U.S. patent number 3,792,841 [Application Number 05/231,947] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-19 for liquid and gas contact apparatus.
Invention is credited to Carl Georg Munters.
United States Patent |
3,792,841 |
Munters |
February 19, 1974 |
LIQUID AND GAS CONTACT APPARATUS
Abstract
A contact apparatus for liquid and gas, primarily used in air
conditioning systems, which includes a contact body composed of
first and second sets of corrugated sheets arranged with the sheets
of the first set disposed alternately with the sheets of the second
set. The corrugations of the sheets provide channels for
passageways which penetrate the contact body from edge to edge,
with both horizontal and vertical components of direction. A liquid
distributing means is disposed over the top edge of the contact
body. The channels thus formed are simultaneously passed by a flow
of the gas in one direction and by the liquid in either counterflow
or crossflow directions. The corrugations of the first set of
sheets cross the corrugations of the second set of sheets, at an
acute angle in the range of from 20.degree. to 80.degree.. The
corrugations of the first set of sheets have a greater inclination
to the horizontal plane of the contact apparatus than the
corrugations of the second set of sheets; and the corrugations in
the first set of sheets are inclined upwardly in the direction of
the gas flow; the bisector of the angle of the corrugations of the
respective sheets inclining downwardly opposite to the direction of
gas flow with respect to the horizontal plane of the contact body;
whereby to counteract an undesirable lateral displacement of the
liquid stream caused by the gas flow, and causes the liquid to be
distributed uniformly and causes evenly over the sheets.
Inventors: |
Munters; Carl Georg
(Sollentuna, SW) |
Family
ID: |
20271419 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/231,947 |
Filed: |
March 6, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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813383 |
Feb 28, 1969 |
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380357 |
Jul 6, 1964 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
261/112.2;
261/DIG.11; 96/324 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28F
25/087 (20130101); B01D 53/26 (20130101); F28C
1/04 (20130101); F28C 1/00 (20130101); B01J
19/32 (20130101); B01D 47/06 (20130101); Y02B
30/70 (20130101); B01J 2219/32458 (20130101); B01J
2219/32234 (20130101); B01J 2219/3222 (20130101); Y10S
261/11 (20130101); B01J 2219/32227 (20130101); B01J
2219/3221 (20130101); B01J 2219/32255 (20130101); B01J
2219/32258 (20130101); B01J 2219/32425 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01J
19/32 (20060101); B01D 53/26 (20060101); B01D
47/06 (20060101); F28F 25/08 (20060101); F28F
25/00 (20060101); F28C 1/04 (20060101); F28C
1/00 (20060101); B01f 003/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;261/108,109,110,111,112,DIG.11 ;55/240,241 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Miles; Tim R.
Assistant Examiner: Markowitz; Steven H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Munson; Eric Y.
Parent Case Text
REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of my copending application Ser.
No. 813,383, filed Feb. 28, 1969, now abandoned, which in turn was
a continuation-in-part of earlier copending application Ser. No.
380,357, filed July 6, 1964, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A gas and liquid contact apparatus including a contact body in
which the gas and the liquid flow in cross flow relationship to one
another comprising:
a. a liquid distributing means disposed over the top edge of said
contact body,
b. said contact body being composed of first and second sets of
corrugated sheets having corrugations disposed in a direction
transversely of the horizontal plane of said contact body,
c. said sheets of said first set being disposed alternately with
the sheets of said second set with the corrugations of the said
first set crossing the corrugations of said second set,
d. said crossed corrugations defining passageways penetrating from
edge to edge of said body,
e. the corrugations of said corrugated sheets bearing against one
another in such a way that the sheets touch where the crest of
their respective corrugations cross,
f. the corrugations of said first set of sheets being inclined
upwardly in the direction of the gas flow, the corrugations of said
second set of sheets inclining downwardly in the direction of gas
flow, the inclinations of said crossed corrugations being
non-symmetrical relative to a vertical plane extending
perpendicular to the direction of the gas stream as it enters said
sheets, the corrugations of said first set of sheets having a
greater inclination to said horizontal plane than the corrugations
in said second set of sheets and defining a bisector of the angle
between said corrugations of said two sets of sheets inclining
downwardly in a direction opposite to the direction of the air flow
thereby counteracting a lateral displacement of the liquid stream
over the sheets under action of the gas flow.
