U.S. patent number 3,794,243 [Application Number 05/247,730] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-26 for electrostatic spray apparatus and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Nordson Corporation. Invention is credited to Donald R. Hastings, Simon Z. Tamny, Frederick R. Wilhelm.
United States Patent |
3,794,243 |
Tamny , et al. |
February 26, 1974 |
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY APPARATUS AND METHOD
Abstract
An electrostatic spray apparatus and method for spraying coating
materials having conductivities ranging from moderately conductive
to highly conductive, which is characterized by freedom from
electrical shock and ignition hazards occasioned by a grounded
operator inadvertently contacting the hose and/or grounding it
during use in an explosive atmosphere. Included is a spray gun
which can be moved relative to a stationary source of coating
material, an improved shock-free and ignition-free conduit for
transporting under pressure moderately and/or highly electrically
conductive coating materials from the stationary supply to the
movable gun, and a source of high voltage unidirectional current
for electrostatically charging the coating material prior to
deposition thereof onto the article being coated.
Inventors: |
Tamny; Simon Z. (Lorain,
OH), Hastings; Donald R. (Elyria, OH), Wilhelm; Frederick
R. (Avon Lake, OH) |
Assignee: |
Nordson Corporation (Amherst,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22936118 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/247,730 |
Filed: |
April 26, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
239/3;
239/707 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
5/1616 (20130101); B05B 5/1608 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
5/00 (20060101); B05B 5/16 (20060101); B05b
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/3,15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Kashnikow; A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wood, Herron & Evans
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of electrostatically spraying at least moderately
electrically conductive coating material comprising the steps
of:
electrically charging the coating material to a high voltage prior
to deposition thereof on an object to be coated,
supplying the coating material to a spraying device through a
hollow conduit having a wall structure in contact with said coating
material which is substantially chemically inert and impermeable to
said coating, said conduit through which said coating is supplied
being constructed to withstand dielectric breakdown when subjected
to the coating charging voltage, and
removing, from the exterior surface of said conduit, electrical
charge which has been conducted radially through said conduit from
electrically charged coating material in said conduit.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said charge-removing step includes
conducting electrical charge from the exterior surface of said
conduit by electrically connecting said exterior conduit surface at
a point proximate said spray device to a potential source having a
potential substantially lower than the coating charging
potential.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said charge-removing step includes
conducting electrical charge from the exterior surface of said
conduit by electrically connecting said exterior conduit surface at
a point proximate the coating supply to a potential source having a
potential substantially lower than the coating charging
potential.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said charge-removing step includes
conducting electrical charge from the exterior surface of said
conduit by electrically connecting said exterior conduit surface at
a first point proximate said spray device and at a second point
proximate said coating supply to a potential substantially lower
than the coating charging potential.
5. An electrostatic spray coating system comprising:
a supply of at least moderately electrically conductive coating
material,
a source of high voltage unidirectional electrical current,
a coating spraying device located remote from said coating supply
for spraying coating material onto an object to be coated, said
object being maintained at an electrical potential different from
said high voltage source,
an electrically conductive element electrically connected to said
high voltage source and located to electrically charge said coating
material prior to coating said object, and
a coating conduit interconnecting said spraying device and said
coating supply having a bore through which coating material is
transported from said coating supply to said spray device, said
conduit including
a. an inner zone surrounding said bore, said inner zone including
material which is substantially chemically inert and impermeable to
said coating material,
b. an outer zone of electrically conductive material surrounding
said inner zone, said outer zone being electrically connected to a
source of electrical potential substantially lower than said
potential of said high voltage source, and
c. an intermediate zone between said inner and outer zones, said
intermediate zone including dielectric material,
said inner and intermediate zones having dielectric constants and
radial thicknesses selected to avoid dielectric breakdown therein
when subjected to the potential difference existing between 1) the
interface of said transported coating and inner zone and 2) said
outer zone,
said inner and intermediate zones having resistivities collectively
permitting electrical current leakage from said transported coating
in said bore to said outer zone in an amount which, if allowed to
accumulate, would electrically charge said outer zone to a
measurable level and produce unsafe operator electrical shock
and/or explosive atmosphere ignition hazards.
6. An electrostatic spray coating system comprising:
a supply of at least moderately electrically conductive coating
material,
a source of high voltage unidirectional electrical current,
a coating spraying device located remote from said coating supply
for spraying coating material onto an object to be coated, said
object being maintained at an electrical potential different from
said high voltage source,
an electrically conductive element electrically connected to said
high voltage source and located to electrically charge said coating
material prior to coating said object, and
a coating conduit interconnecting said spraying device and said
coating supply having a bore through which coating material is
transported from said coating supply to said spray device, said
conduit including
a. a first zone surrounding said bore, said first zone including
electrically conductive material connected to a source of
electrical potential substantially lower than said potential of
said high voltage source, and
b. a second zone between said bore and said first zone, said second
zone including material which is substantially chemically inert and
impermeable to said coating material, said second zone including
dielectric material constructed to avoid dielectric breakdown
therein when subjected to the potential difference existing between
1) said transported coating and 2) said first zone, said second
zone having a resistivity permitting electrical current leakage
therethrough from said transported coating in said bore to said
first zone in an amount which would, if allowed to accumulate,
electrically charge said second zone to a measurable level and
produce unsafe operator electrical shock and/or explosive
atmosphere ignition hazards.
