U.S. patent number 3,792,474 [Application Number 05/335,878] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-12 for schwarzschild radar antenna operable in sector scan and conical scan modes with anti-blockage reflector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Whilden G. Heinard, James M. Meek, Clarence F. Ravilious.
United States Patent |
3,792,474 |
Meek , et al. |
February 12, 1974 |
SCHWARZSCHILD RADAR ANTENNA OPERABLE IN SECTOR SCAN AND CONICAL
SCAN MODES WITH ANTI-BLOCKAGE REFLECTOR
Abstract
A Schwarzschild radar antenna has an organ-pipe scanner for
producing relvely wide angle unidirectional sector scans of a
high-gain pencil beam. When conical scanning is desired, energy
from selected pipes of the organ-pipe scanner is directed to a
nutating mirror that reflects the resulting conical scan to the
reflectors of the antenna that reflect conical scan energy to the
far field. A rotatable disc behind the main reflector controls the
size of the aperture therein and provides decreased blockage when
the antenna operates in the conical scanning mode.
Inventors: |
Meek; James M. (Silver Spring,
MD), Ravilious; Clarence F. (Rockville, MD), Heinard;
Whilden G. (Bethesda, MD) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
23313604 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/335,878 |
Filed: |
February 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/756;
343/781R; 343/761; 343/779; 343/837 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
3/20 (20130101); H01Q 19/18 (20130101); H01Q
19/191 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
3/20 (20060101); H01Q 19/10 (20060101); H01Q
19/18 (20060101); H01Q 19/19 (20060101); H01Q
3/00 (20060101); H01q 003/20 (); H01q 019/06 ();
H01q 019/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/781,756-758,761,837,777,779 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lawrence; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Nussbaum; Marvin
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kelly; Edward J. Berl; Herbert
Elbaum; Saul
Claims
Wherefore we claim the following:
1. A Schwarzschild antenna comprising:
a subreflector;
a main reflector having a central aperture therein;
means positioned behind the main reflector for selectively
producing a sector scan;
separate means positioned behind the main reflector for alternately
producing a conical scan; and
means adjacent the main reflector responsive to selection of the
conical scan for reducing the size of the aperture;
whereby aperture blockage is minimized during conical scan.
2. The subject matter of claim 1 wherein the sector scan is
generated by an organ pipe scanner comprising:
a plurality of pipes each having a fixed horn at a first end
thereof, the fixed horns being positioned along an arc;
each pipe having an opposite end positioned along a circle;
rotatable horn means for sequentially communicating microwave
energy to the pipe ends along the circle; and
mirror means positioned near the fixed horns for reflecting sector
scan energy between the fixed horns and the main and subreflectors
of the antenna.
3. The subject matter of claim 2 wherein conical scan is achieved
by means comprising:
means for positioning the rotatable means at a stationary position
relative to preselected pipe ends along the circle for effecting
steady microwave energy transmission between the mirror and the
horns of preselected pipes; and
means for nutating the mirror to generate the conical scan.
4. The subject matter of claim 2 wherein the mirror is rotatably
mounted, and further wherein lock brake means are provided to lock
the mirror in a stationary position while the antenna system
operates in a sector scan mode.
5. The system of claim 3 together with lock brake means for
insuring the return of the rotatable horn to the stationary
position when the system operates in a conical scan mode.
6. The structure of claim 1 wherein the means for reducing the size
of the aperture comprises:
a contoured circular rotatable plate havng an aperture centrally
formed therein which is disposed in registry with the aperture in
the main reflector while the system operates in a sector scan
mode;
whereby the rotatable plate is rotated in response to the conical
scan mode so that the apertures are located perpendicularly to form
an effective aperture of decreased size.
7. In the system of claim 6 together with a ring gear mounted along
the circumference of the rotatable plate, and reversible means for
reversibly driving the gear.
8. The subject matter of claim 7 together with switching means
connected to the driving means, the switching means cooperating
with the rotatable plate for de-energizing the driving means when
the rotatable plate reaches a position where the apertures are
located perpendicular to one another.
9. The system of claim 8 together with second switching means
connected to the driving means, the second switching means
cooperating with the rotatable plate for de-energizing the driving
means when the driving means is reversed to return the rotatable
plate to a preselected position for sector scanning.
