U.S. patent number 3,796,045 [Application Number 05/162,911] was granted by the patent office on 1974-03-12 for method and apparatus for increasing power output and/or thermal efficiency of a gas turbine power plant.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Turbo-Development, Inc.. Invention is credited to Richard W. Foster-Pegg.
United States Patent |
3,796,045 |
Foster-Pegg |
March 12, 1974 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASING POWER OUTPUT AND/OR THERMAL
EFFICIENCY OF A GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Abstract
A gas turbine power plant having a modified gas turbine cycle
(Brayton cycle) wherein the compressor inlet air is super-chilled
before it enters the compressor. Superchilling, as defined herein,
means to supercharge the inlet air to increase the pressure thereof
to a pressure level moderately greater than the atmospheric
pressure and to chill the supercharged air to decrease the
temperature thereof, the preferred temperature level being in the
vicinity of about 40.degree. Fahrenheit. A heat recovery cycle is
provided to supply the energy necessary to superchill the
compressor inlet air.
Inventors: |
Foster-Pegg; Richard W.
(Warren, PA) |
Assignee: |
Turbo-Development, Inc. (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22587631 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/162,911 |
Filed: |
July 15, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
60/772;
60/39.182; 60/728; 60/39.83 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01K
23/10 (20130101); F01K 27/02 (20130101); F02C
7/143 (20130101); F02C 7/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01K
27/00 (20060101); F02C 7/08 (20060101); F02C
7/12 (20060101); F01K 27/02 (20060101); F01K
23/06 (20060101); F02C 7/143 (20060101); F02C
7/10 (20060101); F02c 003/06 (); F02c 007/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;60/39.18R,39.18A,39.18B,39.18C,39.02,39.67 ;415/179 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
505,044 |
|
Aug 1954 |
|
CA |
|
679,007 |
|
Sep 1952 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Smith; Al Lawrence
Assistant Examiner: Koczo, Jr.; Michael
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kenyon and Kenyon Reilly Carr and
Chapin
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An improved gas turbine having increased performance, the gas
turbine including a compressor for receiving inlet gas and
compressing the same, means for heating the compressed gas, and a
turbine for expanding the heated compressed gas, the improvement
comprising;
a. means for supercharging the inlet gas before it is received by
the compressor; and
b. means for chilling the supercharged inlet gas before it is
received by the compressor, the chilling means including a
refrigerant for the direct transfer of heat from the supercharged
gas thereto; and
c. means for regeneratively heating the compressed gas from the
compressor with waste-heat from the exhaust gases of the turbine
before the compressed gas passes to the compressed gas heating
means; and
d. means for recovering a portion of the waste-heat energy from the
exhaust gases of the turbine and for converting the waste-heat
energy into energy for driving the supercharging means and for
driving the chilling means; and
e. means for selectively controlling the portion of the waste-heat
energy converted to energy for driving the supercharging means and
for driving the chilling means for providing selective control over
the amount of energy available to superchill the inlet gas thereby
providing for selective control of the performance of the gas
turbine.
2. An improved gas turbine having increased performance, the gas
turbine including a compressor for receiving inlet gas and
compressing the same, means for heating the compressed gas, and a
turbine for expanding the heated compressed gas, the improvement
comprising:
a. means for supercharging the inlet gas before it is received by
the compressor; and
b. means for chilling the supercharged inlet gas before it is
received by the compressor, the chilling means including a
refrigerant for the direct transfer of heat from the supercharged
gas thereto; and
c. means for recovering a portion of the wasteheat energy from the
exhaust gases of the turbine and for converting the waste-heat
energy into energy for driving the supercharging means and for
driving the chilling means; and
d. means for selectively controlling the portion of the waste-heat
energy converted to energy for driving the supercharging means and
for driving the chilling means for providing selective control over
the amount of energy available to superchill the inlet gas thereby
providing for selective control of the performance of the gas
turbine.
3. An improved gas turbine having increased performance, the gas
turbine including a compressor for receiving inlet gas and
compressing the same, means for heating the compressed gas, and a
turbine for expanding the heated compressed gas, the improvement
comprising:
a. means for supercharging the inlet gas before it is received by
the compressor; and
b. means for chilling the supercharged inlet gas before it is
received by the compressor; and
c. means for recovering a portion of the waste-heat energy from the
exhaust gases of the turbine and for converting the waste-heat
energy into energy for driving the supercharging means and for
driving the chilling means;
d. means for selectively controlling the portion of the waste-heat
energy converted to energy for driving the supercharging means and
for driving the chilling means for providing selective control over
the amount of energy available to superchill the inlet gas thereby
providing for selective control of the performance of the gas
turbine.