7. An electrostatic spray coating system comprising:
a supply of at least moderately electrically conductive coating
material,
a coating spraying device located remote from said coating supply
for spraying coating material onto an object to be coated, said
object being maintained at an electrical potential different from
said high voltage source,
coating charging apparatus for electrically charging said coating
material prior to coating said object, and
a coating conduit interconnecting said spraying device and said
coating supply, said conduit including a bore through which coating
material is transported from said coating supply to said spray
device, said conduit including
a. a first zone surrounding said bore in electrical contact with
said transported coating, said first zone including dielectric
material for avoiding dielectric breakdown of said first zone when
contacted by electrically charged coating material transported in
said bore, and
b. a second zone surrounding said first zone, said second zone
including electrically conductive material connected to an
electrical potential source of lower potential than the potential
of said transported coating for preventing accumulation of
electrical charge radially interiorly of said second zone
occasioned by electrical current conduction radially through said
first zone.
8. An electrostatic spray coating system comprising:
a supply of at least moderately electrically conductive coating
material,
a coating spraying device located remote from said coating supply
for spraying coating material onto an object to be coated, said
object being maintained at an electrical potential different from
said high voltage source,
coating charging apparatus for electrically charging said coating
material prior to coating said object, and
a coating conduit inteconnecting said spraying device and said
coating supply, said conduit including a bore through which coating
material is transported from said coating supply to said spray
device, said conduit including
a. a dielectric wall surrounding said bore and having a zone in
contact with the coating which is substantially chemically inert
and impermeable to said coating, said dielectric wall withstanding
electrical breakdown when subjected to the coating charging
potential, said dielectric wall permitting only an insubstantial
electrical current flow in a radial dirction, and
b. charge conduction means for removing charge from said wall
occasioned by said radial electrical current conduction.
9. An electrostatic coating spray system comprising:
a coating spray device,
an antenna fixed relative to said spray device,
a source of high voltage unidirectional current, said source
electrically connected to said antenna to electrostatically charge
coating material prior to deposition thereof on an object to be
coated,
a source of moderately conductive coating material,
a hollow coating conduit interconnecting said coating source and
said spray device for transporting coating material to said spray
device, said conduit having a dielectric wall with a zone in
contact with the coating which is substantially chemically inert
and impermeable to said coating, said wall constructed to withstand
dielectric breakdown when subjected to an electrical potential by
electrically charged coating material in said conduit, and
charge removal means electrically connected to the exterior surface
of the said dielectric wall for removing therefrom electrical
charge which has been conducted radially through said wall from
electrically charged coating material in said conduit.
10. An electrostatic coating spray system of claim 9 wherein said
dielectric wall has an electrical resistance sufficiently low to
permit electrical current to flow therethrough from said charged
coating in said conduit in an amount which would, if allowed to
accumulate, electrically charge said exterior surface of said
dielectric wall to a measurable level and produce unsafe operator
electrical shock and/or explosive atmosphere ignition hazards.
Description
This invention relates to electrostatic spray coating, and more
particularly to an apparatus and method for electrostatically spray
coating moderately and highly electrically conductive coating
materials which is relatively free of shock and ignition hazards
occasioned by inadvertent contact of the coating supply conduit by
a grounded operator and/or grounding of the conduit in an explosive
atmosphere.
Coating materials sprayed on objects to be coated can be
categorized, from the standpoint of their electrical conductivity,
as falling into one of three categories, namely, low, intermediate
or moderate, and high conductivity coatings. Coating resistivities
in the general range of 2.times.10.sup.5 ohm-centimeters to
10.sup.6 ohm-centimeters are considered to be in the intermediate
or moderate conductivity range, while coating materials having
electrical conductivities below and above this range are viewed as
falling in the low and high conductivity categories, respectively.
While specific conductivity values have been used to define low,
intermediate and high conductivity ranges, it is understood that
these conductivity values are arbitrary and relative, and employed
only for the purpose of illustration. Accordingly, a coating
material having a resistivity above or below the range of
2.times.10.sup.5 -- 10.sup.6 ohm-centimeters could conceivably be
considered as an intermediate or moderate conductivity coating
material, notwithstanding that it falls near, although without, the
specific numerical range noted. Similarly, a coating material with
a resistivity between 2.times.10.sup.5 ohm-centimeters and 10.sup.6
ohm-centimeters, although near one or the other of these limits,
may possibly be considered as either a high or low conductivity
coating depending on to which end of the intermediate range it is
closest.
Heretofore there has been no commercially feasible method or
apparatus for electrostatically spraying moderate conductivity and
high conductivity coating materials which is free from shock and
ignition hazards occasioned by inadvertent contact with the coating
supply hose by a grounded operator or inadvertent grounding of the
hose in an explosive environment. While there have been proposals
generally aimed at achieving electrostatic spraying of moderate and
high conductivity coating materials, none have been entirely free
of safety hazards.
For example, it has been proposed to electrostatically spray high
conductivity coating materials with apparatus which includes, among
other things, a spray gun equipped with a high voltage antenna
proximate the spray nozzle for electrostatically charging emitted
coating particles, and a remote spray tank which is electrically
isolated from ground potential and connected to the gun by a hose.
However, in accordance with this proposal, since the coating
material is highly conductive, the high voltage applied to the
coating material by the charging antenna is transmitted back
through the hose to the stationary supply tank by the column of
highly conductive coating material in the hose, with the result
that the coating in the hose along the entire length thereof is at
the high electrical charging potential. The high voltage column of
coating material in the hose produces, along the entire length of
the hose, a large voltage across the hose wall in a radial
direction. This large radial electrical potential produces current
leakage radially through the hose wall along the length thereof due
to the fact that the hose wall does not have infinite resistivity.
