U.S. patent number 3,791,304 [Application Number 05/079,759] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-12 for continuous transportation installation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Engins Matra. Invention is credited to Gerard Bardet, Vincent Bouee, Jean Gayot.
United States Patent |
3,791,304 |
Bardet , et al. |
February 12, 1974 |
CONTINUOUS TRANSPORTATION INSTALLATION
Abstract
A continuous passenger transportation installation comprising
conveyor trains circulating continuously, but not at uniform speed,
and loader trains bringing passengers from platforms to the
conveyors or from the conveyor trains to platforms. Each conveyor
is connected to a loader on at least one part of the journey
between two stations to allow transfer of passengers between the
two trains. This installation also comprises driving means on
board, and controls to ensure connection and separation of the two
trains.
Inventors: |
Bardet; Gerard (Paris,
FR), Gayot; Jean (Meudon, FR), Bouee;
Vincent (Boulogne, FR) |
Assignee: |
Engins Matra (Paris,
FR)
|
Family
ID: |
26215342 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/079,759 |
Filed: |
October 12, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
104/18;
213/75R |
Current CPC
Class: |
B61K
1/00 (20130101); B66B 29/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B66B
29/00 (20060101); B66B 29/08 (20060101); B61K
1/00 (20060101); B61k 001/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;104/18,20,25,88,148L
;213/75R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Forlenza; Gerald M.
Assistant Examiner: Keen; D. W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kinzer; James B. Dorn; Thomas
E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A continuous passenger transportation system comprising:
a main conveying track extending past a plurality of stations;
a loading track, extending along the conveying track, the loading
track being positioned in closely spaced parallel relation to the
conveying track between stations and diverging from the loading
track into each station;
a number of conveying trains moving along the conveying track
without stopping at the stations, each conveying train including a
plurality of carriages each having at least one door facing toward
the adjacent loading track;
a larger number of loading trains movable along the loading track,
each loading train including a plurality of carriages each having
at least one door facing toward the adjacent conveying track;
each conveying train and each loading train including support means
engaging its respective track, independent drive means, and
releasable connecting means for interconnecting a loading train
with a conveying train on a car-for-car basis, with the conveying
train doors aligned with the loeading train doors;
at least the trains of one kind being equipped with controlled
coupling means of adjustable length which compensate for variations
in length between the loading and conveying tracks when traversing
curves and thus maintain car-for-car coincidence between trains
when coupling and when moving in convoy;
and control means, for actuating the connecting means to connect a
loading train to a conveying train as the loading train leaves a
station, so that the loading and conveying trains move between
stations as a unitary convoy enabling passengers to move through
the doors from the loading train to the conveying train and vice
versa;
the control means further being operable to release the connecting
means between the conveying train and a loading train of a convoy
when approaching a station to permit the loading train to enter the
station and to clear the conveying train for connection to another
loading train leaving that station.
2. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
1 in which the number of loading trains is at least equal to the
number of conveying trains plus the number of stations in the
system.
3. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
1, in which a loop portion of the loading track extending between
first and second stations on the main conveying track, separates
from the conveying track to form a loop serving at least one
additional intermediary station past which the conveying trains do
not travel, a loading train traversing the loop serving the
intermediary station as an independent train.
4. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
3, in which the loop portion of the loading track separates from
the conveying track beyond the exit of the first station and
rejoins the conveying track before the entrance to the second
station.
5. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
3, and further comprising an auxiliary track, connected between the
ends of the loop portion of the loading track and extending in
closely spaced parallel relation to the portion of the conveying
track between said first and second stations, so that a convoy of a
loading train and a conveying train can bypass the loop without
separation and without stopping.
6. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
1, comprising a plurality of conveying tracks and associated
loading tracks in independent circuits, linked by a plurality of
intermediary loading tracks for transferring loading trains from
one circuit to another to enable passengers to move from between
circuits without interruption for transfer.
7. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
1 and further comprising:
a computer;
first transmission means, linked to each train, supplying the
computer with speed and position data for each train;
and second transmission means for supplying control signals from
the computer to the trains to accelerate and brake the trains as
required in accordance with predetermined programming.
8. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
7, in which the computer control signals actuate the control means
for interconnection of the loading and conveying trains.
9. A continuous passenger transportation system as defined in claim
1, in which the controlled coupling means each comprise two toothed
racks, one attached to one of the two coupled carriages, the
toothed racks facing each other and being kept meshed by a pinion
having a vertical axis of rotation and being controlled in rotation
by a control device.