4. An improved gas turbine according to claim 3, further comprising
means for regneratively heating the compressed gas from the
compressor with waste-heat from the exhaust gases of the turbine
before the compressed gas passes to the compressed gas heating
means.
5. A method for increasing the performance of a gas turbine, the
gas turbine including a compressor for receiving inlet gas and
compressing the same, means for heating the compressed gas, and a
turbine for expanding the heated compressed gas to extract work
therefrom, the method comprising the steps of:
a. supercharging the inlet gas by a fan or a blower device before
it is received by the compressor by increasing the pressure of the
inlet gas in accordance with a supercharging pressure ratio in a
range of pressure ratios extending from about 1.1 to about
1.75;
b. chilling the supercharged inlet gas before it is received by the
compressor by the direct transfer of heat from the supercharged gas
to the refrigerant of a refrigeration system;
c. regeneratively heating the compressed gas from the compressor
with waste-heat from the exhaust gases of the turbine;
d. recovering a portion of the waste-heat energy from the exhaust
gases of the turbine and converting the waste-heat energy into
energy for superchilling the compressor inlet air; and
e. selectively controlling the portion of the waste-heat energy
converted to energy for superchilling the compressor inlet air
thereby selectively controlling the performance of the gas
turbine.
6. An improved gas turbine having increased performance, the gas
turbine including a compressor for receiving inlet gas and
compressing the same, means for heating the compressed gas, and a
turbine for expanding the heated compressed gas, the improvement
comprising:
a. fan or blower means for supercharging the inlet gas before it is
received by the compressor by increasing the pressure of the inlet
gas in accordance with a supercharging pressure ratio in a range of
pressure ratios extending from about 1.1 to about 1.75;
b. means for chilling the supercharged inlet gas before it is
received by the compressor, the chilling means including a
refrigerant for the direct transfer of heat from the supercharged
gas thereto;
c. means for regeneratively heating the compressed gas from the
compressor with waste-heat from the exhaust gases of the turbine
before the compressed gas passes to the compressed gas heating
means;
d. means for recovering a portion of the waste-heat energy from the
exhaust gases of the turbine and for converting the waste-heat
energy into energy for driving the supercharging means and for
driving the chilling means; and
e. means for selectively controlling the portion of the waste-heat
energy converted to energy for driving the supercharging means and
for driving the chilling means for providing selective control over
the amount of energy available to superchill the inlet gas thereby
providing for selective control of the performance of the gas
turbine.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention broadly relates to a modified gas turbine
cycle for a gas turbine power plant. More particularly, the
invention relates to a modified gas turbine cycle wherein the
compressor inlet air is superchilled to increase the power output
and/or the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant.
Gas turbine power plants have been used for many years to generate
electrical power, particularly during periods when demand for
electrical power is greatest. The peak demand periods generally
occur during the hottest weather when the ambient temperature of
the air is high. The high temperature of the compressor inlet air
at these times significantly reduces the performance of a gas
turbine power plant by decreasing the power output and/or thermal
efficiency of the turbine. Consequently, during periods of more
moderate or normal ambient air temperatures, the power required of
the stationary gas turbine may be substantially below that which
the turbine is capable of producing at these conditions so that
adequate capacity is available when the ambient temperature of the
air is high.
Electrical utilities and gas turbine manufacturers have
considerable incentives to increase the power output and/or thermal
efficiency of stationary gas turbine power plants, and much effort
has been expended to reap the rewards occasioned by each increase
therein. Thus, stationary gas turbine power plants occasionally
include various means for modifying the basic gas turbine cycle
such as intercoolers, regenerators and recuperators which increase
the power output and/or thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power
plant. In addition, limited use has been made of supercharging the
compressor inlet air and cooling the supercharged air to increase
the power output of the gas turbine power plant. However, at the
present time such uses extend only to supercharging with electric
motor driven fans and to cooling with evaporative coolers. For
example, see Foster-Pegg, R.W., "Supercharging of Gas Turbines by
Forced Draft Fans with Evaporative Intercooling," American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Paper No. 65-GTP-8 (1965). Thus, the prior
art does not disclose supercharging compressor inlet air with waste
heat energy from the gas turbine exhaust gases. Further, chilling
the compressor inlet air to low temperatures is also known. For
example, see U.S. Pat. No. 2,322,717 for Apparatus For Combustion
Turbines issued June 22, 1943. However, chilling of the compressor
inlet air has not been adopted by electrical utilities and gas
turbine manufacturers, except when a means for chilling the intake
air is already available or is being installed for another
purpose.
