U.S. patent number 3,797,183 [Application Number 05/203,635] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-19 for bearing walls and connecting members therefor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Takenaka Komuten Company, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Shoichi Kobayashi, Katuyoshi Konami, Ikuo Yamaguchi.
United States Patent |
3,797,183 |
Kobayashi , et al. |
March 19, 1974 |
BEARING WALLS AND CONNECTING MEMBERS THEREFOR
Abstract
Reinforced bearing walls wherein the reinforcing is at least two
steel sheets which have been previously bent, but when mounted are
symmetrical along a center line in the bearing wall, and provisions
for connecting the bearing walls to other structural members.
Inventors: |
Kobayashi; Shoichi (Tokyo,
JA), Yamaguchi; Ikuo (Tokyo, JA), Konami;
Katuyoshi (Tokyo, JA) |
Assignee: |
Takenaka Komuten Company, Ltd.
(Osaka-shi, Osaka-fu, JA)
|
Family
ID: |
22754721 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/203,635 |
Filed: |
December 1, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/167.4; 52/378;
52/573.1; 52/235; 52/167.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04H
9/02 (20130101); E04C 5/06 (20130101); E04B
2/58 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E04H
9/02 (20060101); E04C 5/06 (20060101); E04B
2/58 (20060101); E04C 5/01 (20060101); E04b
001/98 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/235,167,378,434,433,573,426,486,712 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
389,214 |
|
Jun 1965 |
|
CH |
|
686,893 |
|
Jul 1930 |
|
FR |
|
1,036,638 |
|
Jul 1966 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Murtagh; John E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fidelman, Wolffe, Leitner &
Hiney
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a building structure having structural steel support members,
and precast concrete bearing walls, said bearing walls having
plural spaced indentations therein, the improvement comprising
plural pairs of shaped steel connecting means, each having at least
one bend symmetrical about a centerline between each pair
positioned in said indentation and attached to said steel support
members, and attaching means rigidly fixing said connecting means
to reinforcing means contained in said precast walls.
2. The structure of claim 1 wherein said connecting means are steel
plates in sinusoidal shape.
3. The structure of claim 1 wherein said symmetrical connecting
means each contain a plurality of bends.
4. The building structure of claim 3 wherein each of said shaped
steel pieces contains a plurality of angular bends.
5. The building structure of claim 4 wherein said angular bends are
90.degree. angles.
6. The building structure of claim 1 wherein said attaching means
project between said connecting means along said centerline.
Description
This invention relates to variable, rigid and flexible bearing
walls wherein precast concrete boards (hereinafter called as Pca
board) are employed as bearing elements in a structural body. The
Pca boards are erected on the surfaces of structural steel
constructions, and the Pca boards and structural steel construction
are structurally joined by means of connecting members
Buildings receive unimaginable strong horizontal forces on the
occurrence of earthquake, severe wind and the like, which forces
becomes stronger as the number of floors in building increase.
Usually, safety of building against the horizontal forces as
described above, has been provided by structural steel Rahmen
(rigid frame) construction, structural steel truss construction or
concrete wall bodies attached to such constructions, as just
mentioned, and quake resistance and bearing elements by means such
as braces.
With the recent increasing trend toward high and ultra-high
buildings, and further toward prefabricated building, variations in
the structural dynamics characteristics have been required relative
to the construction of buildings, to provide necessary and
sufficient bearing strength and rigidity, and further steadfastness
and endurability against destruction. That is, it is ideal for a
building to be in the form of soft construction, in which the
horizontal force caused by earthquakes and the like is weakened by
flexible deformation of the whole building.
However, since a standard building body hitherto has been
constructed such that reinforced concrete walls are singly placed
on the surfaces of the structural steel construction, the wall
bodies have shearing rigidity extremely larger than that of the
structural steel construction. Thus the wall bodies mainly control
the rigidity of the building, and consequently allowance for
horizontal forces in the rigid construction body has been affected
by providing strong support of the building itself. For the
aforesaid reasons, the forces applied are so strong that high and
ultrahigh buildings could properly not withstand earthquakes. The
dynamic characteristics for the reinforced concrete wall are as
shown in FIG. 1, in form of graphs made by curves (A), (B) and (C).
When the rigidity increases as shown, K.sub.1, K.sub.2, K.sub.3,
the bearable force increases as shown, by .delta..sub.1,
.delta..sub.2, .delta..sub.3, and both are inevitably in direct
proportional relation. Thus it obtain individually desirable been
difficult to have values relative to the bearing force or rigidity.
