U.S. patent number 3,792,700 [Application Number 05/230,753] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-19 for apparatus and method of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart of a human with armpit located electrodes.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Survival Technology, Inc.. Invention is credited to Herbert E. Reinhold, Jr., Stanley J. Sarnoff.
United States Patent |
3,792,700 |
Sarnoff , et al. |
February 19, 1974 |
APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MONITORING THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE
HEART OF A HUMAN WITH ARMPIT LOCATED ELECTRODES
Abstract
Apparatus and method for quickly, easily and reliably monitoring
the electrical activity of the heart of a human. In the exemplary
embodiment there is provided an electrode construction for use with
well-known cardiac monitoring means comprising a carbon impregnated
plastic body having a conductive grid embedded therein with a lead
electrically connected thereto and extending from the body. These
electrodes are adapted for placement and retention in the user's
armpits to pick up the heartbeat signal and transmit it to the
cardiac monitor.
Inventors: |
Sarnoff; Stanley J. (Bethesda,
MD), Reinhold, Jr.; Herbert E. (River Vale, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Survival Technology, Inc.
(Bethesda, MD)
|
Family
ID: |
22866425 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/230,753 |
Filed: |
March 1, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/384 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B
5/332 (20210101); A61B 5/0006 (20130101); A61B
5/411 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
5/00 (20060101); A61B 5/0404 (20060101); A61B
5/0402 (20060101); A61b 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/2.5P,2.5R,2.5T,2.6E,2.6F,2.6R,2.1E,DIG.4 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Kamm; William E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Witherspoon and Lane
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart of a
human under one of a variety of conditions including self
monitoring under emergency conditions by the use of a portable
battery operated monitoring apparatus which includes a pair of
electrode bodies having exterior surface means for enabling the
bodies to be easily positioned in the armpits of the human to be
monitored and to be conveniently and comfortably self-retained in
such position solely by the human by engagement between the
adjacent arm portions and torso in the armpit areas, said method
comprising the steps of
positioning said electrode bodies within the armpits of the human
to be monitored and self-retaining the same therein solely by the
human by engagement of the bodies between the adjacent arm portions
and torso in the armpit areas,
establishing a conductive circuit from a position spaced from said
bodies which extends through said bodies to the exterior surface
means thereof and between the latter through the torso of the human
through which the electrical impulses within the torso of the human
which trigger the heartbeats of the human are reliably
conducted,
amplifying the electrical impulses conducted in said circuit and
substantially suppressing other electrical signals, such as
artifact and the like, which may be conducted in said circuit,
and
reliably producing output indications representative of the
electrical impulses of the heart of the human.
2. A method of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart of a
human under one of a variety of conditions including self
monitoring under emergency conditions by the use of a portable
battery operated monitoring apparatus which includes a pair of
electrode bodies having dry exterior surface means for enabling the
bodies to be easily positioned in the armpits of the human to be
monitored and to be conveniently and comfortably self-retained in
such position solely by the human by engagement between the
adjacent arm portions and torso in the armpit areas, said method
comprising the steps of
positioning said electrode bodies within the armpits of the human
to be monitored in a dry condition and self-retaining the same
therein solely by the human by engagement of the bodies between the
adjacent arm portions and torso in the armpit areas,
establishing a conductive circuit from a position spaced from said
bodies which extends through said bodies to the dry exterior
surface means thereof and between the latter through the torso of
the human, without the provision of conductive paste or the like
between said dry exterior surface means and the skin engaged
thereby, through which circuit the electrical impulses within the
torso of the human which trigger the heartbeats of the human are
reliably conducted,
amplifying the electrical impulses conducted in said circuit and
substantially suppressing other electrical signals, such as
artifact and the like, which may be conducted in said circuit,
and
reliably producing output indications representative of the
electrical impulses of the heart of the human.
3. Apparatus for monitoring the electrical activity of the heart of
a human under one of a variety of conditions including
self-monitoring under emergency conditions, said apparatus
comprising:
housing means for enabling the same to be easily and conveniently
carried by a human operator,
a pair of separate electrode bodies,
said electrode bodies having exterior surface means for enabling
said bodies to be easily positioned in the armpits of a human to be
monitored and to be conveniently and comfortably self-retained in
such position solely by the human by engagement between the
adjacent arm portions and torso in the armpit areas,
an elongated flexible lead element extending between each electrode
body and said housing means,
electrical conductor means operable when said electrode bodies are
positioned and retained in the armpits of a human as aforesaid, for
establishing an electrical circuit within said housing means which
extends therefrom through said lead elements and through said
electrode bodies to the exterior surface means thereof and between
the latter through the torso of the human through which the
electric impulses within the torso of the human which trigger the
heartbeats of the human are reliably conducted from the torso to
said housing means, and
battery operated electric circuit means carried by said housing
means operable in response to the conducting of said electrical
impulses through the aforesaid electrical circuit by said
electrical conductor means to said housing means to amplify said
electrical impulses and substantially suppress other electrical
signals, such as artifact and the like, which may be conducted in
said circuit, and to reliably produce output indications
representative of the electrical impulses of the heart of the
human.