At present, no gas turbine power plant has been installed with a
chilling means provided for the primary purpose of chilling the
compressor inlet air. Thus, the prior art does not disclose
chilling the compressor inlet air with a refrigeration system
having a compressor driven by waste-heat energy from the exhaust
gases of the gas turbine. Further, the prior art does not include
supercharging and chilling the compressor inlet air.
Despite the incentives to increase the power output and/or thermal
efficiency of gas turbine power plants and the efforts that have
been expended in this regard, present gas turbine power plants
generally remain uneconomical for continuous base load electrical
power generation when compared to steam turbine power plants or
combined steam and gas turbine power plants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The method and apparatus of the present invention provide a gas
turbine power plant having a modified gas turbine cycle wherein the
compressor inlet air is superchilled prior to entering the
compressor of the gas turbine. Superchilling the compressor inlet
air significantly increases the power output and/or thermal
efficiency of the gas turbine. Thus, the present invention reduces
the energy production cost of gas turbines so that a gas turbine
power plant becomes competitive with a steam turbine power plant
for base load power generation.
A gas turbine power plant is provided having a basic gas turbine
cycle comprising the following steps: compressing the inlet air
from the atmosphere in a compressor; heating the compressed air in
a combustor; and expanding the heated, compressed air through a
turbine.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the power
output and/or the thermal efficiency of the basic gas turbine cycle
described above are significantly improved by the additional step
of superchilling the ambient inlet air before it enters the
compressor of the gas turbine power plant. Superchilling, as used
herein, means supercharging the inlet air to the compressor of the
gas turbine to increase the pressure thereof to a pressure level
moderately greater than the atmospheric pressure by means of a low
pressure ratio device and chilling the supercharged inlet air to
reduce the temperature thereof to a temperature at least as low as
the temperature that could be obtained with an evaporative cooler
cooling the supercharged air under ambient conditions then present.
Chilling is accomplished by the direct transfer of heat from the
supercharged inlet air to the refrigerant of a refrigeration
system.
The term "refrigerant" is used herein in a broad and not a
restriction sense of the word. The term "refrigerant" includes all
fluids (such as liquids, vapors, and gas) to which heat from the
inlet air can be transferred to chill the air. Thus, the term
"refrigerant" is not limited to those liquids which produce
refrigeration by their evaporation from a liquid to a gaseous under
reduced pressure. By way of example, the term "refrigerant" can
include liquid, such as a brine, which serves as an intermediate
refrigerant between a primary refrigerant used to cool the fluid
and the inlet air which is chilled by the direct transfer of heat
to the fluid. Further, the term "refrigerant" includes ice which
may be used to chill the inlet air directly or to cool an
intermediate refrigerant such as a brine.
The compressor inlet air is preferably supercharged to increase the
pressure thereof in accordance with a supercharging pressure ratio
in the range of pressure ratios extending from about 1.1 to about
1.75. One preferred low pressure ratio device for increasing the
pressure of the compressor inlet air is a fan device, for example,
a conventional single stage, dual flow centrifugal blower.
Supercharging pressure ratios above those obtainable with a single
stage fan device can be obtained by two stages of supercharging
with such a fan device.
Generally speaking, since ambient air usually contains some
moisture, the lower temperature limit for the chilling of the
supercharged gas is a temperature in the vicinity of the
temperature at which concomitant chilling of the moisture in the
inlet air could form ice accumulations on heat transfer surfaces
used to chill the inlet air. To avoid ice accumulations, the
temperature of a heat transfer surface used to chill the inlet air
should be maintained at a temperature at least as high as the
freezing temperature of the moisture in the inlet air. Thus, as the
chilling temperature level of the inlet air approaches the freezing
temperature of the moisture in the inlet air, an extensive heat
transfer surface is required to chill the air. Accordingly, a
chilling temperature level in the vicinity of the range of
temperatures extending from about 35 degrees Fahrenheit to about
40.degree. Fahrenheit is preferred.
However, lower chilling temperatures are possible. For example, a
means for removing the ice formed on the heat transfer surfaces can
be provided thus enabling the compressor inlet air to be chilled to
a temperature significantly below the preferred range of
temperatures. Further, if a significant degree of moisture is not
present in the compressor inlet air, the chilling temperature can
also extend considerably below the preferred range of
temperatures.
The energy required to chill the inlet air is increased by moisture
contained in the air. Since the supercharged inlet air is generally
chilled to a temperature below the dew point of the inlet air,
moisture in the inlet air in excess of the saturated moisture
content of the air at the chilling temperature will be condensed in
the chilling means. Accordingly, under humid conditions, the total
cooling requirement for the chilling means significantly exceeds
the sensible heat cooling that would be required for dry air
alone.