10. A continuous passenger transportation system as defined in
claim 1, in which the controlled coupling means each comprise a
toothed rack fixed to one of the two coupled carriages, kept meshed
with a pinion whose axis forms part of the other coupled carriage,
the pinion having a vertical axis and being controlled in rotation
by a control device.
11. A continuous passenger transportation system as defined in
claim 10, in which the pinion control device comprises a brake
ensuring the locking in rotation of this pinion, and logical
control means for releasing the brake, freeing the pinion and
modifying the speed of the coupled carriages to ensure variation in
the coupling length in accordance with a signal, then re-applying
the brake to lock the pinion when the selected length is
obtained.
12. A continuous passenger transportation system as defined in
claim 1, in which the means for controlling the length of each
coupling is actuated by markers positioned on the track at places
where it is necessary to command a variation in the coupling
length.
13. A continuous passenger transportation system according to claim
1, in which the conveying trains are made up of cars wide enough
for seating of passengers, and in which the loading trains are made
up of narrow cars, with no seating, for carrying standing
passengers.
14. A continuous passenger transportation system comprising:
a main conveying track extending past a plurality of stations;
a loading track, extending along the conveying track, the loading
track being positioned in closely spaced parallel relation to the
conveying track between stations and diverging from the loading
track into each station;
a number of conveying trains moving along the conveying track
without stopping at the stations, each conveying train including
doors facing toward the adjacent loading track;
a larger number of loading trains movable along the loading track,
each loading train including doors facing toward the adjacent
conveying track;
each conveying train and each loading train including support means
engaging its respective track, independent drive means, and
releasable connecting means for interconnecting a loading train
with a conveying train on a car-for-car basis, with the conveying
train doors aligned with the loading train doors;
the releasable connecting means being composed of fixing components
forming part of the carriages in one train and so shaped that they
fit into controlled locking components attached to the carriages of
the other train, the locking components being actuated after the
two carriages have coincided, the fixing components comprising
plates and the locking components comprising frictional flanges
between which the plates are engaged;
and control means, for actuating the connecting means to connect a
loading train to a conveying train as the loading train leaves a
station, so that the loading and conveying trains move between
stations as a unitary convoy enabling passengers to move through
the doors from the loading train to the conveying train and vice
versa;
the control means further being operable to release the connecting
means between the conveying train and a loading train of a convoy
when approaching a station to permit the loading train to enter the
station and to clear the conveying train for connection to another
loading train leaving that station.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a continuous transportation installation
and in particular a public transport installation intended, for
example, for urban centers. This installation comprises a
continuously circulating conveyor train and a a plurality of loader
trains acting with the conveyor to bring passengers to a platform
and load them from the platforms, or to transport goods to be
distributed to different places.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Throughout the world, the problem of transportation within urban
centers is increasingly more acute.
Transportation is provided, either along ordinary roads or by means
of transport using special routes.
Standard methods of urban transport, such as underground or aerial
railways, are insufficiently used by the public to enable them to
play their part fully. It may even be noted that in large centres
the public makes progressively less use of this solution because it
is slow and uncomfortable.
Efforts made to increase the top speed of trains and to restrict
the time for stops at stations have afforded only limited
improvements.
The drawbacks to standard means of transportation on ground used
solely for them are of a specific type, and are basically linked
with the need to stop the vehicles at each station. This leads to
considerable losses of time and forms an element of discomfort for
passengers, who are continually subjected to the vehicle's
deceleration and acceleration.
Express lines linking distant stations at high speed solve the
abovementioned drawbacks to a certain extent. But these express
lines necessitate large investments and do not appreciably improve
the time taken for the journey nor conditions of comfort.
To remedy the drawbacks of standard means of transportation on
ground used solely for them, the proposal has been made to divide
these means of transportation into two parts, one moving
continuously at high speed, the other allowing passengers and goods
to transfer between the first, continuously moving part and the
different stations of the network.
Thus, in accordance with French Pat. No. 1,366,811 and its addition
No. 84,523 (AUTOMATISME et TECHNIQUE), the first part is a
continuous chain of groups of carriages, the second part comprising
containers, connected to the groups of carriages between stations,
and separating from them at station approaches to enable them to be
slowed down and brought into the station and stopped, then being
speeded up to rejoin a group of carriages at the station exit.
