end opposite the flexible diaphragm. In this FIGURE, the
conduit and diaphragm are located above the liquid storage volume
and the mass of solid spherical insulating elements is displaced
from the liquid and forced into the conduit and up against the
diaphragm.
FIG. 2 is a cross section of a free piston used alternatively in
place of the diaphram 11 of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the FIGURES wherein like reference numerals
designate corresponding parts throughout the several views, there
is shown an ambient pressure lightweight cryogenic liquid storage
system 10. A liquid storage volume 16 has a conduit 19 leading away
from it. At the opposite end of the conduit a flexible diaphragm 11
is allowed to move in response to changes in the ambient pressure
of the seawater. Within the conduit and adjacent the internal side
of the diaphragm, there is a large mass of independent spherical
solid insulating spheres 13. These spheres 13, as a mass, rest
against the flexible diaphragm 11 but do not restrict its freedom
of movement within the conduit 19. A continuous thin lightweight
metal wall 12 makes up the internal wall of both the conduit 19 and
the liquid storage volume 16. Externally, both the rigid conduit
and rigid liquid storage volume are insulated by a rigidly attached
pressure resistant insulation 15. Optionally, a lightweight
external wall 14 may be used to protect the pressure resistant
insulation 15. The cryogenic liquid 20 is allowed to occupy the
internal space of the liquid storage volume 16. The liquid storage
volume 16 also includes an insulated extraction tube 17 and a
porous material 18 which prevents any solid insulating material
from exiting the system through the tube 17.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM IN OPERATION
As shown in the FIGURE, the liquid storage volume 16 is filled with
a cryogenic liquid 20 which displace the solid spherical insulating
elements 13 and cause it to occupy the conduit 19 and lie in
contact with the diaphragm 11. The ambient environment may be made
up of seawater. The seawater would completely surround and be in
contact with all the external surfaces of the system including the
external surface of the diaphragm 11. If the system is attached to
a submarine diving to deeper ocean depth, the hydrostatic load on
the system will be increasing. As this external pressure increases,
the diaphragm 11 will be displaced within the conduit 13 to
decrease the total volume of the system and thereby allow the
internal and external pressure to equalize. The mass of insulating
materials 13 is allowed to flow through the conduit and into the
liquid storage volume and it is displaced by the movement of the
diaphragm. Throughout this operation, the diaphragm is maintained
at seawater temperature by the insulating action of the mass of
solid insulating spheres which establish a thermal gradient between
the diaphragm 11 and the stored cryogenic liquid 20. Vapor from the
stored cryogenic liquid 20 is allowed to fill the instertices of
the spherical insulating elements which make up the mass 13 but
substantial heat loss due to convection and conduction is prevented
by the mass 13. As the ambient pressure is increased and the
flexible diaphragm 11 moves within the conduit some of the solid
insulating spheres 13 will flow into the liquid storage volume and
partially heat the stored liquid 20. This will cause some of the
cryogenic liquid to boil off and form vapor and thereby increase
internal pressure of the system to assist in maintaining the
internal pressure at the pressure of the ambient seawater and in
maintaining a stored cryogenic liquid at equilibrium temperature.
When the stored cryogenic liquid is needed as a fuel it may be
extracted through the insulated withdrawal tube 17. The filter 18
prevents any of the solid particles from flowing into the tube 17.
The rigid insulation 15 prevents the conduction of heat from the
seawater in contact with the rigid external surfaces of the system
from being introduced to a stored cryogenic liquid 20.
Of course, it will be recognized that the embodiments described
above are illustrative only and that many variations may be made by
those of skill in the art of storing cryogenic liquids. For
example, this system could be used to maintain a high temperature
gradient between an internal liquid and an external environment
while maintaining them at an equalized pressure. In that vein, it
may be desired to maintain a liquid at a high temperature but at
the same pressure as a relatively low temperature ambient
environment. In many such applications, this invention would be
useful and appropriate with little or no modification. It is
therefore understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise
than as specifically described.
* * * * *