10. The structure of claim 1 wherein the main reflector and the
means for decreasing the aperture are twistflectors and the
subreflector is a transflector.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and
licensed by or for the United States Government for governmental
purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a microwave Schwarzschild antenna
that has an adjustable main reflector aperture that becomes smaller
during conical scanning. This reduces propagation blockage. Conical
scanning is provided by a nutating reflector located behind the
main reflector.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The prior art relating to microwave antennas includes a structure
known as a Cassegrain antenna which is principally comprised of
coaxial reflectors. The Cassegrain has met with wide acceptance
because its structure eliminates the need for mounting heavy feed
radiators far in front of the main reflector of the antenna. An
improvement of the Cassegrain came with the discovery of an antenna
structure known as the Schwarzschild antenna, which is basically a
Cassegrain with reflectors that are modified to provide an
aplanatic system. As those of skill in the art know, the aplanatic
Schwarzschild meets the Abbe sine condition and evidences superior
off-axis microwave focusing ability, when compared with the older,
conventional Cassegrain. Although the Schwarzschild antenna has
been designed to operate in the conical scanning mode, there has
not been a satisfactory design, heretofore capable of effecting
rapid switching between this mode and a unidirectional sectoral
scan mode in one radar antenna assembly.
Therefore, in conventional radar systems where relatively wide
angle sector scanning is required along with conical scanning, a
relatively complicated antenna structure becomes necessary. A
result of this complexity is that there is a decrease in
performance characteristics and flexibility.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a Schwarzschild antenna which
cooperates with an organ-pipe scanner for producing relatively wide
angle sector scanning. A unidirectional-scan beam from the
organ-pipe scanner is reflected from a mirror which causes
subsequent reflection to twistflector-transflector reflectors. The
result of this structure is a unidirectional relatively wide angle
scan of a high gain pencil beam in the far field. When conical
scanning is desired, the organ-pipe scanner feed is locked in a
position where only a few selected pipes in the scanner emit a
fixed flow of microwave energy. A mirror, which is mounted at an
angular position relative to a drive motor shaft is rotated so that
the mirror nutates. As a result, the energy reflected from the
nutating mirror is a nutating or conical scan. The conical scan is
reflected to the transflector-twistflector reflectors for
reflection to the far field.
Propagation blockage control means are provided so that the
aperture in the twistflector is decreased during conical scanning.
This changes the far field diffraction pattern (beam pattern) and
results in a significant reduction in side lobes and a small
increase in gain of the main beam during conical scanning.
By virtue of the present invention, a single Schwarzschild antenna
may be rapidly switched from unidirectional sector scanning to
conical scanning. By including an anti-blockage device, the
scanning capabilities in both modes can be optimized. By virtue of
the system to be described hereinafter, it will be seen that the
present invention provides an improvement in tracking radar antenna
systems related to scanning capabilities, multiple operating modes,
rapidity of mode switching, and side lobe and main beam
optimization.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the
exact details of construction shown and described herein for
obvious modifications will occur to persons skilled in the art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the present antenna system
illustrating the reflectors of the antenna as well as the scanning
mechanisms behind the main reflector.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of electro-mechanical components
that position various elements of the scanners in preselected
positions to effect proper sector scanning or conical scanning.
FIG. 3 is a partial elevational view taken along a plane passing
through section line 3 -- 3 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the anti-blockage system
as positioned during sector scanning.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view similar to FIG. 4 with the
anti-blockage system as positioned during conical scanning.
FIG. 6 is an electrical schematic diagram of circuitry employed to
position the anti-blockage device in one of the orientations
illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the figures and more particularly FIG. 1 thereof,
reference numeral 10 illustrates a subreflector. The main reflector
12 is positioned in conventional spaced relationship from the
subreflector 10 so that the Schwarzschild antenna combination is
formed. Wide angle scanning requires a relatively large
subreflector. To decrease blockage and side lobe generation, the
main reflector is preferably a twistflector while the subreflector
10 is a transflector. A rectangular aperture 14 is formed in the
main reflector 12 to allow the generated beam to pass from the
scanning systems behind the main reflector to the far field. As
will be discussed hereinafter, the aperture 14 is adjustable so
that its size is decreased during a conical scan mode thereby
minimizing aperture blockage.
The direction of unidirectional sector scan, FIG. 1, is
perpendicular to the page, requiring the long dimension of aperture
14 to be in the same alignment during this scan mode.