The compressor inlet air can be chilled both before and after the
inlet air has been supercharged, or the inlet air can be chilled
only after it has been supercharged. Although chilling both before
and after supercharging can result in increased capital
expenditures, it can be advantageous under certain circumstances.
Initial chilling of the inlet air reduces the power required to
supercharge a given inlet air mass flow rate, and thus reduces the
total power required to chill the inlet air before it enters the
compressor since the heat input to the inlet air caused by
supercharging is reduced. The reduction of power to supercharge the
inlet air results from the lower temperature of the air entering
the supercharging means and from the decreased mass flow rate
through the supercharging means caused by the moisture condensed
from the inlet air during the initial chilling thereof. Further,
the reduced power required to charge the inlet air to a given
pressure permits a higher supercharge pressure to be obtained when
a heat recovery cycle, to be discussed hereinafter, is provided to
drive the supercharging means and the chilling means.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a heat
recovery cycle is provided to supply the energy necessary to
superchill the compressor inlet air. For example, a waste-heat
boiler can be provided to generate steam by utilizing the
waste-heat in the turbine exhaust gases. The steam is subsequently
expanded through a first and a second steam turbine. The output
shaft of the first steam turbine is coupled to drive the low
pressure ratio device for supercharging the compressor inlet air.
The output shaft of the second steam turbine is coupled to drive a
compression refrigeration unit for chilling the compressor inlet
air.
As will be more fully illustrated below, significant and heretofore
unforeseen benefits result from superchilling the compressor inlet
air. Superchilling the compressor inlet air significantly increases
the air mass flow rate to the compressor of the gas turbine power
plant at a fixed volume flow rate by increasing the pressure and
decreasing the temperature of the inlet air. Superchilling also
increases the gas turbine inlet pressure thereby increasing the
expansion ratio across the gas turbine. The increased air mass flow
rate through the gas turbine power plant and the increased
expansion ratio across the turbine provide a significant increase
in the power output of the gas turbine power plant. Further, the
lower compressor inlet air temperature permits the gas turbine
power plant to be operated at near optimum power output
irrespective of the ambient air temperature. When the heat
recoverycycle is provided to superchill the compressor inlet air,
an additional significant increase in the power output results as
well as an improvement in the thermal efficiency of the gas
turbine.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide
a gas turbine power plant having increased power output and/or
thermal efficiency.
Another object is to increase the power output and/or the thermal
efficiency of the gas turbine power plant when the ambient
temperature of the air is high.
Still another object is to provide a gas turbine power plant
wherein ambient inlet air is superchilled before it enters the
compressor of the gas turbine for increasing the power output
and/or the thermal efficiency of the turbine cycle.
A further object is to provide a gas turbine power plant wherein
waste-heat in the turbine exhaust gases is utilized to supply the
energy for superchilling the compressor inlet air.
A still further object is to provide a gas turbine power plant for
driving an electric generator wherein the compressor inlet air is
superchilled before it enters the compressor, and the electric
generator cooling medium is chilled for simultaneously increasing
the power output and/or the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine
and the generating capacity of the electric generator.
A still further object is to provide a gas turbine power plant
wherein the waste-heat in the turbine exhaust gases is utilized to
supply the energy for superchilling the compressor inlet air and
for chilling the electric generator cooling medium.
These and other objects and advantages of the gas turbine power
plant of the present invention will become more apparent from the
following description, when read in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, wherein corresponding parts of each figure
have corresponding numbers.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the present
invention wherein the compressor inlet air is supercharged and
subsequently chilled before the air enters the compression stage of
the gas turbine.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the present
invention wherein the supercharger and chiller are driven by
waste-heat energy recovered from the turbine exhaust gases.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of still another embodiment of the
present invention showing selected operating characteristics for a
complete gas turbine cycle adjacent the individual components.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the power output of the embodiment of the
gas turbine power plant illustrated in FIG. 3 as a function of the
degree of superchilling of the compressor inlet air.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the heat rate of the embodiment of the
gas turbine power plant illustrated in FIG. 3 as a function of the
degree of superchilling of the compressor inlet air.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the embodiment of the gas turbine
power plant of FIG. 2 showing selected operating characteristics
for a complete gas turbine cycle adjacent the individual
components.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of still another embodiment of the
present invention wherein the compressor inlet air is chilled
before and after it is supercharged.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the embodiment of the gas turbine
power plant illustrated in FIG. 2 showing a second set of selected
operating characteristics for a complete gas turbine cycle adjacent
the individual components.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of still another embodiment of the
present invention showing selected operating characteristics for a
complete gas turbine cycle adjacent the individual components.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawings, one preferred embodiment of the improved
gas turbine power plant is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. The
improvement of the present invention is schematically shown in
conjunction with a conventional open-cycle, single shaft gas
turbine power plant. The gas turbine power plant comprises a
compressor 10 for compressing the inlet air from the atmosphere, a
combustor 11 for heating the compressed air, and a turbine 12 for
expanding the heated, compressed air. The turbine 12 is operably
coupled to drive the compressor 10 and an electric generator 13 by
means of shaft 14.