The leakage current accumulates electrical charge on the exterior
surface of the hose wall. Should a grounded operator inadvertently
contact the hose at any point along its length, the accumulated
electrical charge will discharge to ground through the operator,
electrically shocking the operator. Similarly, should the
electrically charged hose inadvertently be grounded anywhere along
its length, and thereby discharge, a safety hazard is created by
virtue of the possibility of ignition should the discharge occur in
an explosive atmosphere as is the case when flammable,
solvent-based coatings are used.
In an alternate proposal for electrostatically spraying highly
conductive coatings, which avoids the need for a high voltage
charging antenna in the gun, the coating material is
electrostatically charged at the supply tank and transmitted
through the hose to the gun in an electrically charged condition.
However, the same safety problem exists as with the charged gun
antenna since the entire column of paint in the hose is at a high
electrical potential, and steps must be taken to avoid, at any
point along the hose, inadvertent hose contact by a grounded
operator and/or accidental hose grounding if operator shock and/or
ignition is to be avoided.
Even in electrostatic spray coating applications where the coating
material is only moderately conductive, the high voltage
electrostatic charging potential applied to the gun antenna, while
not transmitted back along the entire length of the hose by virtue
of the increased resistance of the column of moderately conductive
coating material in the hose, is nevertheless a safety hazard.
Specifically, because of the moderate conductivity of the coating
material, a voltage approximating the high charging voltage present
at the gun antenna will be applied for some distance back through
the hose column of coating material in that portion of the supply
hose adjacent the gun, with a gradual reduction in voltage as the
distance from the gun increases. The presence of this gradually
diminishing high voltage in the supply hose results in a
substantial voltage being applied radially across the hose wall for
a significant distance from the gun. This voltage produces a
leakage current radially through the hose wall due to the small,
yet not insignificant hose conductivity. This leakage current
accumulates measurable electrical charge on the exterior surface of
the hose for a substantial portion of its length. Should an
operator inadvertently contact the hose anywhere in the length
which is electrically charged, the operator will be subjected to an
electrical shock. Similarly, should the electrically charged hose
inadvertently be grounded anywhere along the charged length, and
thereby discharged, there is a possibility of ignition as a
consequence of the flammable nature of the atmosphere which exists
when flammable solvent-based coatings are used.
Theoretically, the electrically charged hose problems described
above could be obviated by increasing the radial thickness of the
hose to a point such that radial current leakage through the hose
wall, occasioned by the presence therein of electrically charged
coating material, is reduced to zero or a nonhazardous value near
zero. However, from a commercial standpoint such a solution is
impractical, or at the very least highly disadvantageous. For
example, if the radial thickness of the hose is increased to a
point where current leakage in a radially outward direction is zero
or a nonhazardous value near zero, the wall thickness of the hose
will be so large as to render the hose relatively inflexible. Since
a vast number of electrostatic spray coating applications require
that the spray gun be susceptive of movement relative to the
stationary coating supply tank, it is absolutely essential in these
applications that the coating supply hose be flexible to permit the
required movement of the gun relative to the tank.
A further disadvantage of increasing the radial thickness of the
supply hose wall to a point such that radial current leakage
through the hose wall is zero or a nonhazardous value near zero is
that over a period of use the coating material will permeate
radially through at least a portion of the supply hose wall due to
the fact that the supply hose is not completely impermeable to the
coating material. As a consequence, the resistivity of the supply
hose wall now permeated by the coating is reduced to a point where
measurable radial current leakage through the hose wall exists,
producing a charged hose exterior which, as noted, produces hazards
of electrical shock and/or ignition should the hose be accidentally
contacted by the operator or grounded in a flammable
atmosphere.
Similarly, and due to the fact that the hose wall is not completely
chemically inert to the coating material, at least some portion of
the interior hose wall will be dissolved by the coating material.
This increases the voltage gradient across the wall which, if
sufficient, electrically breaks down the wall. Even if dielectric
breakdown does not occur, dissolution of a portion of the hose wall
reduces the electrical path length radially through the wall,
resulting in increased current leakage through the wall for a given
applied voltage, in turn increasing the likelihood of shock or
ignition hazards. Thus, in practice, even a hose wall initially so
thick as to avoid hazardous current leakage will, eventually,
become hazardous due to permeation and/or dissolution of the hose
wall by the coating material.
It has been a principal objective of this invention to provide an
apparatus and method for electrostatically spraying moderately
and/or highly conductive coating materials which are free of safety
hazards occasioned by inadvertent contacting by the operator of the
coating supply hose and/or accidental grounding of the hose in an
explosive environment. This objective has been accomplished in
accordance with certain principles of this invention by a very
simple and effective, yet highly unobvious, approach which
comprehends interconnecting a spraying device, such as a gun or the
like, and the remotely located coating supply tank, pump or similar
coating source, with a coating supply conduit characterized, first,
by having an inner, coating-encircling dielectric zone sufficient
to withstand dielectric breakdown when subjected to the charging
voltage by electrically charged coating material in contact
therewith; and, second, by having an outer, dielectric-encircling
electrically conductive zone to remove from the exterior of the
conduit electrical charge flowing radially through the dielectric
zone, thereby avoiding charge accumulation on the conduit exterior
and the attendant increase in shock and ignition hazards.
