U.S. patent number 3,796,055 [Application Number 05/255,145] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-12 for method and apparatus for underpinning and raising a building foundation.
Invention is credited to Robert D. Mahony.
United States Patent |
3,796,055 |
Mahony |
March 12, 1974 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR UNDERPINNING AND RAISING A BUILDING
FOUNDATION
Abstract
A method and apparatus for carrying out the underpinning and
raising of portions of a building foundation uses the steps of
forming a pit alongside the foundation portion to be raised,
disposing an elongate pipe upright in the pit, gripping the side of
the pipe while progressively extending hydraulic drive means
against the reactive force of the weight of the foundation portion
so as to urge the pipe into the ground. The last step is repeated
until the pipe has been driven to a desired depth and then a
jacking pad is formed and supported upon the upper end of the pipe.
Subsequently after the pad hardens, the foundation portion is
jacked upwardly away from the pad to a predetermined position.
Jacks at each of a number of stations are operated simultaneously
whereby the foundation portion acts as a beam in lifting both the
foundation and the building thereon.
Inventors: |
Mahony; Robert D. (San Carlos,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
22967032 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/255,145 |
Filed: |
May 19, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/230;
254/29R |
Current CPC
Class: |
E02D
27/48 (20130101); E02D 35/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02D
35/00 (20060101); E02D 27/48 (20060101); E02D
27/32 (20060101); E02d 017/02 (); E02d
003/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/50,51,53.52,53.5
;254/29R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
|
|
|
|
|
827,839 |
|
Feb 1960 |
|
GB |
|
985,351 |
|
Mar 1965 |
|
GB |
|
246,175 |
|
Oct 1960 |
|
AU |
|
Primary Examiner: Franklin; Jordan
Assistant Examiner: Berman; Conrad L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Flehr, Hohbach, Test, Albritton
& Herbert
Claims
I claim:
1. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation, the steps of forming a pit alongside said foundation
portion, said pit having a portion unobstructed from above so as to
be free of overhanging structure, disposing an elongate pipe
upright in that portion of said pit free of overhanging structure,
gripping the side of said pipe while hydraulically urging said pipe
therefrom downwardly into the ground, capping the upper end of the
pipe, submerging the upper end of the pipe in a pad of concrete
poured into the pit, permitting the concrete to harden, interposing
jacking means between said pad and said foundation portion, jacking
the foundation portion to raise same upwardly by said jacking
means, and interposing a support between the foundation portion and
said pad to retain the foundation at its raised position.
2. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation, the steps of disposing an elongate length of pipe
upright at a position alongside a foundation portion of the
building, said position being free of overhanging structure
thereabove, driving said length of pipe into the ground at said
position by means supported between a laterally extending support
member projecting from the side of the pipe and a support bracket
carried by and movable along the pipe and protruding beneath the
foundation portion in supporting relation thereto so as to transfer
the load of said foundation to the pipe via said bracket and said
support member extending from the side of the pipe, continuing said
driving until the length of pipe reaches a desired depth in the
ground, forming a jacking pad supported upon said pipe, and jacking
said foundation portion upwardly away from said pad to a
predetermined position by jacking mechanism interposed between said
foundation portion and pad.
3. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation according to claim 2 wherein said driving step proceeds
in a succession of stages including the intermediate step between
stages of elevating said support member, bracket and hydraulic
mechanism relatively along said pipe following each said driving
stage.
4. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation according to claim 2 including the steps of anchoring
the lower end of an extensible soldier support in said pad,
extending said soldier support into engagement with said foundation
portion following jacking of said portion of said predetermined
position, locking the soldier support at its extended length,
lowering said foundation portion for engagement with said extended
and locked soldier to temporarily take the load of said foundation
portion, and interposing a body of concrete between said pad and
said portion to permanently take the load of said foundation
portion.
5. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation according to claim 2 wherein said forming step includes
the step submerging the upper end of said pipe in a body of
concrete and permitting the concrete to harden to form said jacking
pad.
6. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation according to claim 2 further including the step of
dispersing a body of hardenable cementitious material outwardly of
and below the lower end of said pipe into the ground, and
permitting said material to harden in the ground to form an
enlarged hardened region of subterranean support serving to support
said pipe from beneath.
7. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation, the steps of forming a pit alongside said foundation
portion, said pit having a portion unobstructed from above so as to
be free of overhanging structure thereabove, disposing an elongate
rigid pipe upright in said portion of said pit, securing a drive
coupling to said pipe, disposing a support bracket upon said
coupling, hydraulically urging said bracket relatively away from
said drive coupling, and along said pipe while engaging said pipe
into the ground, repeating the aforesaid steps while monitoring the
resistance to driving experienced by said pipe, capping off the top
of said pipe at a level spaced above the bottom of said pit
portion, filling said pit with concrete to a level submerging the
capped off end of said pipe to form a jacking pad, embedding an
elongate extensible support in said concrete to extend upwardly
toward the underside of said foundation portion, interposing
jacking means between said foundation portion and said concrete for
upwardly jacking said portion therefrom to a predetermined level,
extending said support soldier to engage and support said
foundation portion at the same level, locking said extensible
soldier as thus extended and removing said jacking means.
8. In the method of underpinning and raising portions of a building
foundation according to claim 7 further including the step of
interposing additional concrete between said portion and said
jacking pad to permanently support said portion.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention pertains to a method and apparatus for underpinning
and raising building foundations as, for example, where the soil
has failed to maintain support of the building as may be caused by
various circumstances.
Typically, various prior schemes for underpinning and supporting a
building foundation and for raising the building foundation have
involved awkward procedures and apparatus, such as cumbersome
drilling rigs, etc., as is known. Usually the foundation, in its
sunken condition, is underpinned to prevent further settlement and
then the building is raised from the foundation. This technique
typically entails substantial cracking of the walls and other
damage.
Thus, there has been a long-standing and continuing need to provide
a method and apparatus for underpinning and raising building
foundations which may have settled utilizing relatively simple
techniques and equipment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND OBJECTS
According to the invention, a method of understanding and raising
portions of a building foundation is pursued characterized by the
steps of forming a pit alongside the foundation portion to be
raised, disposing an elongate pipe upright in the pit, gripping the
side of the pipe while progressively extending hydraulic drive
means against the reactive force of the weight of the foundation
portion so as to urge the pipe into the ground, repeating the
progressively extending step until the pipe has been driven to a
desired depth and then forming a jacking pad supported upon the
upper end of the pipe. Subsequently, after the pad hardens, the
foundation portion is jacked upwardly away from the pad to a
predetermined position. Preferably, the jacks at each of a number
of stations 12 are operated simultaneously whereby the foundation
portion acts as a beam in lifting both the foundation and the
building thereon.
In carrying out the method, relatively simple apparatus is involved
characterized by a support member variously movable to positions
along the pipe to be driven and fixed at such positions to extend
laterally from the side of the pipe. A drive bracket is carried by
the pipe and movable relative thereto along the pipe as the pipe is
driven. The bracket includes a protruding support lip for engaging
and taking the load of the foundation to be raised. Extensible
means have been interposed between the bracket and support member
to act upon each for urging the bracket and support member apart so
as to apply the load of the building as a resistance to upward
movement of the bracket and thereby drive the pipe downwardly. In
addition, various preferred features of the invention are pointed
out herebelow.
In general, it is an object of the present invention to provide an
improved method and apparatus for underpinning and raising building
foundations.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved method
and apparatus for underpinning and raising building foundations in
unstable soil conditions.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved
method and means for coupling the load of the building foundation
to provide driving and placement of the pipe piles.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved
foundation support assembly characterized by an extensible soldier
submerged in a body of supporting concrete interposed between a
pipe pile-supported concrete jacking pad and the underside of the
foundation portion to be supported.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a system for carrying
out the method according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows an enlarged schematic perspective view of a pipe
driving assembly according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged transverse section view of a detail taken
along the line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a side elevation view in enlarged detail partially broken
away taken in the region of the line 4;
FIG. 5 shows a side elevation view in enlarged detail taken along
the line 5--5 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 shows in enlarged detail a side elevation view taken from
the left side as shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 shows in enlarged detail a front elevation schematic section
view taken along the line 7--7 of FIG. 6 illustrating apparatus
employed in carrying out the method herein;
FIG. 8 shows a view similar to FIG. 6 schematically illustrating
the completion of additional steps of the method according to the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The building foundation portion 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be readily
underpinned and raised as now to be described by the method of
forming a pit 11 at a number of stations 12 along the building
foundation and then preparing each of the stations 12 with an
elongate pipe pile 13 (FIG. 8) extending downwardly to solid
supporting earth or, as will be further described below, to a
subterranean region 14 of reinforced grouted earth.
