U.S. patent number 3,797,020 [Application Number 05/286,407] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-12 for microwave antenna structure with aperture blocking elimination.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Thomson-CSF. Invention is credited to Claude Aubry, Joseph Roger.
United States Patent |
3,797,020 |
Roger , et al. |
March 12, 1974 |
MICROWAVE ANTENNA STRUCTURE WITH APERTURE BLOCKING ELIMINATION
Abstract
An aplanatic multi-beam antenna free from aperture-blocking
effect comprises a convex main reflector and a concave subsidiary
reflector whose axes orthogonally intersect at a planar network of
parallel wires including an angle of 45.degree. with these axes.
The wire network discriminates between waves polarized in two
mutually orthogonal planes, passing one type of wave and reflecting
the other. Each curved reflector is provided with means for
rotating the plane of polarization of an incident wave through
90.degree. upon reflection. The reflectors form a focusing system
with a focal plane containing one or more transducers for emitting
or receiving radiation of a polarization passing the discriminator
before striking the first reflector whence they are directed, via
the reflecting discriminator, to the second reflector; upon leaving
the latter reflector, they have a direction of polarization
enabling them to clear the discriminator once more.
Inventors: |
Roger; Joseph (Paris,
FR), Aubry; Claude (Paris, FR) |
Assignee: |
Thomson-CSF (Paris,
FR)
|
Family
ID: |
9083297 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/286,407 |
Filed: |
September 5, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Sep 22, 1971 [FR] |
|
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71.34067 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/756; 343/779;
343/781R; 343/837 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
19/195 (20130101); H01Q 15/22 (20130101); H01Q
25/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
19/195 (20060101); H01Q 19/10 (20060101); H01Q
15/22 (20060101); H01Q 25/00 (20060101); H01Q
15/14 (20060101); H01q 019/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/756,837,781,779 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Ross; Karl F. Dubno; Herbert
Claims
1. An antenna structure comprising:
conjugate first and second reflectors with intersecting axes
defining a focal plane for a beam of microwave frequency passing
between a remote point and said first reflector, the point of
intersection of said axes lying between said focal plane and said
second reflector;
transducer means for microwave energy at said focal plane; and
discriminating means at said point of intersection for selectively
passing and reflecting differently polarized microwaves, each of
said reflectors being provided with polarization-changing means for
directing a beam with a polarization passed by said discriminating
means, incident upon one of said reflectors, back to said
discriminating means for reflection onto the other of said
reflectors whence the beam is redirected to said discriminating
means with a polarization enabling its passage
2. An antenna structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said first
reflector has a concave surface and said second reflector has a
convex surface
3. An antenna structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said
discriminating
4. An antenna structure as defined in claim 3 wherein said
conductors
5. An antenna structure as defined in claim 3 wherein said axes
intersect orthogonally, said array including an angle of 45.degree.
with each of
6. An antenna structure as defined in claim 3 wherein said
transducer means comprises an emitter of microwaves with a plane of
polarization
7. An antenna structure as defined in claim 3 wherein said
polarization-changing means is effective to rotate the plane of
8. An antenna structure comprising:
transducer means for emitting and receiving beams of microwave
energy with a predetermined plane of polarization;
a planar array of conductors perpendicular to said plane of
polarization disposed in the path of said beams for reflecting
microwave energy polarized in a plane parallel to said
conductors;
a first and a second reflector for microwave energy having mutually
orthogonal axes intersecting at an intermediate point of said
array, the latter including an angle of 45.degree. with each of
said axes, said second reflector lying in line with said path on
the side of said array remote from said transducer means; and
polarization-changing means adjacent the active surface of each of
said reflectors for turning the plane of polarization of an
incident plane-polarized beam through 90.degree. whereby a beam
emitted by said transducer means and passing said array in a
direction generally parallel to the axis of said second reflector
is successively directed by said second reflector and by said array
to said first reflector and is thence redirected to said array with
a polarization enabling its passage
9. An antenna structure as defined in claim 8 wherein said
reflectors have conjugate curvatures for focusing a beam
originating at said transducer means onto an object at infinity
upon the second traverse of said array.