According to the present invention, the power output and/or the
thermal efficiency of the gas turbine described above are
significantly increased by superchilling the inlet air before it
enters the compressor of the gas turbine.
Thus, referring to FIG. 1, a supercharging means 15 is provided
which comprises a low pressure ratio device, conveniently shown as
a fan 16, driven by an electric motor 17. Inlet air is drawn
through the fan 16 thereby increasing the pressure thereof to a
pressure level moderately greater than the atmospheric pressure.
Once the inlet air has been supercharged, it is ducted to a
chilling means 18.
The chilling means 18 is conveniently shown as a compression
refrigeration unit 19 which comprises an evaporator coil 20 in
which a liquid refrigerant boils at a low temperature, a compressor
21 driven by an electric motor 22 for raising the pressure and
temperature of the gaseous refrigerant from the evaporator coil 20,
a condenser 23 in which the refrigerant from the compressor 21
discharges heat to a secondary cooling medium such as water, and an
expansion valve 24 for expanding the liquid refrigerant from the
high pressure level in the condenser 21 to the low pressure level
in the evaporator coil 20. The supercharged inlet air is ducted
across the evaporator coil 20 where the air is chilled as heat from
the air is transferred to the expanded gaseous refrigerant
therein.
The secondary cooling medium is circulated through the coil 25 of
the condenser 23 by a circulating pump 26 where the gaseous
refrigerant condenses to a liquid and releases heat to the cooling
medium. The cooling medium subsequently circulates through a
cooling coil 27 of a cooling tower 28 where the cooling medium
discharges heat to air circulated across the cooling coil 27 by a
cooling fan 29, driven by an electric motor 30.
To illustrate the increased performance of a gas turbine power
plant obtained by superchilling the compressor inlet air, the power
output and thermal efficiency of various embodiments of the gas
turbine power plant are described below. The ideal gas turbine
power plant assumed for some of the comparisons is a 25 megawatt
gas turbine power plant having an ideal gas turbine cycle (Brayton
Cycle) rated at a compressor inlet temperature of about
80.degree.F. and a compressor inlet pressure of about 392 inches of
water which corresponds to the pressure at about a 1,000 foot
elevation. The ideal cycle has no inlet or exhaust pressure losses.
Assuming a compressor inlet mass flow rate of about 1 .times.
10.sup.6 pounds of air per hour, a combustor fuel requirement of
about 300 .times. 10.sup.6 Btu/Hr LHV (Lower Heating Value), and a
gas turbine exhaust temperature and pressure of about 895.degree.F.
and about 392 inches of water, respectively, the ideal gas turbine
power plant would produce about 25 megawatts (rated power output)
at a heat rate of about 12,000 Btu/Kwh LHV.
The performance of the ideal 25 megawatt gas turbine power plant is
significantly reduced when the gas turbine is operated under warm
weather conditions. If the ideal gas turbine were operated at high
ambient inlet air temperatures of about 100.degree.F. dry bulb and
80.degree.F. wet bulb at about a 1,000 foot elevation with an inlet
pressure loss of about 2 inches of water and an exhaust pressure
loss of about 4 inches of water, the ideal gas turbine would
produce about 87.5 per cent of the rated power output (21.6
megawatts) at a heat rate of about 13,000 Btu/Kwh LHV. The power
output and heat rate calculations are based upon a compressor mass
flow rate of about 0.954 .times. 10.sup.6 pounds of air per hour, a
combustor fuel requirement of about 281.7 .times. 10.sup.6 Btu/hr
LHV, and a turbine exhaust pressure of about 396 inches of water.
The ideal 25 megawatt gas turbine having the above assumed inlet
and exhaust pressure losses will hereinafter be referred to as the
standard gas turbine.