The coating supply conduit of this invention tolerates radial
charge leakage through the coating supply conduit wall, which
leakage in practice cannot be avoided, at least where flexible
hoses and extended useful hose life are desiderata, and yet avoids
the accumulation of charge on the outer surface of the conduit. As
a consequence of this radial charge leakage tolerance, the conduit
accommodates some permeation and dissolution of the inner hose wall
by the coating material, permitting the conduit to be safely used
for an extended period free of hazards in the form of operator
electrical shock should the operator inadvertently contact the
conduit and/or ignition should the conduit inadvertently be
grounded in an explosive atmosphere.
Since the conduit of this invention safely conducts away electrical
charge radially transported through the conduit wall, thereby
avoiding hazardous charge accumulation on the conduit exterior, the
conduit wall need not have a thickness of such proportions that
radial current flow through the conduit wall is zero or near zero.
Since a zero radial current leakage wall thickness is not
necessary, a wall thickness can be selected which permits
flexibility of the conduit as is necessary in many electrostatic
spray coating applications where the spray gun must be moved
relative to the coating supply tank, pump or the like.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the
dielectric zone of the conduit wall is faced, on its interior
surface, with material which is substantially chemically inert, as
well as relatively impermeable, to the coating material. By virtue
of the impermeable and inert interior surface of the dielectric
zone, the dielectric breakdown resistance zone can be fabricated of
a dielectric material which itself is somewhat more permeable
and/or chemically active with respect to the coating material. This
is often desirable, particularly where flexibility of the conduit
is essential, because impermeable and inert dielectrics are often
stiff, and it therefore is advantageous to use as the dielectric
breakdown resistant wall material a somewhat more permeable and
chemically active dielectric which as a rule is generally more
flexible.
These and other advantages and objectives of the invention will
become more readily apparent from a detailed description of the
preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional elevational view (taken
through the electrical and coating flow passages) of a manually
operated electrostatic air spray gun and coating material supply
tank shown connected by the novel conduit of this invention to
provide an electrostatic spray coating system capable of safely
spraying moderately and highly conductive coating materials;
FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional elevational view of the gun of
FIG. 1 taken through the air flow passages; and
FIG. 3 is an end elevational view of the spray gun of FIGS. 1 and
2, showing the lines along which the sectional views of FIGS. 1 and
2 are taken.
Electrostatic spray coating systems of the general type to which
this invention relates typically include as a principal component
thereof an electrostatic spray gun. The gun has a handle designed
to be manually grasped in use by the operator and a barrel which at
its forward end terminates in a nozzle. A spray of finely divided,
or atomized, particles of coating material, such as paint, lacquer,
enamel, or the like flows from the gun nozzle toward the object
being coated when an actuator on the handle, such as a trigger, is
actuated by the operator. An electrode, electrically insulated from
the gun handle, trigger, and barrel is mounted in the nozzle and
maintained at a high d.c. potential, e.g., 75 Kv, for
electrostatically charging the coating particles as they leave the
nozzle. Electrostatic charging of the particles enhances, for well
known reasons, the deposition of the coating on the article being
coated, which is typically maintained at ground potential. A source
of coating material is connected to the barrel of the gun via a
flexible conduit, hose, or supply line. Actuation of the trigger
activates a flow valve in the gun to permit the flow of coating
material to the nozzle whereat it is atomized and emitted as a
spray. Electrostatic spray systems also typically include an
electrical power pack or booster supply for transforming
commercially available low voltage power to high d.c. voltages
which are applied to the gun electrode for electrostatically
charging the coating particle.
Depending upon whether or not the gun is of the "air" type, wherein
atomization of the liquid coating stream is effected by impact of
an air stream with the liquid coating stream, a source of air may
or may not be connected to the gun via an air line for impinging
air on the liquid stream in the region of the nozzle. If the spray
gun is of the "airless" type, wherein atomization of the coating
particles in the region of the nozzle is effected hydraulically,
the air line may be omitted.
With reference to the drawings, an electrostatic spray gun 10 is
illustrated which is of the air-operated type, relying upon the
impact of an air stream with a liquid coating stream to effect
atomization of the coating material. While the preferred embodiment
of the invention is described as applied to an air gun, it should
be understood that the invention is equally applicable to other
types of electrostatic manual and automatic spray guns and
systems.
The gun 10, considered in more detail in connection with FIGS. 1
and 2, comprises an electrically conductive metal handle assembly
11 contoured to be conveniently grasped by the operator, an
elongated electrically insulative barrel assembly 12 and an
insulative nozzle assembly 13. The handle assembly 11 is generally
made from a metal casting, such as aluminum, and includes an air
inlet 16, a trigger actuated air flow control valve 17, and a
trigger 18 for controlling the flow of air through the valve 17.
There is also an adjustable air valve 20 in the gun handle 11 for
controlling the shape or "fan" of the coating spray emitted from
the gun. The air inlet port 16 opens into a generally vertical air
passage 21 which communicates with a transverse counterbored air
valve passage 22. The air passage 22 in turn communicates with a
pair of horizontal air lines 23, 24 in the handle assembly 11 which
in turn communicate with horizontal passages 25, 26 of the barrel
assembly 12.