2. A gas and liquid contact apparatus including a contact body in
which the gas and the liquid flow in cross flow relationship to one
another comprising:
a. a liquid distributing means disposed over the top edge of said
contact body,
b. said contact body being composed of first and second sets of
corrugated sheets having corrugations disposed in a direction
transversely of the horizontal plane of said contact body,
c. said sheets of said first set being disposed alternately with
the sheets of said second set with the corrugations of the said
first set crossing the corrugations of said second set,
d. said crossed corrugations defining passageways penetrating from
edge to edge of said body,
e. the corrugations of said corrugated sheets bearing against one
another in such a way that the sheets touch where the crest of
their respective corrugations cross,
f. the corrugations of said first set of sheets being inclined
upwardly in the direction of the gas flow, the corrugations of said
second set of sheets inclining downwardly in the direction of gas
flow, the inclinations of said crossed corrugations being
non-symmetrical relative to the gas stream entering edges of said
sets of corrugated sheets, the corrugations of said first set of
sheets having a greater inclination to said horizontal plane than
the corrugations in said second set of sheets and defining a
bisector of the angle between said corrugations of said two sets of
sheets inclining downwardly in a direction opposite to the
direction of the air flow thereby counteracting a lateral
displacement of the liquid stream over the sheets under action of
the gas flow.
3. A structure as set forth in claim 2 in which the angle between
the crossed corrugations of said adjacent sets, taken in the
direction of gas flow, is in the range of from 20.degree. to
80.degree..
4. A structure according to claim 2 in which the angle of
inclination of the bisector is less than 22.5.degree..
5. A structure as set forth in claim 2 wherein
the gas entering edges of said sheets are substantially
vertical.
6. A structure as set forth in claim 2 wherein
the gas entering edges of said sheets are inclined forwardly from
the vertical toward the gas flow, whereby the said different
inclinations of said corrugations relative to the horizontal plane
are achieved.
Description
This invention relates to a gas and liquid contact apparatus
comprising an exchanger packing or contact body disposed within a
casing, said packing being composed of layers or sheets provided
with folds or corrugations, said layers being passed by the two
fluids simultaneously. These fluids may be water and air, one
important field of application being constituted by cooling towers.
In the following description, the invention will be explained in
connection with cooling towers, although it is not limited
thereto.
In copending patent application Ser. No. 290,422, filed June 25,
1963 by Sven Josef Henry Bredberg, now U.S. Pat. 3,262,682, a
contact body or packing is described in which the folds of adjacent
layers cross one another. The channels or interspaces between the
layers are thereby given a continuously varying width, with the
result that the flow direction of the fluids will repeatedly be
changed during the passage through the packing. A packing of this
type has a high efficiency in accomplishing the intended change of
condition, such as the cooling of water.
One main object of the invention is to provide a further
improvement of the contact apparatus of the type set forth.
A further more particular object of the invention is to provide a
contact apparatus of the cross-flute type for use in cross flow
cooling towers in which the angles of inclination between the folds
or corrugations and the direction of the liquid flow are selected
as to obtain an unexpected optimum of exchange between the
fluids.
Due to the fact that two adjacent layers over the whole or the
major part of the area, form the continuous interspace, an effect
on the liquid is produced by a gas flow acting at a crosswise angle
to the direction of flow of the liquid, which tends to produce
lateral displacement of the liquid within the casing. Further, the
liquid may be blown out of the packing, with the gas stream, in the
form of droplets. Such lateral displacement of the liquid,
increases substantially the resistance to the gas flow and causes
the liquid to bubble and foam between the sheets and tends to blow
it out from the fill.