Superchilling the compressor inlet air of the standard gas turbine
described above, as shown in FIG. 1, significantly increases the
power output and/or thermal efficiency of the gas turbine. For
example, assume the following operating conditions: inlet air
temperatures, pressure and mass flow rates of about 100.degree.F.
dry bulb, about 80.degree.F. wet bulb, about 390 inches of water,
about 1.223 .times. 10.sup.6 pounds of air per hour and about 21.4
.times. 10.sup.3 pounds of water per hour; a combustor fuel
requirement of about 382.3 .times. 10.sup.6 Btu/hr LHV; and a
turbine exhaust temperature of about 823.degree.F. Supercharging
the compressor inlet air of the standard gas turbine to moderately
raise the pressure thereof from about 390 inches of water to about
448 inches of water with a motor driven fan 16, and chilling the
supercharged compressor inlet air to about 40.degree.F. with a
motor driven compression refrigeration unit 19 increases the net
power output of the standard gas turbine to about 125 per cent of
rated power output (31.17 megawatts) at a heat rate of about 12,300
Btu/Kwh LHV. The motor driven fan 16 would require about 2,750
kilowatts to supercharge the inlet air. The refrigeration unit 19
would require about 3,892 kilowatts to chill the supercharged air.
Thus, of the about 37.8 megawatts of electrical power generated by
the standard gas turbine, about 6,642 kilowatts are consumed by the
superchilling thereby providing a net power output of about 31.17
megawatts.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is
schematically illustrated in FIG. 2. As described above, the
supercharging means 15 and the chilling means 18 of the present
invention are shown in conjunction with a conventional open cycle,
single shaft gas turbine power plant. However, in FIG. 2, the
compressed air from the compressor 10 is heated in a regenerator by
waste heat in the turbine exhaust gases. Thus, the compressed air
is ducted through the coil 35 of a regenerative heat exchanger 36
before it enters the combustor 11. Most of the turbine exhaust gas
is ducted across the heat exchanger coil 35 for heating the
compressed air passing therethrough.
According to the present invention, the power output and/or thermal
efficiency of the gas turbine power plant are still more
significantly increased by the addition of a heat recovery cycle
wherein residual waste-heat in the turbine exhaust gases is
recovered and converted into mechanical energy for driving the
supercharging means 15 and the chilling means 18. Thus, referring
to FIG. 2, a closed steam cycle is provided wherein a waste-heat
boiler 37 generates steam from the residual waste-heat in the
turbine exhaust gases. The steam generated thereby is expanded
through a first steam turbine 38, operably coupled to drive the
supercharging means 15, and a second steam turbine 39, operably
coupled to drive the chilling means 18.
The turbine exhaust gases from the regenerative heat exchanger 36
are ducted through the waste-heat boiler 37. The residual
waste-heat in the exhaust gas generates steam from water pumped
through the coils 40 of the waste-heat boiler 37. The steam
generated thereby is subsequently circulated through the coil 41 of
a steam heat exchanger 42 where the waste-heat in the remainder of
the turbine exhaust gases superheats the steam. The remainder of
the exhaust gases is then ducted through the waste-heat boiler 37
to supplement the waste-heating by the turbine exhaust gases from
the regenerative heater 36.
A portion of the superheated steam generated by the waste-heat
boiler is expanded in the first steam turbine 38 which is operably
coupled to drive the fan 16 of the supercharging means 15. The
remainder of the superheated steam is expanded in the second steam
turbine 39 which is operably coupled to drive the compressor 21 of
the compression cycle refrigeration unit 19. The steam discharged
from the steam turbines 38 and 39 is condensed in condensors 43 and
44 and is recycled to the waste-heat boiler 37 by return pumps 45
and 46. The cooling medium for the condensers 43 and 44 is
conveniently provided from the secondary cooling medium for the
condenser coil 23. Thus, the circulating pump 25 also circulates
the cooling medium from the cooling coil 26 through the condenser
coil 23 of the refrigeration unit 19 and through the coils 47 and
48 of the condensers 43 and 44.
The performance of the gas turbine power plant is still further
improved when the electric generating capacity of the electric
generator is increased to complement the increased shaft output of
the gas turbine power plant. An electric generator cooling means 50
is provided to chill the generator cooling medium. The cooling
means 50 comprises a generator cooling coil 51 disposed within the
electric generator 13 in a heat-transfer relationship with the
generator cooling circuit 52. The liquid refrigerant from the
chilling means 18 is circulates through the coil 51 to
substantially chill the generator cooling medium flowing in the
circuit 52. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the generator cooling coil 51
and the evaporator coil 20 are connected in parallel between the
expansion valve 24 and the compressor 21. The liquid refrigerant
expands through the expansion valve 24 and is circulated through
the generator cooling coil 51 where the refrigerant boils to chill
the generator cooling medium.