The barrel assembly 12 is made from an electrically insulative
material, such as one of the common plastics, and includes the main
body section 27 through which the pair of air lines or passages 25,
26 extend, as well as the material flow control passage 35 and an
electrical flow control passage 36. The material flow control
passage 35 is intersected by an inclined passage 37 through which
coating material is supplied from a coating supply tank 33 to the
passage 35 via the novel coating conduit 38 of this invention, to
be described in more detail later, which has its end 38-1 connected
to the gun. The section of coating hose 38 adjacent the lower end
of the handle is supported by an electrically conductive bracket
assembly 40 which establishes electrical continuity between the
outer surface, skin, or zone 38A of the conduit 38 and the
electrically conductive handle 11. The bracket assembly 40 includes
an angled conductive metal strap 40A having its one end fastened to
the handle butt 11A via a threaded screw fastener 39. The other end
of the strap 40A is apertured to receive an externally threaded
electrically conductive metal collar 40B. Collar 40B has a flared
bore section 40C which slidingly engages the exterior surface of
conduit sheath, skin, or zone 38A, and an unflared bore section
40D. A second electrically conductive metal collar 40E is provided
which threadedly engages the collar 40B. A frusto-conical section
40F of collar 40E fits between flared bore 40C of collar 40B and
the exterior surface of conduit sheath 38A. As collar 40E is
screwed down over collar 40B, collar section 40F is wedged against
the exterior conduit sheath 38A, to establish an electrical
connection between sheath 38A and collar 40E. Since collars 40E and
40B, as well as strap 40A, are electrically conductive, the sheath
38A is electrically connected to conductive handle 11.
Air flow in the passage 26 of the barrel is controlled by the
trigger actuated valve 17, while air flow in the passage 25 is
regulated by the valve 20 of the handle. At the forward end of the
barrel body 27, a passage (not shown) through the nozzle assembly
13 communicates between the air flow passage 26 and a passage 41 of
the nozzle assembly 13. This latter passage 41 is located between a
fluid nozzle 42 and an air nozzle 43, and is open at the front so
that it defines an annular air passage 44 around the coating
orifice (not shown) of the fluid nozzle 42. Air issuing from this
air passage 44 impinges with the stream of coating issuing from the
coating orifice of the nozzle 42 and at least coarsely atomizes
coating the stream. There may be additional ports of the air nozzle
43 connected with the air passage 26 to further atomize the coating
stream. There are also a pair of fan-shaping ports (not shown)
located in a pair of horns 45 of the air nozzle 43 which
communicates through a passage of the air nozzle 43 with the
passage 25 of the barrel 27. Adjustment of the valve 20 controls
the amount of flow of air issuing from the horns 45 of the nozzle
and thus the degree of "fan" formed by the atomized spray.
Flow of coating through the coating nozzle 42 is controlled by a
valve 50 located at the forward end of the passage 35. The valve
comprises a metal seat 47 located in a counterbored recess 48 and a
movable metal needle 51. At its forward end the needle 51 is
receivable in an axial aperture of the seat 47 to close the valve
and preclude the passage of coating into and through the nozzle
assembly 13. The needle 51 at its opposite end is attached to the
trigger 18 so that in addition to controlling the flow of air
through the gun, the trigger controls the flow of coating through
the gun. The connection of the trigger to the air valve 17 and to
the coating valve 50 is such that the air valve 17 always opens
upon initiation of paint flow.
All of the components of the coating control valve 50 are made from
insulative material except for the needle 51, a biasing spring 52,
an intermediate needle section 55, and a trigger connecting needle
section 53. Consequently, the nonconductive components of the
coating valve 50 maintain an electrical stand-off between the
electrically conductive elements at the forward end of the gun and
the metal conductive elements, particularly the handle, at the rear
of the gun. Also, reduction of conductive components in contact
with the coating reduces the capacity of the gun for build-up of
capacitive energy which could arc to ignite the volatile atmosphere
or shock the operator, thereby maximizing safety in a further
respect.
The coating material nozzle 42 is made from an electrically
nonconductive material which is threaded into a counterbore 57 in
the forward end of the body 27. It has an axial passage or bore
(not shown) which opens into the rear of the counterbore 57. The
rear of the counterbore 57 in turn communicates with the central
aperture of the valve seat 47 via a passage 58 such that coating
material passing through the aperture of the valve seat 47 may
enter and pass through the axial passage in the coating nozzle 42.
The axial passage in the coating nozzle 42 terminates in a small
diameter outlet for discharge of a solid stream or jet of coating
material.
The air nozzle 43 is also made from an electrically nonconductive
material. It is threaded over a threaded sector of the barrel and
has air passages which connect the ports and the horns 45 to the
fan air control passage 25 of the barrel.
An antenna or electrode 61 protrudes from the orifice of the
coating nozzle 42. A high unidirectional d.c. potential, e.g., 75
Kv, is supplied to the antenna 61 via an insulated electrical
conductor 62 which interconnects the gun and power supply. The
cable 62 is a conventional flexible coaxial cable within which
there is a central electrical conductor surrounded by an insulating
sheath, a conductive grounding sheath, and an encasing sheath of
insulation. This cable is secured to the gun by conventional
locking plug 63. The electrically conductive portion of the cable
together with its electrically insulating sheath extends upwardly
from the plug 63 into and through a nonconductive hose 64. This
hose fits within the handle of the gun and protrudes from the
forward handle end into the barrel wherein the central electrically
conductive portion of the cable connects to the antenna 61 via a
resistor 66 and other suitable connecting members such as spring
65, lead 67, and spring 68. The conductive grounding sheath is
electrically connected to the gun handle 11 by the conductive
locking plug 63 to effectively ground the handle 11, as well as
ground via conductive bracket 40 the exterior sheath or surface 38A
of the coating supply hose 38.