10. An antenna structure as defined in claim 9 wherein said first
reflector is concave and said second reflector is convex toward
said array.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a microwave antenna structure and
refers more particularly to the production of a multi-beam
aplanatic antenna.
The need for such an antenna makes itself felt in the field of
space communication, for instance, where it is required that a
satellite transmits information simultaneously and independently to
a plurality of ground stations spread out over a plurality of
areas. These transmissions, carried out on the same frequency,
involve a plurality of antennas operating at the same frequency,
each antenna having a radiation diagram with a main lobe and side
lobes. Since it is necessary that the radiation be simultaneous and
independent at the same frequency for each antenna, it is desirable
that, for each such antenna, the level of the side lobes is as
small as possible so that these lobes do not interfere with
neighboring main lobes relating to the other antennas.
In these antennas mounted on satellites it is also advisable that
the focusing system use should satisfy conditions of aplanatism, i.
e. that a slight displacement of the primary source or sources from
the focus of the system does not bring about a deterioration in the
parallelism of the rays transmitted by the system. Such a
deterioration would result in an enlargement of the main lobe and
the appearance of aberration secondary or side lobes.
The requirements for maintenance of the side lobes at a low level
and aplanatism are met by giving the antenna a specific
configuration.
A multi-beam, aplanatic antenna, the so-called Schwarzschild
antenna, is known which is derived from the so-called Cassegrain
antenna and is formed by two surface revolution reflectors, namely
a main reflector and an auxiliary reflector or subreflector having
the same axis and meridians precisely determined so that the
assembly is aplanatic.
Just the same, the Schwarzschild antenna is unsuitable for the
purpose of the present invention. In fact, this antenna has a
masking or aperture blocking effect due to the fact that the
sources are generally situated near the main reflector and also to
the presence of the subreflector in front of the main reflector.
This masking effect tends to increase the level of the side
lobes.
The object of the invention is to overcome the drawbacks which have
been pointed out and to provide a twin-reflector antenna of the
multi-beam type which is aplanatic and causes no aperture
blocking.
A microwave antenna embodying our invention comprises two conjugate
reflectors whose meridians are such that they fulfill the condition
of aplanatism and whose axes of symmetry intersect; between the
sources and the focusing system formed by the two reflectors there
is interposed a member which discriminates between differently
polarized electromagnetic waves, passing waves polarized in one
plane and reflecting those polarized in another plane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent
from the following description of an embodiment and from the
attached drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a so-called Schwarzschild antenna according to the
prior art;
FIG. 2 shows an antenna according to the invention;
FIG. 3, is view of the system of FIG. 2, showing the construction
of the beams traversing the focusing system, and
FIG. 4, is a radiation diagram obtained with the antenna according
to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The so-called Schwarzschild multi-beam, aplanatic antenna is a
twin-reflector antenna belonging to the class of twin-reflector
antennas of which the best known is the Cassegrain antenna.
Such a Cassegrain or Schwarzschild antenna is shown in FIG. 1. It
comprises a main reflector 1 and an auxiliary reflector 2 or
subreflector whose axis coincides with the axis of the main
reflector. A source 3 is situated at the apex S.sub.1 of the main
reflector, this apex generally coinciding with a focus of the
subreflector which, in the case of the Cassegrain antenna, is a
hyperbolic segment whereas the main reflector is a parabolic
segment. These reflectors are so mounted with respect to one
another that a beam of parallel rays directed onto the main
reflector 1 by an object situated on the axis at infinity is
reflected toward the focus F of the main reflector and intercepted
by the subreflector 2 which causes it to converge onto the source
3.
Conversely, a beam emitted by primary source 3 toward the
subreflector 2 is reflected toward the main reflector 1 which in
turn reflects it in the form of a beam of rays parallel to the axis
of the focusing system.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Certain modifications have already been suggested on to these
antennas and particularly on Cassegrain antennas to reduce the
aperture-blocking effect which increases with the size of the
subsidiary reflector or subreflector. These suggestions include a
reduction in the dimensions of the subreflector and; an attempt to
make the feed more directive by moving it closer to the
subreflector. It is also possible to build a semi-transparent
subreflector which reflects the beams issuing from the source with
a certain polarization and allows beams to pass whose polarization
has been turned by 90.degree. at the main reflector, but, in this
case, the aperture blocking due to the primary source persists.