Another object of the invention is to cause the liquid to follow
the layers in a uniform distribution over the entire packing, which
thereby attains maximum capacity and minimizes the pressure drop of
the gas, with consequent saving of fan power and restriction of fan
size. This distribution is of importance also from the point of
view that, if the portion of the packing primarily impacted by the
air is not wetted and rinsed by the water (as, for example, in a
cooling tower) to a sufficient degree, precipitation of salts or
like minerals on the surface of the layers may occur, which within
a short time will block the channels of the packing.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will become
apparent from the following description, considered in connection
with the accompanying drawings which form part of this
specification and of which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical longitudinal section through a cooling tower
constructed according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary view showing a portion of a cooling tower
in a vertical longitudinal section disclosing a modification.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of a packing made
according to the embodiment of FIG. 2.
In all of the Figures, the same reference numerals have been used
for equivalent parts.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, two packings or contact bodies
10 are surrounded by a casing 12, which at its base forms a water
collecting space 14. Water is supplied to the packing from above
through distributors 24, which for ease of simple illustration have
been indicated as stationary devices with escape holes 26 on their
lower side but which also may be of a rotating or otherwise movable
type.
The packing or contact bodies 10 consist of thin layers or sheets,
which preferably are folded or corrugated, and which are positioned
vertically. The folds or corrugations cross one another in adjacent
layers, intersecting at an angle which applicant has discovered to
be critical within certain ranges. They bear against one another
and are bonded together at the points of contact by means of a
suitable binding agent. The lines 28 denote the corrugations in
every second layer, and the lines 30 in the layers therebetween.
Channels or passageways penetrating from one edge to the other of
the packing are thus obtained with both horizontal and vertical
components of direction, said channels or passageways having a
continuously varying width from zero at the points of the contact
between the layers up to double the height of the corrugations. The
height of corrugations preferably falls in a range of from 6 to 20
mm., but this may vary considerably according to design
requirements.
The layers may to advantage be made of fibers of cellulose or
inorganic material such as asbestos. Paper sheets of cellulose or
asbestos are made to retain their strength when wet by impregnation
with a substance suitable for this purpose, as, for instance, a
resin such as a phenolic resin. The layers may also be
interconnected at the points of contact by means of such resin. The
layer may also be subjected to a treatment in a manner disclosed in
my copending patent application, Ser. No. 254,131, filed Jan. 28,
1963 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,307,617 dated Mar. 7, 1967.
The water distributed from above over the entering area of the
packing 10 flows downwardly along both sides of the layers as a
film, following a kind of winding path, and there is accordingly
obtained a very high rate of interaction between the fluids per
unit of surface of the layers. While the water flows down in the
form of a thin film along the layers in a substantially vertical
direction of flow, the gas, such as air, enters through openings 40
located on the same level as one lateral edge of the packing and,
as is indicated by the arrows 42, 44, has a substantially
horizontal direction of flow through the interspaces or channels
existing between the packings. The air escapes through an outlet 18
within which a fan 20 with a driving motor 22 is provided. The
cooled water is withdrawn from the collecting space 14 through a
conduit 34, controlled by a valve 36 disposed therein to be
conveyed to a place of use from which it is recirculated in known
manner to the distributors 24. The level of the water in the
collecting space is controlled by a float mechanism 38 causing
fresh water to be supplied to replace the losses due, for example,
to the evaporation within the contact body. In the embodiment of
FIG. 1, the packings have a rectangular contour and the folds or
corrugations 28 in the one group of layers have the same angle of
inclination as the corrugations or folds 30 in the other group of
layers, relative to the gas stream entering edges of the sets of
corrugated sheets. However, the packings are inclined by being
supported by sloping supports 46 formed with openings 48 for the
escape of the water to the collecting space 14. In this manner the
folds 30, inclined upwardly viewed in the flow direction 42 of the
air, are given a steeper angle of inclination in relation to a
horizontal plane than if the planar surface of the supports
coincide with the horizontal plane. Further, the inclination of the
folds 28, which extend downwardly as viewed in the direction of the
air stream 42, is reduced. The corrugations of the folds 30 are
inclined upwardly in the direction of the gas flow. This
arrangement has the result that means are provided within the
packing which produce a retaining effect on the water during its
downward flow so as to minimize any tendency of said water to be
entrained with the air stream. Assuming that the air stream is
interrupted, the above inclination of the packing has the result
that the water would tend to flow in a direction towards that
lateral edge of the packing which faces opening 40. On the other
hand, the air stream tends to blow the downwardly flowing water
toward the air discharge side. These two factors will, according to
the invention, counterbalance one another so as to insure a uniform
distribution of the water over the whole packing.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, the packing 10 is
mounted so as to have its edges coincide with a horizontal and
vertical plane respectively. Instead, the folds or corrugations
have been given such inclination as to cause the folds 30 belonging
to the one group of layers to form a larger angle to the horizontal
plane than the folds 28 belonging to the layers crossing the first
named group of layers. In this way, the same effect is obtained as
with the preceding embodiment.