As noted above, superchilling the compressor inlet air according to
the present invention significantly increases the power output
and/or thermal efficiency of a gas turbine power plant. For
example, another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated
in FIG. 3. The embodiment of the gas turbine power plant of FIG. 3
is similar to the gas turbine power plant illustrated in FIG. 2,
however, the compressed air from the compressor 10 is not
regeneratively heated by a regenerative heat exchanger 36.
The operating characteristics of the gas turbine power plant listed
in FIG. 3 are calculated on the basis of a compressor inlet
pressure loss of about 2 inches of water and a turbine exhaust
pressure loss of about 4 inches of water. An additional inlet
pressure loss of about 2 inches of water is assumed for the
chilling means 19 and an additional exhaust pressure loss of about
4 inches of water is assumed for the waste heat boiler 37. Thus,
the gas turbine of FIG. 3 having the compressor inlet air
supercharged to increase the compressor inlet pressure by about 58
inches of water and chilled to reduce the temperature of the
compressor inlet air to about 40.degree.F. would produce about 151
per cent of the rated power output (37.8 megawatts) at a heat rate
of about 10,130 Btu/Kwh LHV.
Now, referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the performance of the standard
gas turbine power plant described above is compared with the
performance of the gas turbine power plant of FIG. 3 under varying
levels of supercharging and chilling. The performances are compared
for high ambient inlet air temperatures of about 100.degree.F. dry
bulb and about 80.degree.F. web bulb at about a 1,000 foot
elevation. An inlet pressure loss of about 2 inches of water and an
exhaust pressure loss of about 4 inches of water are assumed for
the standard gas turbine power plant. An additional inlet pressure
loss of about 2 inches of water is assumed for the chilling means
and an additional exhaust pressure loss of about 4 inches of water
is assumed for the heat recoverycycle.
The performance of the standard gas turbine power plant is
represented in FIGS. 3 and 4 by the points marked A on the
100.degree.F. line (no chilling) corresponding to zero pressure
increase (no supercharging). As indicated therein, the standard gas
turbine power plant would produce about 87.5 per cent of the rated
power output (21.6 megawatts) at a heat rate of about 13,000
Btu/Kwh LHV. In comparison, the performance of the gas turbine
power plant of FIG. 3 is indicated by the points marked B.
The increase in power output and/or thermal efficiency of a gas
turbine power plant having superchilled compressor inlet air is
still more significant when the gas turbine cycle includes
regenerative heating of the compressor outlet air, as shown in FIG.
6. The embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 6 is
the same as the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. Referring to FIG.
6, selected characteristics of the gas turbine power plant for one
set of operating conditions are listed adjacent the individual
components thereof. The same ambient conditions and pressure losses
assumed for the calculations presented in FIGS. 4 and 5 were
applied to the calculations for FIG. 6. The power output for the
superchilled gas turbine power plant of FIG. 6 is about 39.6
megawatts at a heat rate about 8,480 Btu/Kwh LHV.
By way of comparison, the power output of a conventional
regenerative gas turbine power plant would be about 26.1 megawatts
at a heat rate of about 9,850 Btu/Kwh LHV. These calculations are
based upon the following conditions: air temperature, pressure and
mass flow rates of about 80.degree.F., about 388 inches of water,
and about 0.96 .times. 10.sup.6 pounds of air per hour and about
13.3 .times. 10.sup.3 pounds of water per hour, respectively; a
compressor compression ratio of about 9.0 and a turbine expansion
ratio of about 7.8; a compressor outlet temperature of about
543.degree.F., a combustor inlet temperature of about 839.degree.F.
and a turbine inlet temperature of about 1750.degree.F.p a
combustor fuel requirement of about 257.3 .times. 10.sup.6 Btu/Hr
LHL; gas turbine exhaust temperature and pressure of about
963.degree.F. and about 404 inches of water, respectively; and
regenerator exhaust temperature and pressure of about 743.degree.F.
and about 396 inches of water, respectively.
As indicated above, the compressor inlet air can also be chilled
both before and after the air is supercharged. An embodiment of the
gas turbine power plant having such dual chilling is illustrated in
FIG. 7. The chilling means 18 comprises a compression refrigeration
unit 19, as described above with respect to FIG. 1, but having a
first evaporator coil 20a and a second evaporator coil 20b. The
inlet air is initially drawn across the first evaporator coil 20a
where the air is chilled as heat from the air is transferred to the
coil. The inlet air is next drawn through the fan 16 where the air
is supercharged. The supercharged inlet air which has been heated
by the work applied to the air by the fan 16 is again chilled as it
is ducted across the second evaporator coil 20b before it enters
the compressor 10.