Furthermore, said construction is too strong in rigidity to receive
the horizontal load, having the disadvantage of lacking toughness,
and is strictly speaking, not suitable for use in soft building
construction.
In one layer truss wall construction, in which Pca wall boards may
serve as both fire-proof convering and partitioning walls, boards
are attached to both surfaces of a lattice member. In this
construction each board occupies a considerable amount of dead
spaces due to its construction form, and is uneconomical because
two sheets of Pca wall board are required each mounted on both
sides.
Various disadvantages in building construction, as above, hitherto
encountered can be eliminated in accordance with the present
invention.
One object of the invention is to provide a building construction
provided with the characteristic of soft construction most suitable
for a high and ultrahigh buildings.
Another object of the invention is to provide a flexible bearing
wall having structural dynamic characteristics extremely useful for
buildings in the form of soft construction, in which the bearable
force of a wall body is fixed at a desired value, and on the other
hand, the apparent rigidity of wall body can be varied freely, and
established at its desired value.
Another object of the invention is to provide a bearing wall
provided with the toughness necessary and sufficient for a soft
construction, as well as, good flexibility.
Further, another object of the invention is to provide a variable
rigid bearing wall, which is most suitable for prefabricated
bearing wall construction, with less deadspace, and which can
considerably reduce the quantity of steel to be used. Also an
object is the provision of simple construction which can be
completed in a short period of time with the improvement of working
efficiency, thus to keep the unit price work is low.
Another object of the invention is to provide a special connecting
member, which is able to vary, as desired, its yield strength,
rigidity and toughness against the hroizontal load or shearing
force, has sufficient yield strength against vertical loads, and
which is effective in the manufacture of a variable rigid bearing
wall having a good characteristics for soft construction.
Another object of the invention is to provide connecting member
which is simple in construction and has a good workability, and
which can be manufactured by mass production economically, is
easily used, and which has versatile dynamic characteristics
respondable in every way.
In accordance with the invention, the various drawbacks, as
described above, can be eliminated with respect to the building
construction hitherto available. As shown in curves (A'), (B') and
(C') by graphs in FIG. 2, the structural dynamic characteristics
may be extensively improved for high and ultrahigh buildings,
enabling maintainance of a fixed bearable force, that is,
.delta..sub.3, which is sufficient for the requirements, even if
the rigidity is varied as in K.sub.1, K.sub.2 and K.sub.3.
Other objects and useful features of the invention will be evident
from the accompanying drawings and a detailed description to be
described hereinbelow.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the dynamic characteristic of the prior
bearing walls;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dynamic characteristics of bearing
walls according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are descriptive views showing arrangements of
construction of the bearing walls according to the invention, shown
by way of space diagrams;
FIG. 5 is a front view showing an embodiment of the bearing wall
according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a front view of an enlarged portion of circle VI shown in
FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along line VII - VII designated in
FIG. 6;
FIG. 8(A), FIG. 8(B) and FIG. 8(C) are sectional views showing
another embodiments of connecting member in a manner similar to
FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a connecting member of the standard
type;
FIG. 10 is an isometric view of another connecting member
constructed by an idea different from that of the connecting member
represented in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a front view of the connecting member shown in FIG. 10,
which is incorporated in a bearing wall, showing it by way of a
partial view similar to FIG. 6;
FIGS. 12 and 13 are sectional views taken along lines XII -- XII
and XIII-- XIII of FIG. 11;
FIGS. 14 to 16 are front views partly enlarged of another
embodiments made on the basic of idea of the connecting member
represented in FIG. 10;
FIGS. 17 and 18 are isometric views of connecting members
constructed based on a further different idea;
FIG. 19 is a front view, partly enlarged, using the connecting
member shown in FIG. 17;
FIG. 20 is a sectional view along line XX--XX designated in FIG.
19;
FIG. 21 is a front view partly enlarged, using the connecting
member shown in FIG. 18;
FIG. 22 is a sectional view along line XXII-- XXII designated in
FIG. 21; and
FIGS. 23 to 26 are isometric views of the other connecting members
constructed by further developing the ideas of connecting members
shown in FIGS. 17 and 18.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings by way of embodiments.
Variable, rigid and flexible bearing walls according to the
invention are roughly constructed as shown in the space diagrams of
FIGS. 3 and 4.