At a given station 12 after the pit 11 has been formed, a pipe pile
13 is disposed upright to be driven downwardly into the ground and
such pipe pile is preferably fitted with a hollow pointed driving
head 16 shown best in FIG. 5. Head 16 includes a hollow
cylindrically shaped interior 17 formed with a cylindrical mounting
body 18 having a peripheral diameter substantially corresponding to
the interior diameter of the lower end of pipe pile 13 so as to
form a snug fit therein.
The conical surface of heat 16 includes a number of downwardly
directed fluid discharge ports 19 of a size and scope for passing
cementitious fluid material into the subterranean earth surrounding
the head when disposed at its lowermost position whereby a
subterranean zone of support can be formed beneath the pipe pile 13
where there otherwise might be none.
Typically, the use of cementitious grout material or other fluid
cementitious material will not be necessary to be injected into the
support region 14 inasmuch as pipe pile 13 will usually be extended
downwardly sufficiently to engage solid ground or other solid
material which can support the foundation 10.
A driving assembly 21 carried by pipe piles 13 serves to readily
releasably engage the underside of foundation portion 10 and, while
the foundation portion 10 as a restraining load, hydraulically
drives pipe pile 13 downwardly into the ground by gripping the pipe
at the side of the pipe by means of a hinged clamp 22.
Clamp 22 can be positioned variously along the length of pipe pile
13 and is formed with downwardly directed teeth 23 clamped tightly
into engagement with the outer periphery of pipe pile 13 by means
of bolt 15 disposed to extend between the two projecting ears 24
formed on clamp 22.
As thus arranged, clamp 22 serves to form a drive coupling whereby
driving forces can be coupled or applied to pipe pile 13 at the
side of the pipe pile 13 as by means of the double acting hydraulic
ram 26. In this way, great lengths of pipe can be handled with
requiring means to drive the pipe from its upper end.
Ram 26 carried by the stud 27 attaches to the top of a drive
bracket 28. Pipe pile 13 supports bracket 28 to be carried by the
pile in a manner whereby it is movable relative to the pipe pile as
the pipe is driven.
Thus, bracket 28 includes the opening 29 formed through the upper
end surface 31 thereof. Bracket 28 further includes a laterally
protruding support lip 32 for engaging and taking the load of the
foundation portion 10 to be raised.
The extensible hydraulic means 26 includes a piston rod or
hydraulic drive rod 33 which moves between advanced and retracted
positions into and out of the cylinder 34. Accordingly, clamp 22
serves to support rod 33 which in turn supports bracket 28 in
position beneath foundation 10.
At that point, pressure from a power supply or pump, P.S., can be
applied to the hydraulic supply hose 36 to drive the piston (not
shown) within cylinder 34 downwardly to extend drive rod 33 and
thereby drive bracket 28 away from clamp 22. Ultimately, of course,
lip 32 will engage the bottom surface of foundation 10 and the load
thereof will cause further extension of rod 33 to be resisted by
such load. At that point, pipe pile 13 becomes driven downwardly
into the ground as far as desired.
It will be readily evident that the downward driving of each pipe
13 is conducted in a number of short stages limited by the extent
of drive rod 33. After drive rod 33 has been extended to its
maximum displacement, clamp 22 and drive rod 33 are elevated while
bracket 28 is held in position beneath foundation 10. This is
simply accomplished merely by reversing the action on ram 26 by
supplying pressure to hydraulic line 37 and exhausting hydraulic
fluid via line 36 and then simply releasing clamp 22 from its
position at 22' (FIG. 6) by means of bolt 15. The driving step is
repeated as above described starting with a reattachment of clamp
22 to pipe pile 13.
While relatively long lengths of pipe can be used, it is usually
anticipated that it will be necessary to employ several sections,
one following the next in tandem, to be driven sufficiently deep to
encounter bedrock or other supporting earth material deep in the
ground.