A supporting structure 16 is fastened to the rear side of the main
reflector 12. This support structure mounts an organ-pipe scanner
18 that is known in the art. Operation of the organ-pipe scanner is
fully discussed in our co-pending application Ser. No. 335,877,
filed Feb. 26, 1973. In essence, transmitter energy can be
introduced at the input waveguide 17. The energy is then delivered
to a radially oriented, rotatable horn 63 as shown in FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 3, input microwave energy is delivered to a
radially disposed flared horn 68 that communicates with the ends 19
of waveguide organ pipes 70. The pipes 70 are located along a
circumference. However, the horn 68 communicates with several pipe
ends 19 at a given time. As the horn 68 rotates, energy is
delivered to the pipe ends 19 in circular sequence. Each pipe 70
(FIG. 2) is bent to form a section 21 (FIG. 1) that extends to a
curved portion 23 (FIG. 1). This curved portion extends to a
further section 25 that terminates outwardly in a pyramid horn 34.
Each waveguide or organ pipe of the scanner 18 terminates in a
pyramid horn 34. When viewing FIG. 1, bear in mind that the output
flares of all pyramid horns 34 in the organ-pipe scanner are
arranged along an arc which is the Schwarzschild focal arc. In
operation of the scanner, as the rotatable joint 36 (FIG. 3) and
the connected horn 68 rotate, a unidirectional sector scan is
generated at the output flares of the horns 34 (FIG. 1).
A conical scan assembly is generally indicated by reference numeral
20 in FIG. 1. The assembly includes a flat plate mirror 22 that is
mounted at an angle with respect to the reflector axis 24. In one
embodiment a wedge block 26 connects the mirror 22 to a
counterbalance plate 28 that is attached to the shaft 30 of motor
32. This arrangement produces an oval scan pattern due to the fact
that the reflected beam angle moves at twice the angular rate of
the mirror and the component of mirror angle relative to the feed
axis varies 2/1 in each half revolution.
If a true circular conical scan is desired, the block 26 may be
replaced by a motor driven cam-follower which compensates for the
2/1 effect. In this arrangement the mirror and counter weight discs
oscillate symmetrically about pivots adjacent to cam 26 at 2 OSC
per revolution. Such cam arrangements are well known in the art.
Symmetrical, oppositely phased oscillation of the two masses will
result in cancellation of vibrating forces.
As will be explained hereinafter, for conical scanning, the
organ-pipe scanner 18 is operated so that it delivers a fixed
microwave energy flow, rather than a sector scan. This fixed energy
flow from certain horns 34 in the scanner 18, preferably, the
central horns, reflects from the mirror 22 while the motor 32 is
energized. Because of the angular orientation of the mirror 22,
nutating motion is achieved and a conical scan is transmitted via
the twistflector-transflector reflectors (12, 10) or opaque
reflectors to the far field.
The following will further describe the operation of the system
during unidirectional sector scanning.
Referring to the upper portion of FIG. 2, drive motor 38 causes the
rotation of output shaft 40 which in turn mounts a first clutch
plate 42. A slideable key arrangement at 44 permits the axial
movement of the clutch plate 42 with respect to the shaft 40. A
second clutch plate 46 is journaled to the shaft 40 but keyed to a
second, larger shaft 52. A key 54 insures interlock relation
between clutch plate 46 and the shaft 52. Journaling of the shaft
40 at its end 48, within the shaft 52 is provided by bore 50. The
clutch plates 42 and 46 are fabricated from a ferro-magnetic
material so that they can be electromagnetically forced into
engagement upon the energization of coil 56. Clutch assemblies of
this type are well known in the art. The coil 56 is connected to
power leads 58 and 60, in parallel with the power terminals of
motor 38. Thus, when the antenna system is to operate in a sector
scan mode, the coil 56 is energized thereby creating positive
clutch action between the clutch plates 42 and 46. The motor 38
will drive the clutch assembly and the connected shaft 52. The
rotatable joint 36 is connected to the outward end of shaft 52 so
that the rotatable joint can rotate with this shaft. As a result,
horn 68 undergoes circular motion and when energy is introduced
into waveguide 17, it is communicated through the rotatable joint
36 to the horn 68. As the horn 68 rotates with energy emanating
therefrom, the pipes 70 in the organ-pipe scanner are sequentially
energized. Then, their respective output horns 34 (FIG. 1) create a
unidirectional sector scan that is directed to the mirror 22 (FIG.
1). Reflection from this mirror to the main and subreflectors (12,
10) in FIG. 1 result in the generation of a wide angle sector scan
in the far field.