That is, the circumference of Pca wall board 3, as a bearing
element is provided with rectangular-shaped indentations, so that
connecting members can be inserted therein, and anchor plates
project into the indentations so as to be able to join structurally
the connecting members at the bottom of the indentation. A Pca wall
board is hung in the structural steel Rhamen construction formed by
post 1 and beam 2, and joining of the Pca wall board and the steel
structural construction is effected by means of the connecting
members.
The joining by means of connecting members is affected all around
the circumferences of Pca wall board 3 at regular intervals, and it
should be so designed that each connecting member bears an equal
load. With respect to the Pca wall board 3 and structural steel
construction, it should be so designed as to be constructed on the
assumption that as far as erecting work is carried on in accordance
with the predetermined procedure and method, equal clearances in
each section are formed in the circumference of each Pca wall board
so as to leave room for shearing deformation allowed in the
design.
In FIG. 5, a variable rigid bearing wall in accordance with the
invention is shown as a model of one unit, in which each wall body
construction is effected by erecting a precast wall board 3 on the
surface of the structural steel Rhamen construction comprising
posts 1 and beams 2, and a number of fine clearances are provided
in the circumference of the wall board so as to be joined by a
number of connecting members 4.
In order to understand the nature of the bearing wall according to
the invention, the dynamic structural features and characteristics
of the connecting member 4 must be described.
One example is shown in FIG. 9, in which a sheet of steel plate,
such as an ordinary construction material, is worked so as to be
bent to form a convex part 4a, projected in a rectangular shape.
Upper and lower surfaces 4c, 4d, extending therefrom are provided
with bores 4b for bolts formed close to the ends of the surfaces.
This means that the concave part 4a has been constructed in a
rectangular shape, whereby measurement Lo (Lo = a + 2b + 2c) ought
to be very large, although the apparent length L is particularly
small.
When considering the horizontal force acting in the X direction
with respect to the dynamic characteristics, the elastic
deformation of the connecting member produced by the horizontal
force is equal to the algebraic sum the shearing deformation and
bending torsional deformation. These deformations make measurement
of forces applied to each part of the connecting member a main
factor. For example, the shearing deformation is in proportion to
the actual measurement Lo and thickness according to known
formulas. The deformation by bending torsion is a function of the
thickness (t), width of the convex part (4a), and height and
lengths of the element (a, c, i), which are apparent and thus one
can determine the value without much difficulty. Therefore, the
geometrical pattern and a cross sectional shape most advantageous
for satisfying the dynamic characteristics necessary for a design
may be obtained.
The method for manufacturing a variable, rigid flexible bearing
wall with use of connecting members 4 as mentioned above, will now
be described. Indentations 3a are provided in the circumferential
portions of a precast wall board 3 for use as a bearing element at
a pitch necessary for a given design. The indentations 3a have, of
course, the size and shape needed to enable the attachment of the
connecting members 4 from the side. Toward the bottom of and
indentations 3a, an anchor plate 5 is provided which has been made
into a wall board 3 by welding of reinforcing members 3b.
On the other hand, a gusset plate 6 is welded at the position
corresponding to the indentation 3a in structural steel post 1 and
structural steel beam 2 which is included in the Rhamen
construction. The Pca wall board 3 is hung in the construction
formed by connecting members 4, 4 and is strongly secured by bolts
7 and nuts 8, on both surfaces of anchor plate 5 and gusset plate
6, which directs indentations 4a outwards. As a result thereof,
clearance c, allowable in design between steel structural post 1,
steel structural beam 2, and Pca wall board 3 is provided.
The bearing wall according to the invention is, as mentioned above,
constructed such that the structural steel construction and the Pca
wall board are structurally joined by means of connecting members 4
so as to allow clearance c between them. Therefore, a route is
constructed, so that the horizontal force loaded thereto is first
borne by the structural steel construction, and then the force is
transmitted to the wall board 3 through the con-necting members 4
with deformation of the construction.
Accordingly, supposing that the shearing rigidity of structural
steel construction is K.sub.12, the shearing rigidity of Pca wall
board is K.sub.3, and the sum total of the shearing rigidity of the
connecting members is .SIGMA.K.sub.4, the shearing rigidity Ko of
the building can be calculated by the formula; Ko .apprxeq.