The coating supply tank 33 is conventional in design and includes a
metallic container 72, preferably aluminum, capable of holding
anywhere from 1 gallon to 50 gallons of coating material 73. The
tank 33 is provided with a selectively removable aluminum cover 74
which in use is held in sealing engagement with the
coating-containing tank via circumferentially spaced clamps 75, one
of which is shown. An air conduit 76 formed in the tank cover 74
communicates the interior 77 of the tank above the level of the
coating 73 with a source of pressurized air (not shown) for
maintaining the coating under pressure. With the coating in the
tank 33 pressurized, the coating is pressure fed to the conduit 38
and thence to the spray gun 10 via a conductive metal tube 78. Tube
78 has its upper end passing through the tank cover 74 to
communicate with the remote end 38-2 of the coating conduit 38 and
its lower end immersed in the pressurized coating 73. An agitating
mechanism 80 in the form of an impeller 81 fixed to the end of a
shaft 82 driven by a motor 83 extends into the coating material 73
for the purpose of insuring that the coating is maintained in a
homogeneous state.
When moderately conductive coatings are being used, the resistance
of the column of coating in the conduit 38, which often is 25 feet
or longer in length, is sufficient to prevent the high voltage
charging potential at the gun antenna from being applied to any
appreciable extent to the tank 33 or its contents 73. Under such
circumstances, the tank 33, and accordingly the coating cOntents 73
thereof, are electrically connected to ground potential via an
electrically conductive strap or the like (not shown) having one
end electrically connected to the tank and the other end to a
source of ground potential. Such grounding will enable any
electrical charge from the high voltage gun antenna which does leak
to the tank via the coating column in the conduit to be safely
discharged without hazardous electrical charge accumulation in the
tank. When highly conductive coatings are being used, the
conductive tank and coating contents are not electrically grounded
inasmuch as the high voltage charging potential of the gun antenna
is applied to the tank contents via the highly conductive coating
column in the conduit. Instead, the tank is electrically insulated
from ground potential by suitable means, such as shown in copending
application Serial No. 199,114, filed Nov. 16, 1971 in the names of
Hastings et al., assigned to the assignee of this application. The
Hastings et al. application is incorporated herein by
reference.
As noted earlier, this invention has unusual utility in the
spraying of moderately conductive and highly conductive coating
materials. Illustrative of the moderately conductive coating
materials are solvent-based coatings such as enamels and lacquers
wherein the solvent may be acetone, ethanol, methanol,
methyl-ethyl-ketone, or the like. Illustrative of highly conductive
coating materials are water-based enamels. Of course, it should be
understood that this invention can also be utilized to spray low
conductive coating materials.
The novel coating conduit, hose, or supply line 38 of this
invention, in accordance with a preferred form thereof, includes an
electrically conductive outer layer, surface, skin sheath, or zone
38A, an intermediate dielectric breakdown resistant layer, core,
sheath, or zone 38B, and an inner barrier surface, skin, layer,
sheath, or zone 38C. The inner surface or zone 38C is preferably
chemically inert with respect to the coating being transported
within a bore 38D defined thereby such that the surface 38C will
not be significantly corroded, dissolved, eroded, or otherwise
physically or chemically deteriorated by chemical interaction with
the coating being conveyed through the bore. The inner surface 38C
is also preferably essentially impermeable with respect to the
coating conveyed through bore 38D, effectively establishing a
fluid-tight barrier between the coating-transporting bore 38D and
the remaining layers or zones 38B and 38C of the conduit 38. The
establishment of a barrier between the bore 38D and zones 38B and
38C which, with respect to the coating being transported is
substantially fluid-tight, limits possible permeation of the
intermediate dielectric zone 38B by the coating should the latter
zone be permeable, which is often the case where the intermediate
zone is fabricated of flexible dielectric material since many
flexible dielectric materials are permeable to common coating
solvents. Were significant permeation of zone 38C permitted to
occur, an electrically conductive path through the zone 38B could
be established, assuming the latter is permeable, leading to
undesirably high electrical current leakage in a radial direction
through the wall of conduit 38.
The zone 38C can be fabricated of electrically conductive material,
although an insulative material is preferred. One such insulative
material found to be highly desirable for use in fabricating zone
38C when the conduit is used to transport coatings having solvent
bases utilizing acetone, methyl-ethyl-ketone, ethanol, methanol and
the like, is hollow extruded tetrafluro-ethylene tubing.
Preferably, a wall thickness measured in the radial direction of no
more than approximately 40 mils is provided. Since
tetrafluroethylene, which is substantially inert and impermeable to
common organic coating solvents, is relatively stiff, the thickness
of zone 38C should be kept to a minimum to maintain conduit
flexibility. Tetrafluroethylene has a resistivity of approximately
10.sup.18 ohm-centimeters and a dielectric breakdown resistance of
approximately 1,000 volts/mil, and as such resists substantial
radial electrical current flow and dielectric breakdown when
subjected to coating at the charging potential. Obviously, other
compositions can be used to fabricate the inner zone 38C, the
particular composition depending upon the characteristics of the
coating being transported through the bore 38D.