Therefore, these measures are inadequate to decrease the level of
the secondary lobes as required for certain applications. Moreover,
since the main reflector is parabolic it does not fulfill the
condition of aplanatism. The Schwarzschild antenna overcomes this
defect of the Cassegrain antenna by utilizing a main reflector and
a subreflector whose shape in slightly different from that of the
reflectors of the conventional Cassegrain antenna, the meridians of
these reflectors being calculated in a manner designed to satisfy
the conditions of aplanatism.
Thus, we have ascertained that the Schwarzschild antenna is
aplanatic but still has secondary lobes of too high a level for the
application envisaged for the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a way of producing an aplanatic antenna, which has a
multi-beam pattern with low-level secondary lobes, according to our
invention.
This antenna comprises two conjugate reflectors, i.e. a main
reflector 1 and an auxiliary or subreflector 2 which make up the
focusing system of the antenna. The two reflectors have a shape
comparable to that of the reflectors in the Schwarzschild
antenna.
Under these conditions the focusing system is aplanatic. The axes
of these reflectors intersect at a point A Figure are mutually
perpendicular. A planar member 4 traverses this point and in the
Figure lies at 45.degree. with respect to the axes of the
reflectors. This member is formed by a network of parallel metal
wires 41 perpendicular to the plane of the two axes. It thus
discriminates between differently polarized incident
electromagnetic waves, passing those polarized in a plane
transverse to its wires and reflecting those polarized in a plane
parallel thereto. The feeder 3 comprises three wave transducers 30,
31, 32 located opposite the subreflector in a focal plane of the
system 1, 2 so that the waves which they emit or which they receive
from an object situated at infinity pass through the polarization
discriminator 4.
Since the operation of the antenna according to the invention
depends upon the polarization of the waves, the main and subsidiary
reflectors are provided on their active surfaces with respective
twist reflectors 11 and 21. Such a twist reflector, formed by a
network of parallel wires inclined at 45.degree. with respect to
the direction of polarization, is placed at a quarter wavelength
from the reflecting surface, and is equivalent to a quarter-wave
plate rotating the plane of polarization of the incident waves by
90.degree..
The layout of the various components of the antenna system
according to FIG. 2, clearly shows that the aperture blocking due
to the sources and the subreflector, which generates side lobes, no
longer exists. The antenna system according to the invention is
thus indeed aplanatic and its radiation diagram has low-level side
lobes. FIG. 4 shows such a diagram for two antennas according to
the invention.
The operation of such a system is as follows, described with
reference to FIG. 3.
A beam of rays B-C is emitted by the source with a polarization P
parallel to the plane of the Figure. In this case the parallel
wires forming the conductor array 4 which allow such a beam to pass
are perpendicular to the plane of polarization P. This beam is
reflected by the convex side of subreflector 2 at its point of
impingement C in the direction C-E. In passing through the twist
reflector 21, the polarization of the reflected beam is rotated by
90.degree. thus becoming perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 3, as
indicated at P.sub.1 and therefore parallel to the direction of the
wires 41 of the planar network 4. Under these conditions, at point
E the beam C-E is reflected from the plane of discriminator 4 along
line E-F point F being the point of impingement on the main
reflector 1. At this point F the concave side of incident beam is
reflected in the direction parallel to the axis S.sub.1 -A of the
main reflector. The twistreflector 11 at the surface of the main
reflector rotates the polarization of the beam E-F by 90.degree.
into a plane P.sub.2 perpendicular to the wires of the network 4
which therefore allows the beam F-G to pass through it. Beam F-G is
of telecentric character, i.e. it consists of parallel rays
converging at infinity.
Another beam HIJKL emitted from source 32 follows a similar path
and is reflected at K in direction K-L.
Conversely, by reason of the reciprocity theorem, beams parallel to
the axis S.sub.1 -A emitted by an object situated at infinity will
converge after having passed through the system of FIG. 3, at the
location of the source 30.
It is to be understood that modifications and variations of the
described embodiment of our invention are possible, in conformity
with the foregoing teachings, within the scope of the appended
claims. What is claimed is:
* * * * *