When the operator wishes to switch from sector scanning to conical
scanning, it is necessary to bring the horn 68 to a fixed position
as indicated in FIG. 3. With the horn in a fixed position, a steady
flow of microwave energy will be delivered to only those pipes 70
which directly communicate with the output flare of the horn 68. In
actuality, the relative position between horn 68 and the pipes 70
is such that a few of the most centrally located pipes become
energized. As a result, the centrally located horns 34 will impinge
energy upon mirror 22 which is positioned at an angle of
approximately 45.degree. with respect to the axis 24. Braking means
are provided for insuring that the horn 68 assumes the position
shown in FIG. 3 each time the conical scan mode is selected.
Likewise, braking means are provided to insure that mirror 22
assumes its illustrated angular position. The braking means for
fixing the position of horn 68 will now be discussed with reference
to the upper portion of FIG. 2.
Circular recesses 62 and 64 are formed in clutch plates 42 and 46.
The recesses confront one another and are concentric about the
shaft 40. A spring 66 is axially mounted on shaft 40 and is
contained within the recesses. When the motor selector switch 112
is turned off, power no longer energizes coil 56. Thus, the spring
66 has no counter-force to overcome and as a result, the spring
biases the clutch plates 42 and 46 outwardly into disengagement.
This causes the freewheeling rotation of shaft 52. At the same
time, the motor selector switch 112 turns power off to the coil 56
(and motor 38)., a solenoid 74 is energized by switching means
discussed hereinafter. This energization causes a plunger 76 to
extend into engagement with detent 80 of an adjacent braking wheel
78. If the momentum of the wheel and connected parts is small (such
as in cases of low scan rates or lightweight components), the shock
associated with suddenly stopping the wheel will not be excessive.
In cases of high scan rates, numerous variations may be provided by
those skilled in the art to slow the wheel assembly and provide
positive locking reliably and without causing large stresses. For
example, instead of the clutch arrangement illustrated, an
electromagnetic brake system may be employed.
For the arrangement of FIG. 2, the plunger 76 is forced into recess
80 by solenoid 74, thereby arresting motion and locking horn 68 in
the central position. A normally opened switching relay 82 connects
power lines 84 to the terminals of the solenoid 74 when braking is
to occur. A mode selector switch 85 is ganged to the motor selector
switch 112 so that when the switch is turned to a position that
de-energizes lines 58 and 60, it causes the switching relay to
energize the solenoid 74. The disposition of the solenoid 74
relative to the braking wheel 78 may better be appreciated by
viewing FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. 1, the aperture 14 must be large enough to allow
passage of energy from the relatively long organ pipe array
positioned along the scan focal arc. However, during conical
scanning, the aperture need not be as large. As a matter of fact,
it would be advantageous to decrease the size of the reflector
aperture during conical scan so that aperture blockage caused by
this opening can be minimized. The present invention includes means
for accomplishing the decrease in aperture size. The drive for
closing the aperture 14 is generally indicated by reference numeral
86. Reference numeral 88 illustrates a (Schwarzschild) contoured
aperture plate that has a central opening that is the same size as
the aperture within the main reflector 12. While the antenna is
operating in the sector scan mode, these apertures are in registry
as shown in FIG. 4. Reference numeral 90 denotes the rectangular
aperture formed in the contoured aperture plate. When the system is
switched to a conical scan position, the aperture plate 88 is
caused to rotate 90.degree. so that the previous large rectangular
opening is reduced, as shown in FIG. 5, to a smaller, squared
opening. The means for electrically accomplishing these ends is
illustrated in FIG. 6 whereat motor 94 is energized which causes
the rotation of its output shaft and a pinion gear 96 attached to
the outward end thereof. These components are seen in FIGS. 1, 4,
and 5. The pinion gear 96 drives a mating ring gear 98 that is
attached to the periphery of the aperture plate 88. Energization of
the motor 94 is permitted by the previously mentioned mode selector
switch 85. This selector switch is a double throw switch for
purposes to be discussed hereinafter. When conical scan is to be
effected, the switch 85 completes a power path between power lines
and the motor 94. As a result, the aperture plate 88 rotates
90.degree.. After a 90.degree. rotation, a projection 99, extending
from the rear surface of the aperture plate 88, moves into a
position that causes the projection 99 to depress an actuator 100
of the normally closed microswitch 102. Prior to reaching the
90.degree. mark, a series path is maintained between the mode
selector switch 85 and the microswitch 102 to the motor 94.