K.sub.12 + .SIGMA. K.sub.4, disregarding the rigidity of the wall
board. As previously noted, since the rigidity K.sub.4 of
connecting member 4 can be designed separately from the bearable
force, Ko can be varied freely by varying the design
characteristics creating .SIGMA. K.sub.4, and thus the variable,
rigid flexible bearing wall can be construct.
The toughness can also be varied freely. That is, since there is
provided, relative to the Pca wall board, a clearance sufficient to
allow the deformation of the structural steel construction within
the range of design, and Pca wall board 3 is considered as
completely rigid, the toughness desired can be obtained by
designing the desired flexible deformation into the connecting
member.
As for the method of obtaining the desired values for the bearable
force, rigidity and toughness in connection with the idea according
to the invention, there are some other methods, which will be
described below, in addition to design of the measurement of the
connecting member and design for a most suitable cross section.
FIG. 8(A) shows an embodiment, in which a structural steel
construction and Pca wall board 3 are joined by two connecting
boards 9, 9 having three indentations in rectangular shape.
FIG. 8(B) shows an embodiment, in which the structural steel
construction and wall board are joined by means of two connecting
members 10 having four rounded corner indentations, and FIG. 8(C)
shows an embodiment, in which two connecting members 11, 11 having
are reversed trapezoids in shape and are employed for joining. The
actual measurement Lo of each connecting member can be adjusted in
every value by the number of indentations, and a connecting member
provided with various dynamic characteristics in addition to the
effect produced by shape of the part can be designed, thus the
purpose of a variable rigid bearing wall being realized freely.
In connection with a connecting member comprising the same variable
rigid bearing wall, the possibility of variable rigidity has been
sought on the basis of the actual measurement Lo for the connecting
member (4), but for this reason there is a trend toward a lack of
bearing force capabilities, depending on the purpose, in the Y
direction. This disadvantage has been solved by employment of
connecting member 12 shown in FIG. 10.
To describe connecting member 12 briefly, it shape is made merely
by rotating the member shown in FIG. 10 90.degree.. A rectangular
shaped convex part 12a is directed in the longitudinal direction,
and surface portions 12c and 12d on the both sides thereof are
provided with plural bores 12b for vertical bolts.
However, the connecting member 12 has shearing rigidity relative to
the horizontal force in the X direction the same as that of those
shown in FIG. 9, and has, on the other hand, an extremely strong
bearing force capability and rigidity relative to the vertical
force in the Y direction.
Further, its characteristics will be described in detail. The yield
strength relative to the vertical load in the Y direction is
determined by the cross sectional area [t x (2b.sub.1 + b.sub.2 +
2h)]. The yield strength and deformation relative to the horizontal
force in the X direction are mainly caused by bending, shearing and
torsion, which have as their principle factors the shape of the
cross section, measurements b.sub.1, b.sub.2 and h for each part,
and length 1 of the member. In conclusion, even connecting member
12, provides effective dynamic characteristics which can be
designed, thus obtaining a most suitable gemetrical section along
with the shape and measurement of part 12 in response to the
dynamic characteristics.
The connecting member 12 mentioned just above is also used in the
same manner as connecting member 4, as previously described, to
construct a variable, rigid bearing wall.
That is, as shown in FIG. 11, part 3a is provided in the
circumference of the wall board 3, and anchor plate 5 connects to
wall board 3 in the bottom of the part 3a connecting member 12 is
incorporated, directing part 12a outwards, along the surfaces of
both sides of gusset plate 6 welded to the structural post 1 or
structural beam 2 and anchor plate 5, and is strongly secured by
bolts 7 and nuts 8.
It has previously been described in the description regarding
connecting member 12 that the bearing force, rigidity and toughness
are varied by varying the number of parts 12a, and width b.sub.2,
height h, and thickness t of the same, and further the width b and
length l of the member. The following methods are employed as steps
for the accomplishment of this variance.
First, FIG. 14 shows an embodiment, in which a variable, rigid
bearing wall is constructed by employing connecting member 13
provided with two rectangular shaped indentations 13a, while there
is used only one indentation 12a in the embodiment shown in FIG.
11.
FIG. 15 shows an embodiment, in which a variable rigid bearing wall
is constructed. Among the esential factors of part 3a and anchor
plate 5 of the Pca wall board 3, which has been used in previous
embodiments, are anchor plate 14 which projects to the
circumference of Pca wall plate 3, and long plate-like gusset plate
15 which is welded to the side of the structural steel construction
the post 1 and beam 2. Then the structural steel construction and
Pca wall board are secured by bolts with the use of long connecting
member 16 provided with a number of rectangular shaped areas
16a.