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, the angle of
inclination of the corrugations respective seen from the intake
side for the air or to the horizontal plane, is less than
45.degree., such as 20.degree. to 35.degree.. It should thus be
understood that the angle between the corrugations of the
respective folds 30 and 28 should be less than 90.degree.. It also
follows from the foregoing that the bisector of the angle between
corrugations of the respective folds will slope downwardly toward
the air intake side of the packing as clearly shown in FIG. 2. In
the latter view the angle between the corrugations of the folds 30
and 28 is shown as being 40.degree.. Thus, the angle of inclination
of the fold 30 is 30.degree. to the horizontal plane of the
packing, and the angle of inclination of the fold 28 is 10.degree.
thereto. It follows, therefore, that the bisector would have a
downward slope relative to the horizontal plane of the packing of
10.degree. .
On the other hand, referring to FIG. 2, if the corrugations 28 and
30 should have a slope angle of 45.degree. in opposite direction to
the horizontal, the slope of the bisector will be 0.degree.. Thus,
the highest value for the bisector, consequently, will be obtained
if the upwardly sloping angle of corrugations 30 is 45.degree.
while the downwardly sloping angle of corrugations 28 approximates
0.degree.. It follows, therefore, that the upper limit for the
bisector will be slightly more than 22.5.degree. .
The retaining component of the force acting on the water will, of
course, become greater the more the folds 30 incline upwardly and
the less the folds 28 incline downwardly, viewed in the direction
of flow of the air.
The liquid may be constituted by a salt solution such as a solution
of a hygroscopic salt in water. Instead of water, other liquids
having high vapor pressure may come into consideration. The
invention may also be applied to a water heater, for instance, in
order to utilize the exhaust heat in an air stream.
Careful test and performance data indicate that the selection of
the proper angular geometry for cross-flute fill for use in
cross-flow towers, as disclosed herein is of critical importance in
order to attain the objects of the invention. Tests have verified
that in a packing according to this invention the water flows as
thin films along both sides of the individual sheets. Said films
get a lateral component of flow which is greater for the
corrugations 30 than for the corrugations 28 corresponding to the
inclined bisector. When the film following one sheet in an inclined
direction downwardly meets a contact point between said sheet and
the adjacent sheet the flow of the film is changed to the opposite
direction when being taken over by the crossing corrugations of
said adjacent sheet. The effect will be that the films are
maintained along the sheets when the horizontal wind draft
exercises a lateral force on the films in opposite direction to the
lateral component resulting from the inclined besector according to
the invention. Over the structure shown in the Bredberg patent the
unobvious result is obtained that the film flow will be undisturbed
up to much higher water loads and air velocities. It should be
noted that without the inclined besector the film is torn away from
the sheets so that the water is collected to drops which
momentarily more or less closes the spaces between the sheets and
are then carried out by the air laterally of the packing while at
the same time the pressure losses for the air flow becomes highly
increased.
The invention has greatly increased the efficiency of the crossflow
units of the type disclosed herein, which despite their compact
size, show highly improved thermal and air pressure drop factors.
In the lathe structure, as heretofore commonly used, the depth of
filling bodies in the direction of movement of the air current
varied between one meter up to several meters, while in the present
crossflow structure of the invention the depth ranges from a few
decimeters to a maximum of one to two meters.
In defining the critical range for the angle between the
corrugations, it is noted that the angle must be an acute angle,
taken in the direction of the gas flow. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2,
the angle in question is the angle between the lines 28 and 30,
opening in the direction of the gas flow 42.
* * * * *