This installation has various inconveniences, in particular that of
constant speed of the conveying carriage or line of carriages. In
addition, this installation provides little flexibility, since the
means for transferring the containers to level with the stations
are not placed on board the containers, but form part of the
infrastructure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention aims at creating a continuous transportation
installation of the type comprising a continuously circulating
conveyor and a loader combining with the conveyor to bring
passengers or goods to a platform or to load them from platforms,
installation wherein the conveyor and loader are formed of separate
lines of carriages, the conveying carriages following each other
discontinuously, each conveyor and each loader having its own
driving means fitted aboard.
It will be seen from the foregoing that this invention aims at an
installation that functions very simply and flexibly. This
installation allows advantage to be taken of the continuous speed
of the conveying train, which only stops in exceptional
circumstances. In addition, the speed is not uniform, allowing the
train to accelerate or slow down, depending on certain data or
functioning imperatives.
It is advantageous for the loading and conveying trains to be of
approximately equal length.
During the short transportation periods between platform and
conveyor and vice-versa, passengers may remain standing in the
loader. In this way, the loader may be narrower than the conveyor
in order to reduce the total width.
The loading track may be subdivided inside the station, at least
one of the parts of the subdivided track crossing the station
without serving a platform and remaining adjacent to the conveying
track.
Making the conveying track in this particular way enables traffic
and the functioning of the installation to be maintained should the
loading train for some reason or other remain connected to the
conveying train at the station entrance.
It could also be advantageous for the station platform or platforms
to be served by more than one section from the loading track
subdivision. This arrangement, without reducing the time allowed
for passengers to get in and out of the carriages, enables the rate
at which trains travel to be increased, hence an increase in the
output of the transportation installation.
This invention also aims at creating an installation having a
collecting loop enabling secondary stations, little used by
passengers, to be served at little cost.
The means for coupling and assembling the two trains are decisive
elements for the proper functioning of the installation.
When the trains are made up of self-propelled vehicles, coincidence
of the different conveying and loading vehicles may be ensured in
two ways:
either each transporting vehicle is made to coincide with the
corresponding loading vehicle;
or one single vehicle in the conveying train is made to coincide
with its opposite number in the loading train.
In the first case, it is necessary for the automatic piloting
mechanisms to drive each transporting vehicle and each loading
vehicle separately, considerably complicating these mechanisms and
necessitating costly computers and transmission circuits.
Moreover, individual drives for self-propelled vehicles formed into
trains pose technical problems that are difficult to solve. This
solution should thus be set aside.
In the second case, making a single vehicle in a train to coincide
with the corresponding vehicle in the other train, even though it
appears much more favorable as regards the functioning of the
automatic pilots, does not, ipso facto, cause the other vehicles in
the two trains to coincide, and in order to ensure and maintain
coincidences, it is necessary to provide special couplings between
the vehicles making up the same train.
For this purpose, the invention also relates to adjusted coupling
means, of adjustable length, between the vehicles making up the
same train.
The length of these couplings may be adjusted automatically from on
board the vehicle, independently of the automatic pilot, without
complicating the latter at all.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the means for
assembly comprise fixing components, forming part of the vehicles
making up a train and which can fit into automatically-operated
locking components forming part of the vehicles in the other train,
these latter components being controlled by means of control
mechanisms set in action after the two vehicles coincide.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the
automatically operated coupling means, of adjustable length,
comprise two toothed racks, each of which forms part of one of the
two vehicles coupled together, and which mesh with a pinion
operated by a control device.
Lastly, in accordance with a particular feature, the axis of
rotation of the pinion is vertical; this allows vehicles to
negotiate bends without being hindered by the rigid assembly which
the racks and pinion could form .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
An installation in accordance with the invention is shown, as a
non-limiting example, in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 represents an installation in accordance with the invention,
showing a conveying train and a loading train at a station
entrance.
FIG. 2 represents the same installation as in FIG. 1, but with the
conveying train being already separated from the loading train.
FIG. 3 represents the installation, in accordance with FIGS. 1 and
2, the loading train being caught up by a conveying train at the
station exit.
FIG. 4 represents a loading track divided into two in a
station.
FIG. 5 represents diagrammatically the branching of a loading track
into three separate tracks serving two platforms.
FIG. 6 represents a conveying track linking two stations directly,
and a loading track separating from the conveying track between
these two stations.
FIG. 7 represents a section view of a first embodiment of a loading
train and a conveying train.
FIG. 8 represents a variation embodiment of a conveying train and a
loading train, the latter comprising a hanging rail.
FIG. 9 represents a diagrammatic view of a section of track,
showing the Greek key-pattern servo-driver and a driven train.