4. Apparatus as in claim 3 wherein each of said electrode bodies is
formed of electrically conductive material in a three dimensional
configuration defining substantially the entire exterior surface
means thereof for making electrical connection to the substantially
enclosed skin surface areas of the human armpit when the upper arm
is in its normal relaxed position substantially adjacent to the
human body thus maximizing the area of electrical contact with the
human armpit tissues.
5. Apparatus for monitoring the electrical activity of the heart of
a human under one of a variety of conditions including
self-monitoring under emergency conditions, said apparatus
comprising:
housing means for enabling the same to be easily and conveniently
carried by a human operator,
a pair of separate electrode bodies,
said electrode bodies having dry exterior surface means for
enabling said bodies to be easily positioned in the armpits of a
human to be monitored in a dry condition and to be conveniently and
comfortably self-retained in such position solely by the human by
engagement between the adjacent arm portions and torso in the
armpit areas,
an elongated flexible lead element extending between each electrode
body and said housing means,
electrical conductor means operable when said electrode bodies are
positioned and retained in the armpits of a human as aforesaid, for
establishing an electrical circuit within said housing means which
extends therefrom through said lead elements and through said
electrode bodies to the dry exterior surface means thereof and
between the latter through the torso of the human, without the
provision of conductive paste or the like between said dry exterior
surface means and the skin engaged thereby, through which circuit
the electric impulses within the torso of the human which trigger
the heartbeats of the human are reliably conducted from the torso
to said housing means, and
battery operated electric circuit means carried by said housing
means operable in response to the conducting of said electrical
impulses through the aforesaid electrical circuit by said
electrical conductor means to said housing means to amplify said
electrical impulses and substantially suppress other electrical
signals, such as artifact and the like, which may be conducted in
said circuit, and to reliably produce output indications
representative of the electrical impulses of the heart of the
human.
6. Apparatus as in claim 5 wherein each of said electrode bodies is
formed from a carbon loaded plastic material, which material
defines substantially the entire dry exterior surface means
thereof.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6 wherein each of said lead elements is
embedded within the associated electrode body.
8. Apparatus as in claim 7 wherein each of said electrode bodies
has an elongated configuration in one direction and the lead
element associated therewith extends therefrom generally in said
one direction.
Description
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The tremendous amount of research and development work being done
in the heart monitoring field has led to many interesting and
valuable developments both with regard to the circuitry for the
cardiac monitor itself and the electrodes which are adapted to be
placed on the patient to pick up the heartbeat signal. It is to the
electrode aspect and method of picking up the heartbeat signal that
this invention is directed.
In the past, the electrodes have taken the form of variously shaped
metal elements which are brought into direct contact with the skin.
In order to increase conductivity a conductive paste is often
interposed between the electrode and the skin. The problems with
such an arrangement are many and varied, for example, due to the
direct contact between the electrode and the body and the chemical
nature of each problem relating to polarization, chemical reaction,
skin irritation, possible noise, and contact or movement artifact
are experienced. The chemical reaction may extend to the point
where a battery effect is produced, or a chemical reaction produced
which is detrimental to the skin may be developed.
Although all of the concepts with regard to contact and movement
artifact may not be completely known it is apparent that factors
which contribute to such are change in resistance caused by change
in applied pressure, change in distribution of the conducting ions
caused by shearing and possible distortion of the electrode during
movement. Additionally, the movement of muscles and bones in the
area of and between the electrodes can cause appreciable noise
increase with attendant poor signal discrimination.
It must also be understood that patients invariably dislike metal
electrodes, conducting paste and complicated means for retaining
the electrodes in position on the body.
In order to obviate many of the aforementioned problems, electrodes
have been made of plastic with a conducting medium therein to pick
up the heartbeat signal which is obviously quite weak. Here again
conductive pastes and the like are employed to make certain that
proper and necessary signal strength is picked up by the
electrode.
In addition to the above, it must be remembered that the skin
itself has an appreciable resistance factor. Further, the distance
the heartbeat signal must travel before reaching the pick up
electrodes is an important consideration. In fact an electrode
which could be applied to the body without any preliminaries would
be most desirable.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of this invention to
provide a system of detecting heartbeat wherein the electrodes of a
cardiac monitoring device are positioned in the armpits of the
patient and held there by the pressure of the arm pressing against
the body in the area of the armpit.
It is another object of this invention to provide for use with a
conventional cardiac monitor a pair of electrodes which are free
from chemical reaction when placed on the user.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an electrode
as above wherein the electrode has a body of plastic with carbon
distributed thereon and an electrically conducting grid is embedded
therein.
It is another object of this invention to provide an electrode as
above which does not require the use of a conductive paste between
the electrode and the user's body.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view illustrating the manner in which the
electrodes are applied to the user's body to pick up the heartbeat
signal,
FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating the basic components of
typical heartbeat detection and monitoring apparatus,
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the electrode of this
invention,
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3
showing the disposition of the conductive grid in the electrode
body, and
FIG. 5 is a horizontal sectional view taken along line 5--5 of FIG.