Accordingly, pipe sections of a common diameter are interconnected
so as to form an elongate length of pipe having an uninterrupted,
or substantially uninterrupted, exterior periphery comprising the
steps of inserting a short length of pipe carrying a collar of
predetermined diameter intermediate its ends into the confronting
ends of tandem lengths of pipe. The predetermined diameter of the
collar corresponds substantially to the outer diameter of the
pipe.
Accordingly, one such insert 42 is shown having a hollow
cylindrical interior 43 in open communication between the two pipe
sections 13a, 13b and a flanged collar 44 of a diameter common to
the outer periphery of pipe sections 13a, 13b. Collar 44 is formed
integral with the cylindrical insert 42 so as to support the two
sections 13a, 13b in driving relation.
In the normal circumstance, it is anticipated that the pipe pile
will ultimately encounter bedrock or solid ground at a proper
depth. This can be determined by monitoring system pressure as
shown on the gauge 40 whereby when the pressure increases
substantially it can be assumed that the pile 13 has encountered
stable soil. At that time, the excess of pipe pile 13 extending
above the floor of pit 11 is substantially all removed leaving only
enough for the insertion and placement of a sealing cap member 38
having a flanged head 41 and a cylindrical re-entrant mounting
guide 39 disposed coaxially of pipe pile 13.
In certain circumstances, however, where bedrock or solid ground is
not encountered in the driving of the pipe pile, a body of
hardenable cementitious material in fluid condition is dispersed
outwardly of the lower end of the pipe into the ground and
permitted to harden in the ground so as to form the enlarged
hardened region 14 of subterranean earth serving to support pipe 13
from beneath. This is accomplished as above described by dispersing
the fluid cementitious material such as grout outwardly of the
discharge ports 19 under fluid pressure.
Having properly lodged pipe pile 13 in the ground and capped its
upper end with the cap member 38, the upper end of the pipe is then
submerged in a body of concrete at each station 12 to form a steel
reinforced jacking pad 46 using a reinforcing steel matrix 50. The
base 48 of an extensible support soldier 47 is disposed or anchored
in the concrete of jacking pad 46 whereby after the foundation
construction 10 has been jacked to a predetermined level as by
means of mechanical jacks 52 disposed at the stations 12, support
soldier 47 can then be extended by unscrewing the threaded support
element 49 outwardly of base 48 and into engagement with the
underside of foundation 10. Element 49 threadedly engages an
opening in the upper end of base 48 whereby as the support element
49 is moved to a position contacting the underside of foundation
10, a lock nut 51 carried by element 49 can be screwed downwardly
into engagement with the top surface of base 48. In this manner,
temporary support is given to foundation 10 whereby the mechanical
jack 52 can be lowered and removed.
After a jacking pad 46 has been formed at each of the stations 12
along foundation portion 10 to be raised, the jacks 52 are disposed
at each of the stations in position between the jacking pad 46 and
foundation portion 10 at its associated station whereby all of the
jacks can be simultaneously operated in raising the foundation
portion 10. In this manner, foundation portion 10 acts as an
elongate rigid beam in lifting the building construction.
Subsequently (FIG. 8), a second body of concrete 53 is interposed
between the underside of foundation 10 and jacking pad 46 to form a
permanent support beneath foundation portion 10.
Use of the foundation as a beam or lever has a considerable
advantage over former methods wherein the foundation which has sunk
is merely anchored in its sunken position on pipe piles or
otherwise and then the building structure is lifted from the
foundation. The latter procedure causes many cracks in the walls
and structural portions of the building whereas the disclosed
invention herein, utilizing the foundation portion being raised to
act as a lever or beam in lifting the building construction avoids
damage to the building being raised.
It will also be evident from the foregoing that there has been
provided an improved method and apparatus for readily and simply
raising a foundation construction and the building supported
thereon without requiring large awkward drilling equipment normally
associated with such projects.
It will be further evident that the method and apparatus for
underpinning and raising building foundations as above described
permits access for working in close quarters where the usual heavy
equipment could not be brought in to do the job. Further, by
employing a uniform raising of the building, minimum cracking of
the internal walls of the building is involved.
* * * * *