FIG. 10 is a graph representing the movement curves of loading
trains and conveying trains.
FIG. 11 is a plan view of a conveying train and a loading train
connected by means of a coupling and assembly installation in
accordance with the invention.
FIG. 12 is a plan view representing the assembly of a loading
vehicle and a conveying vehicle.
FIGS. 13A and 13B represent plan views of a loading vehicle and a
conveying vehicle in the disengaged position.
FIG. 14 represents diagrammatically the means for operating the
coupling and assembly of the vehicles in the two trains.
FIG. 15 is a section view showing the assembly of a loading vehicle
and a transporting vehicle.
FIG. 16 represents a coupling means in accordance with the
invention.
FIG. 17 is a variation of FIG. 16.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A continuous transportation installation as shown particularly in
FIGS. 1 to 3 is made up of a conveying track 1 and a loading track
2.
A conveying train 3 moves continuously, but not necessarily at
constant speed, along the conveying track 1.
A loading train 4 moves along the loading track 2, being preferably
of the same length and having the same number of carriages as the
conveying train 3. Otherwise, the number of cars per train is not
critical.
It is obvious that, in certain cases, these trains may each be
limited to a single conveying or loading carriage, but even in this
case, carriages having the same length will be chosen. Indeed,
although the area of the loading carriages may be much smaller than
that of the conveying carriages, since passengers stand in the
former and are seated in the latter, it is very advantageous for
the lengths of these carriages to be equal or approximately so: it
can be shown that, by maintaining this relationship, system
performance is improved, as regards the number of passengers
transported, the multiplication of stations and commercial speed,
and the cost of capital equipment.
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 represent diagrammatically the positions of
loading and conveying trains at three successive instants.
Each of FIGS. 1 to 3 shows three sections of track 5, 6, 7. The
middle section, section 6, comprises a station 8 with a platform
9.
In FIG. 1, the loading train 4', left by a preceding conveyor, is
stationary at the platform 9, whilst a conveying train 3 and a
loading train 4, linked together, are approaching the entrance to
the station.
Between stations, the loading train and the conveying train are
linked by means which will later be described more fully.
During the journey between stations, i.e. the journey track section
5, passengers wishing to dismount at the station 8 pass from the
conveying train 3 into the loading train 4.
Conversely, passengers not wishing to dismount at the station 8
remain in the conveying train 3, which continues along track 1
without stopping.
Along section 5, passengers who entered the loading train 4 may
pass into the conveying train 3 if they do not with to dismount at
the next station.
FIG. 2 represents diagrammatically the separation of the conveying
train 3 and the loading train 4, shortly before entering the
station 8. In this case, the loading train 4' has just left the
platform 9, after having allowed the passengers it was transporting
to dismount onto the platform, and passengers waiting on the
platform to come aboard.
The conveying train 3, which has continued moving along the
conveying track 1 after leaving the loading train 4, joins the
loading train 4' at the station exit, i.e. along section 7. This
junction is represented diagrammatically in FIG. 3. The trains 3
and 4' leave the station 9 together, the leading train 4' being
coupled to the conveyor train 3 when the two trains become aligned
on a car-for-car basis.
The basic advantage of this installation lies in the fact that the
conveying train moves continuously, but not necessarily at constant
speed, along the conveying track 1.
This continuous movement, whose speed may be varied, allows the
commercial speed to be improved and affords flexible functioning of
the installation than is possible with known systems, in which the
conveying train is made up of vehicles connected to one another,
moving at a constant speed.
TRAIN CIRCULATION DIAGRAM
The diagram shown as FIG. 10, in which times are marked on the
x-axis and distances on the y-axis, is taken from an application
study.
In this graph,
A is the curve of movement of the front of the arriving loading
train;
B is the emergency braking curve of the front of the arriving
loading train;
C is the curve of movement of the front of the departing loading
train;
D is the curve of movement of the rear of the departing loading
train;
E represents the movement of the front of the conveying train;
F represents an instant of variation in speed of the conveying
train;
N1 is the length of the trains.
This diagram results from an optimisation of the commercial speed
(search for the greatest inclination possible for the conveyor),
with geographical (distance between stations) and demographic
(output of line and stations) parameters being fixed. It shows in
particular the succession of two loading trains at the platform
with the stopping distance creating, in front of the arriving
train, a mobile section whose length is determined by the speed of
this latter train. In the case illustrated, the system comprises
points near the stations, enabling short-circuiting if need be by a
conveyor-loader group, and it is these points which restrict the
speed of the arriving conveyor and loader.