4 illustrating the grid and attached lead embedded in the body.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The electrodes of this invention are adapted to be used with a
battery operated cardiac monitor such as that described in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,613,670 to H. J. Edenhofer. This device takes the signal
picked up by the two-spaced electrodes on the body and converts
them to pulsing light or to an audible beeping signal indicative of
heartbeat by, among other means, amplifying the signal and
sufficiently suppressing noise and/or artifact components of the
signal to prevent spurious triggering of the output
indications.
As best illustrated in FIG. 1, the patient 10 is holding the
cardiac monitor 12 in his left hand and has placed electrodes 14
and 16 in his armpits with the upper portion of each arm pressing
against the electrode to provide firm contact with the body.
Referring to FIG. 2, the electrodes 14 and 16 are attached via
respectively associated electrical leads to a cardiac monitor 12
provided with a lamp 18 for producing the visual signal and a
speaker 20 for the audible beeping. The monitor 12 is also provided
with an "on" and "off" switch 22. Other and additional features may
be embodied in the cardiac monitor 12 but the flashing lamp 18 and
beeping speaker 20 are the most important elements for this type of
heart monitoring.
The construction of the electrodes 14 and 16, both being alike, is
shown in FIGS. 3-5. The electrode comprises a body 30 made of
carbon filled plastic preferably a vinyl type, however, other types
of plastics may be used. The body 30 has a rectangular base portion
32 topped with a triangular upper portion 34. As indicated in the
cross sectional view of FIG. 4, the body is pentagonal in cross
section with a horizontal bottom 36, parallel vertical and equal
sides 38 and 40 and inwardly slanted top sides 42 and 44 of equal
length.
Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, a conducting screen or grid 50 is
embedded in the body 30 so as to be horizontally disposed with
respect to bottom 36. The bare ends 52 of lead-in wire 54 are
soldered to the screen 50 and likewise embedded in the body 30.
In actual use, the electrode is approximately 2 1/2 inches long,
and 1 1/8 inches wide. The thickness at the middle section which is
the greatest is roughly 1/4 inch. It is preferred that stranded
wire be used for the lead-in wire 54 to provide desirable
flexibility and ease of handling.
Although the use and method involved should be amply clear, a brief
summary follows. When an individual wishes to check his heartbeat
he places electrodes 14 and 16 in his armpits and makes certain
that the electrodes are firmly in place. While holding the cardiac
monitor 12 in his hand, the switch 22 is turned to the "on"
position and the heartbeat signal is immediately produced by either
the flashing light 18 or the audible beeper 20. If there is some
question as to the heartbeat the user may immediately call his
doctor and have him listen to the heartbeat and at least prescribe
temporary care.
As previously set forth, the advantages of the electrode of this
invention are numerous and important. First of all, with this
electrode construction no conductive paste is needed. Thus all of
the mess and bother attendant such is eliminated. Additionally, the
plastic from which the body is made is generally inert. By this it
is meant that there will be no chemical reaction between it and the
skin of the user. Further, there will be no reaction from any
moisture or oiliness that may be found on the user's skin. Still
further, the electrode will not corrode and is readily cleaned so
as to have a long use life. Also there will be no allergy problems.
The use of a conductive grid over the wide area of the rectangular
base of the electrode provides maximum signal pick up, thus
increasing reliability even under adverse circumstances.
The shape of the electrode 14 is not necessarily limited to that
disclosed, although that configuration does have some advantages
particularly when used in the armpit. The length is such that it
may be easily handled and readily placed in the armpit. The bottom
flat side 36 and the triangular top 34 make it possible for the
portion of the armpit defined by the upper torso to receive the
flat bottom 36 and the upper arm to engage the triangular portion
34. This provides good gripping and contact such that the arm in
its normal relaxed position will hold the electrode in place in the
armpit and provide sufficient contact for the heartbeat signal to
be picked up.
The placing of the electrodes 14 and 16 in the armpits of the user
presents many advantages. Specifically, the armpit area is warm and
generally somewhat damp thus providing a very good area for
transfer of weak electric signals. Additionally, there may be some
type of salt or the equivalent present which would constitute an
electrolyte and further enhance pick up of the signal. Further, the
location of the electrodes in the armpits means that the electrodes
will be in close proximity to the heart, thus a stronger signal
should be received. It should also be noted that the stratum
corneum on the armpit area is relatively thin thereby decreasing
skin resistance. The type of flesh that the heartbeat signal passes
through to reach the electrodes in the armpits presents less signal
transmission difficulties than would be experienced in measuring
heartbeat by signal take off on the lower arms or legs.
It would appear that the concept of placing non-corrosive type
electrodes in the armpit to pick up heartbeat signals is a
substantial advance in cardiac monitoring.
Although only one exemplary embodiment has been specifically
described and explained herein, those skilled in the art, in view
of the above discussion, will appreciate that many specific
features of this particular exemplary embodiment may be adapted,
modified and changed without materially departing from the
teachings of this invention as defined in the following claims.
* * * * *