The intermediate core or zone 38B functions, in combination with
the inner zone 38C, to establish a dielectric breakdown resistant
barrier in the radial direction which withstands dielectric
breakdown when the interface between the inner zone 38C and the
coating in bore 38D is subjected to a high voltage as necessarily
occurs when the gun antenna charging voltage is applied to the
interface via the column of moderately or highly conductive coating
in the bore which is in electrical contact with the gun. In a
preferred form of the invention, the intermediate dielectric
breakdown resistant zone or bore 38B is fabricated of extruded
hollow polyethylene tubing having a thickness of approximately 85
mils. Such a construction is relatively flexible, in addition to
having the desired electrical properties of low radial current
leakage and high dielectric breakdown resistance. Specifically,
polyethylene has a resistivity of 10.sup.15 - 10.sup.16
ohm-centimeters and a dielectric breakdown resistance of
approximately 700 volts per mil and, like zone 38C, resists
substantial radial electrical current leakage flow and dielectric
breakdown when subjected to voltages thereacross on the order of
the charging potential. Other dielectric materials could be
utilized depending upon the degree to which it is desired that the
intermediate zone material be chemically inert and impermeable to
the coating. For example, polypropylene and vinyl plastics may be
used although such are more prone to being dissolved or permeated
by organic coating solvents should such permeate through the inner
surface or zone 38A which, in practice, occurs to at least a very
slight extent.
It has been found desirable to fabricate the inner and intermediate
zones 38C and 38B of material which provides a combined, or
average, dielectric strength of approximately 800 volts per mil,
although average, or combined, dielectric strengths ranging between
250 volts per mil and 1,000 volts per mil are satisfactory for
specific applications. If composite dielectric strengths of lesser
values are used, the thickness of the conduit wall measured in the
radial direction may become undesirably large, increasing the bulk
and stiffness of the coating conduit.
The outer electrically conductive zone or surface 38A functions to
leak, or conduct away, to a potential lower than that of the
charged coating in bore 38D, e.g., to ground potential, electrical
charge which has flowed radially through the inner and intermediate
zones 38C and 38B. Some charge flow does occur in practice due to
the less than infinite resistivity and impermeability of the
materials of zones 38B and 38C, which resistivity and
impermeability tend to degrade with time and use. The charge
removal function of outer conductive zone 38A prevents the
accumulation or build-up of electrical charge on the outer surface
of the conduit 38. Such charge accumulation would present a safety
hazard in the form of an electrical shock to a grounded operator
inadvertently contacting the hose, or ignition if the exterior
surface of the conduit were inadvertently grounded in an explosive
atmosphere, since in each case the accumulated charge on the
exterior of the conduit would discharge to ground.
In a preferred form, where resistance to abrasion is desired, the
outer zone 38A is fabricated of an electrically conductive plastic,
such as carbon-loaded polyurethane having a wall thickness measured
in a radial direction of approximately 20 mils. Of course, other
electrically conductive plastics may be used, and a description of
such may be found in ASME Publication 66-MD-31 entitled "Conductive
Plastics" by Irving Litant, and in Machine Design, "Conductive
Plastics" by Irving Litant, Oct. 16, 1969, Pages 168-172.
Alternatively, outer zone 38A may be an electrically conductive
metallic foil, sheath, or the like of copper, silver, aluminum or
similar conductive material.
Since in practice there is some current leakage radially through
the wall of the conduit 38 to outer surface of the conduit from the
interface of zone 38C and electrically charged coating, and further
since such current leakage is distributed in varying amounts along
the longitudinal axis of the conduit, the conduction to ground of
the radial leakage current by the exterior zone 38A necessarily
produces a voltage drop in an axial direction along the length of
the conductive zone 38A. Since under normal conditions the external
conductive surface 38A will be grounded at two points, namely, at
opposite ends of the conduit where it communicates with the gun 10
and with the tank 33, the radial leakage current charge removal
path measured in an axial direction will have a length equal to
approximately one-half the total length of the conduit. With
conduit lengths of 25 feet, an axial leakage current removal path
of 121/2 feet will be present along the exterior zone 38A assuming
the exterior zone is grounded at both its ends. Of course, if the
conduit zone 38A is grounded at only one end, either the gun or
tank, the leakage current removal path axially along the exterior
conductive zone 38A will have a length equal to the length of the
hose. Since any electrical current flow is necessarily accompanied
by a voltage drop due to the resistance of the conducting material,
the axial leakage current removal flow to ground potential provided
by exterior zone 38A produces a voltage drop in an axial direction
along the surface of the exterior zone 38A. Preferably this voltage
drop should be maintained at a low value, for example, on the order
of 15 volts or less. Accordingly, the resistivity and thickness of
the conductive zone 38A should be selected such that for a given
total radial leakage current through the zones 38C and 38B along
the entire conduit length, and for a given conduit length and
number of ground potential connections, the maximum voltage with
respect to ground potential along the length of the conductive zone
38A is maintained at a safe minimum.
To assure that the desired safe minimum voltage drop along the
length of the external surface 38A is achieved, the carbon-loaded
polyurethane layer or zone 38A of the preferred embodiment may be
supplemented by provision of an external sheath (not shown) of
highly conductive metal, such as copper, in electrical contact
therewith. Alternatively, for the carbon-loaded polyurethane zone
38A a highly conductive metallic layer such as copper, foil, braid,
or the like may be substituted. However, and as noted, a conductive
plastic, such as carbon-loaded polyurethane, is preferred by virtue
of its high abrasion resistant characteristic, and accordingly when
a conductive plastic is utilized, its wall thickness measured in a
radial direction will be determined in part by the thickness
required to give the desired abrasion resistance. Of course, the
wall thickness of the exterior surface 38A measured in a radial
direction will also be determined by the annular cross-sectional
area thereof required to give the desired resistance per unit axial
conduit length such that the voltage drop in the axial direction
along the exterior surface of the conduit will not be undesirably
high.