However, when the normally closed microswitch 102 is depressed, the
energization path to the motor 94 is interrupted and the motor
stops turning. As a result, the pinion gear 96 no longer causes
rotation of the mating ring gear 98. The aperture plate 88 comes to
a stop and the orientation of the main reflector aperture 14 and
the aperture 90 of plate 88 is seen in FIG. 5. Because of the
relatively low mass of the aperture plate, it comes to rest
relatively quickly so that separate braking means is not required.
However, such means may be used.
When the operator wishes to switch this sytem back to a
unidirectional sector scan mode, the mode selector switch 85 and
the ganged motor selector switch 112 (FIG. 2) are manually
switched. In order to terminate conical scanning and perform sector
scanning, rotation of the mirror 22 must be terminated and the
mirror must be set at its angular position as shown in FIG. 1.
Further, the main reflector aperture must be enlarged to the
original condition shown in FIG. 4. To do so, the aperture plate 88
must be rotated back to its original position. (It will not be a
serious problem if the large aperture persists momentarily after
switching to con-scan; in switching to sector scan the large
aperture should be provided during or before starting this scan
mode.)
The reverse rotation of the aperture plate is achieved when the
mode selector switch 85 is switched to the sector scan mode. As
shown in FIG. 6, power is fed through the switch 85 and the
serially connected, normally closed microswitch 108, to the reverse
terminals of the reversible motor 94. When this terminal is
energized, the pinion gear 96 and mating ring gear 98 rotate in
opposite senses than they did previously, which results in the
return of the aperture plate 88 to its original position. As the
original position is approached, the projection 99 engages the
actuator 110 of the microswitch 108 and the switch contacts are
opened. This terminates current flow through leads 104 and 106 that
lead to the reverse terminals of motor 94. When de-energization
occurs, the pinion gear 96 and mating ring gear 98 come to rest and
the aperture plate 88 takes its original position as shown in FIG.
4.
As will be remembered, during sector scanning, the mirror 22 must
be brought to rest at the angular position shown in FIG. 1. This is
accomplished when the motor selector switch 112 cuts off power to
motor 32 through the interconnecting leads 114, as shown in FIG. 2.
The gears 118 and 120 slow down. Simultaneous with this change, the
mode selector switch 85 switches the state of the switching relay
82 so that the coil 144 is de-energized. The coil 144 cooperates
with clutch plates 146 and 148 of the clutch assembly 130, that
normally complete a transmission path to rotate mirror 22. These
clutch plates operate in the same manner as previously discussed in
connection with the clutch plates 42 and 48, in the upper portion
of FIG. 2. Specifically, a key arrangement 126 connects the clutch
plate 146 to the shaft 124. This permits the axial movement of the
clutch plate 146. A bore 128 is formed in an enlarged shaft 129
that mounts the clutch plate 148. The outward end of shaft 124 is
journaled within the bore 128. When de-energization of coil 144
occurs, the clutch plates 146 and 148 separate under the influence
of the axially mounted spring 147.
Simultaneous with this occurrence, the leads 134 are energized when
a control signal on lead 132 actuates the switching relay 82, and
as a result, solenoid 136 becomes energized. Plunger 138 extends
outwardly to engage a detent recess 140 in a wheel 142. The braking
action between plunger 138 and the detent recess 140 is identical
to that previously described with respect to the detent recess 80
and solenoid plunger 76. Thus, when the shaft 129 undergoes
freewheeling motion, the braking wheel 142 is arrested and then
locked by the plunger 139 engaging the detent recess 140 in shaft
129. When this occurs, the mirror 22, attached to the shaft 129, is
stopped in the position shown in FIG. 1. At this point, the system
is operating properly for sector scanning.
As a further design note, the front surface of aperture
reflector-plate 88 should be positioned 1/2 wavelength (or
multiple) behind the confronting surface of the main reflector 12
to obtain proper phasing of the farfield energy. Also, a
twistflector, consisting of opaque reflector and spaced grid, may
be formed in aperture plate 88 so that the reflector and grid are
contiguous (during con scan) between the aperture plate 88 and
those of the main reflector 12. As an example, for vertical
far-field polarization, the grid wires in the subreflector would be
horizontally positioned and those in the main reflector positioned
45.degree. to the horizontal (assuming the antenna is looking
horizontally). The grid wires in the plate 88 should be aligned,
during con scan, with those of the main reflector. (This grid will
be obscured behind the main reflector in the plate orientation
corresponding to sector scan.)
We wish it to be understood that we do not desire to be limited to
the exact details of construction shown and described, for obvious
modifications can be made by a person skilled in the art.
* * * * *