In this case, the shearing rigidity relative to the horizontal load
becomes smaller, but the bearing force relative to the vertical
load is as strong, and joining work is very easily carried out.
FIG. 16 shows an embodiment, in which a variable, rigid bearing
wall is constructed with the use of connecting member 17 having a
rectangular shaped part 17a inclined at a suitable angle .alpha.
relative to the vertical direction. As seen from this embodiment,
when angle of inclination .alpha. is established with the
connecting member, there exists a main stress surface having a
certain angle relative to the horizon by the effect of angle
.alpha., while according to the embodiment in FIG. 11 the main
stress surface is positioned in a horizontal relation to the
vertical load, whereby. Thus, even if a member is provided with a
geometrical section having the same shape, designing can be further
freely extended, when considering a bearing wall, because the
bearing force, rigidity, shearing rigidity, and the amount of
deformation in connection with the bearing wall are varied
depending on the size of angle .alpha..
Now, a connecting member, which is much different from that of
ideas according to the aforesaid two systems and which is
manufactured very simply and at a low cost, will be described. The
object for using thus member in order to con-struct the variable,
rigid bearing wall and the dynamic characteristics to be
incorporated therein are, however, the same.
FIG. 17 shows the first embodiment thereof, in which a square or
rectangular shaped steel plate is cut out in its nearly central
portion in the longitudinal direction and in a rectangular shape so
as to have a connecting member 18 shaped to be a gate stood on end.
Holes 18a are formed for bolts.
The dynamic characteristic will now be described, supposing that
the height of the connecting member 18 is a, the width is b, and
the width of the cut out part is b.sub.1, the cuts depth is a.sub.1
and the thickness of plate is t.
Relative to the vertical load in the Y direction, the strength is
determined by the cross sectional area (2 .times. b.sub.2 t) of
rising portions 18c, 18d on both sides. Relative to the horizontal
load in the X direction, secondary moment (2 .times. t .sup..
b.sub.2.sup.3 /12) for sections of the rising parts 18c, 18d will
be the main factors. And, relative to the elastic deformation,
elastic modulus E for the material and length a will be the main
factors. Deformation by means of bending moment increases or
decreases in proportion to a cubed, and the bearing force can be
adjusted in accordance with varying the thickness t of plate.
As illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20, a connecting mem-ber 18 is
positioned opposite part 3a of Pca wall board 3 hung in the surface
of the structural steel construction, and the end surfaces of
rising parts 18c and 18d are butt welded on post 1 or beam 2. Bolt
7 and nut 8 are used to secure anchor plates 5, and thus a
variable, rigid bearing wall can be constructed.
It is advantageous for cut out portion 18a to be, instead of a
complete rectangular, in the form of a U-shape, provided with
roundnesses at the corner portions, so as to prevent stress
concentration.
FIG. 18 shows the second connecting member 19 developed on the
basis of the same idea as above. This shape is made by cutting out
the central portion of square or rectangular steel plate so as to
form a hole similar to the outer shape of steel plate.
A variable, rigid bearing wall with use of a connecting member 19
is constructed in the manner illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22,
wherein gusset plate 6 is welded at the position opposite part 3a
provided in the wall board 3, and holes 19a for bolts for two
connecting members are used for securing by means of high
tensile-strength bolt 7 and nut 8.
The dynamic characteristics of connecting member 19 are also
similar to those described above and the deformation by bending
moment will increase or decrease in proportion to (a) cubed. The
bearing force relative to the vertical force can be adjusted
varying the design of width b.sub.1 and thickness t of plate for
the cut out portion 19b.
Finally, a connecting member 20 shown in FIG. 23 is an embodiment
in which H-steel is used in a manner similar to that shown in FIG.
17. The connecting member shown in FIG. 24 is an embodiment, in
which channel steel is used in a manner similar to the above.
Also, the connecting member 22 shown in FIG. 25 is an embodiment in
which H-steel is used in a manner similar to that illustrated in
FIG. 18. A connecting member 23 shown in FIG. 26 is an embodiment
in which channel steel is used in a manner similar to the above.
All of the aforesaid four embodiments show examples, in which the
area of bearing force relative to the vertical load is increased by
a flange of shape steel.
* * * * *