As noted, conductive conduit zone 38A preferably is grounded at
both its opposite ends 38-1 and 38-2. Where moderately conductive
coating is used and tank 33 is grounded, conduit zone 38A at end
38-2 is electrically connected to the tank by an electrically
conductive fitting 85 having an integral crimpable collar 85A which
surrounds the conductive zone 38A and is in intimate electrical and
physical contact therewith. Fitting 85 is threaded to an
electrically conductive manually operated shut-off valve 87 which
itself is threaded to the conductive coating feed pipe 78 secured
to, and in electrical contact with, grounded tank cover 74. If tank
33 is not grounded, as when highly conductive coatings are used,
zone 38A at conduit end 38-2 can be grounded independently by a
separate ground cable (not shown). Of course, suitable electrical
stand-offs should be provided between the high voltage zone 38C and
the grounded zone 38A at end 38-2.
Conduit zone 38A at conduit end 38-1 is grounded via conductive
bracket 40 mounted to conductive handle 11, as described
earlier.
To provide the desired electrical stand-off between grounded zone
38A of conduit end 38-1 and the inner zone 38C in contact with the
charged coating in bore 38D, insulative fitting 88 is used. Fitting
88 includes an upper insulative end section 89 threaded into the
passage 37 of insulative barrel 12, and a lower insulative end
section 90 threaded to the upper end section 88. Inner conduit zone
38C at its end surrounds an insulative tubular insert 91 located in
bore 38D of the fitting section 89. The tapered upper end of
fitting section 90 surrounds the end of conduit zone 38A and when
threaded into fitting section 89 clamps conduit zone 38A around
insert 91 to seal the connection between bore 38D and gun barrel
passage 37. Conductive conduit zone 38A is received in the bore 92
of fitting section 90 and sealed by an O-ring. The distance between
the foreshortened end of outer conductive conduit zone 38A and the
end of inner conduit zone 38C which contacts the charged coating in
bore 38D provides the necessary electrical stand-off at conduit end
38-1 between conduit zones 38A and 38C. Intermediate dielectric
zone 38B terminates at a point between the ends of zones 38A and
38C.
In the preferred embodiment, a three-layer composite conduit
structure was described to afford the characteristics of a)
flexibility of the overall conduit, b) chemical inertness and c)
impermeableness of the inner zone to the coating, d) resistance of
the conduit to dielectric breakdown when subjected to voltages
applied by the charged coating transported by the conduit, and e)
requisite conductivity of the outer zone for conducting away to a
lower potential radial current leakage through the conduit wall. It
is to be understood that such a three-layer composite conduit is
not the only suitable approach. For example, the inner and
intermediate zones 38C and 38B can be substituted by a single layer
or zone providing such single layer or zone has the requisite
flexibility if such is necessary in the particular application,
inertness and impermeableness to the coating, resistance to
dielectric breakdown when subjected to a high voltage by the
charged coating transported in bore 38D, and a radial electrical
resistance which will limit current leakage in a radial direction
from the charged coating in the bore to a relatively low value,
e.g., below 1 microampere.
The composite conduit of this invention having an inner dielectric
breakdown resistant zone and an outer charge-removing conductive
zone can be used, when filled with an electrically conductive
fluid, as a fluid-state electrical conductor for transporting high
voltage power between two spaced points interconnected by the
conduit. For example, instead of using a conventional solid-state
electrical conductor, such as an insulated copper wire, to conduct
high voltage power from the power pack to the coating charging gun
antenna, the composite conduit of this invention, filled with a
conductive fluid, to thereby establish a fluid-state electrical
conductor, could be employed. The conduit fluid at one end of the
conduit bore would be electrically connected to the gun antenna
while the conduit fluid at the other end of the conduit bore would
be electrically connected to the high voltage power supply. In this
manner, the high voltage at the power supply would be applied to
the gun antenna via the conductive fluid in the conduit bore.
Depending upon whether or not the conductive fluid is an
electrolyte, the mechanism of electrical conduction, or electrical
charge transport will be effected either by ion migration in the
case of an electrolyte or free electron transport if the conductive
fluid is not an electrolyte. The outer conductive conduit zone
would be electrically connected to a source of potential
substantially lower than the potential of the high voltage power
supply.
When the conduit of this invention is used as a fluid-state
electrical conductor, the safety features noted in connection with
its use to transport electrically charged coating material from a
tank to a gun are fully realized. Specifically, the inner
dielectric wall or conduit zone resists dielectric breakdown when
subjected to high voltages by the high voltage conductive fluid in
contact therewith. Additionally, the outer conductive conduit zone
removes charge which would otherwise tend to accumulate on the
exterior of the conduit as a consequence of radial current leakage
through the conduit wall. Since charge accumulation on the conduit
exterior is avoided, electrical shock and ignition hazards due to
inadvertent contacting of the conduit by a grounded operator or
accidental grounding of the conduit are eliminated.
From the foregoing disclosure of the general principles of the
present invention and the above description of the preferred
embodiment, those skilled in the art will readily comprehend
various modifications to which the present invention is
susceptible. Accordingly, we desire to be limited only by the scope
of the following claims:
* * * * *