Selected characteristics for the gas turbine power plant for one
set of operating conditions are listed in FIG. 7. The power output
for the gas turbine is about 42.8 megawatts at a heat rate of about
9,180 Btu/Kwh LHV.
A further example of the significant increase in thermal efficiency
and/or power output obtained through superchilling is illustrated
in FIG. 8. The embodiment of the gas turbine power plant
illustrated therein is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2;
however, the individual components are considerably larger to
accommodate the increased air mass flow rate necessary to generate
sufficient power to drive the larger generator 13. Although the
same pressure losses are assumed for the calculations listed in
FIG. 8, it will be noted that the assumed ambient air temperatures
are lower than the ambient air temperatures assumed above. At these
conditions, the superchilled gas turbine power plant would produce
about 77.0 megawatts of power at a heat rate of about 7,060 Btu/Kwh
LHV.
The heat rate of the superchilled gas turbine power plant of FIG. 8
is remarkably low for a gas turbine power plant and it is highly
competitive with the heat rates obtained with steam turbine power
plants.
Superchilling the compressor inlet air with energy provided by a
heat recovery cycle and regeneratively heating the compressed air
before it enters the combustor can utilize substantially all of the
waste-heat in the turbine exhaust gases. As a practical matter,
maximum regenerator efficiency would commonly be on the order of
about seventy-five per cent so that some waste-heat would always be
available for the heat recovery cycle. The waste-heat boiler can
include an economizer and/or a combination low pressure boiler and
deaerator.
Maximum efficiency of superchilling will generally occur at maximum
regenerator efficiency with as much of the residual waste-heat
leaving the regenerator being utilized for the heat recovery cycle.
The ability of superchilling to operate at maximum efficiency can
be coupled with high power capability by selectively increasing the
energy input to the recuperative cycle thereby increasing the
degree of superchilling. Thus, referring to FIG. 9, still another
embodiment of the present invention is illustrated wherein a
regenerator bypass circuit 49 is provided to duct the turbine
exhaust gases around the regenerator 36 and directly into the
waste-heat boiler 37 of the heat recovery cycle thereby increasing
the energy available for superchilling the inlet air. An adjustable
bypass valve 50 in the circuit 49 permits the power output and/or
thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant to be modulated
in a controlled manner.
Power output of the gas turbine power plant below the point of
maximum efficiency can also be effectively modulated. Preferably,
this modulation would be accomplished by reducing the degree of
supercharging, for example, throttling the first steam turbine 38
coupled to drive the fan 16, while maintaining the same degree of
chilling. Still lower power outputs could be obtained by controlled
exhausting to the atmosphere of the turbine exhaust gases from the
regenerator 36 to reduce the energy input to the heat recovery
cycle thus reducing the degree of chilling. With complete
exhausting of the turbine exhaust gases, the gas turbine power
plant operates in the conventional manner without any supercharging
or chilling of the compressor inlet air.
Accordingly, referring again to FIG. 9, a second adjustable bypass
valve 51 is provided to permit selective venting to the atmosphere
of the turbine exhaust gases from the regenerative heat exchanger
36 and/or the bypass circuit 49. Adjustment of the second bypass
valve 51 provides selective reduction of the energy available to
the heat recovery cycle which in turn reduces the degree of
superchilling of the compressor inlet air.
By way of further example, the operating characteristics for the
embodiment of the gas turbine power plant of FIG. 9 are listed
therein. The superchilled gas turbine power plant would produce
about 39.6 megawatts of power at a heat rate of about 8480 Btu/Kwh
LHV.
Other means are available to supercharge the ambient inlet air. For
example, fan 16 can be replaced by a moderately low pressure rise
compressor or blower. Similarly, other means are also available to
chill the inlet air. For example, the compression refrigeration
unit 19 can be replaced by an absorption refrigeration unit.
Generally speaking, in an absorption refrigeration unit, the
compressor 21 and motor 22 in the compression refrigeration unit
would be replaced by an absorber, a generator, a pump, a heat
exchanger and a reducing valve. Waste-heat in the turbine exhaust
gases would provide the heat input to the absorption refrigeration
unit.
Although the gas turbine power plant of the present invention has
been described as a power source for an electrical generator, it is
to be understood that the improved gas turbine power plant has
other applications. For example, the gas turbine power plant has
application as a natural gas pipeline compressor drive.
The embodiments of the gas turbine power plant described above are
for the purpose of illustrating the broader aspects of the present
invention, and the advantages attendant therein. Other
modifications and variations of the embodiments will be apparent to
those skilled in the art, and they may be made without departing
from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
* * * * *