In a current case, on leaving the station the conveying trains,
from which their loading trains separate on entering the station,
rejoin the loading train which separated from the preceding
conveying train.
The staggering of loading trains in relation to conveying trains
may vary, depending on various imperatives, such as the rate at
which trains follow one another on the circuit. It is thus possible
to have a difference of several services between the various
loading and conveying trains. For example, three trains may be
simultaneously engaged in the station and allow a quicker
succession of conveyors on the circuit for the same time allowed
for loading and offloading passengers.
VARIOUS TYPES OF CIRCUITS
FIG. 4 represents a detail of the installation allowing traffic to
continue, for example, in the case where the station is congested
with loading trains, and in the case where the loading and
transporting parts of a train have not been separated on entering
the station.
For this purpose, a direct track 2' has been provided in the
station 8, prolonging the loading track 2. The direct track 2', for
example, has the same geometric layout in relation to the conveying
track as the loading track 2 on section 5. In this case, there are
track switches 10, 11 at the junction of the loading track 2 and
the direct track 2'.
In the example represented in FIG. 4, the case is shown where a
loading train 4' has been kept opposite the platform 9 and,
consequently, the conveying train 3 and the loading train 4 have
not been separated on entering the station.
A control signal is sent by a component positioned either on board
or in a fixed spot near the switch 10 so as enable the loading
train 4 to take the direct track 2'. The train thus passes through
the station 8 without stopping. It may, if need be, go to the end
of the line without disturbing traffic.
In this case, the only resultant consequence for the functioning of
the installation is that these loading trains shift along one
station in relation to the conveying trains.
FIG. 5 represents a variant embodiment for a station 82 comprising
several platforms 92, 93, 94. This installation comprises a double
branching, a first pair of switches 101 and 111 between the loading
track proper and the direct track 2' and a second pair of switches
on the loading track 2, switches 1011 and 1111, at which the
loading track subdivides into two tracks 21 and 22, which later
rejoin in a continuation of the single loading track 2.
In FIG. 5, three platforms 92, 93 and 94 have been shown, in front
of which are stationed two loading trains 4, 4'.
This double stationing allows passengers sufficient time to enter
the loading trains 4 and 4', and to dismount, and at the same time
increases the rate of succession of trains.
In this case, the conveying trains and the loading trains are
staggered by services, in normal functioning.
As with the example in FIG. 4, a direct track 2' is also provided
in this case, allowing loading trains 4 and transporting trains 3
to pass through the station without the two trains separating.
It is obvious that the number of platforms could be increased and,
for example, a train 4' could be separated from a conveying train 3
on one line (1,2), passed on to another line and thus form a
continuous transportation installation ensuring connections between
different lines without interrupting loading. This last variation
is not represented in the drawings.
FIG. 6 represents a collecting loop. In this figure, the conveying
track 1 links two stations 8, 8' directly, whilst the loading track
2 separates from the conveying track 1 after station 8 in order to
pass through secondary stations 800, 801, 802 and rejoin the
conveying track before station 8'.
This positioning of the conveying track 1 and loading track 2
allows loading trains to function between stations 8 and 8' like
slow trains, the loading trains acting as collecting trains at all
stations 800, 801, 802, before rejoining the conveying trains.
In this case, as previously, a direct track 2 may be provided
between stations 8 and 8', so as to allow, for example, every
second or third loading train to be directed into the collecting
loop and also to allow the simultaneous passage of connected
conveying and loading trains between stations 8 and 8'.
The loading and conveying tracks may also divide, starting from a
common trunk forming part of the circuit, to form other parts of
the circuit which will be alternately taken by loading trains and
associated conveying trains, following each other on the common
trunk. This arrangement allows harmonious liaison between a common
trunk with heavy traffic and less frequented, secondary
circuits.
The conveying and loading tracks may form continuous looped
circuits on which trains always travel in the same direction, or
they may form open circuits with shunting tracks at the ends and
where trains sometimes travel in one direction, sometimes in the
other.
SHAPE OF THE TRAINS
FIG. 7 represents a diagrammatic section of an example of a
conveying train 3 and loading train 4 moving along tracks 1 and 2.
In this case, rails may be provided for guiding and supporting the
two trains. It is obvious that other means may also be provided,
such as tracks for trains supported and pneumatically steered by
air cushions.
In accordance with another variation, it is also possible to
provide electromagnetic or magnetic steering and/or lifting
components. The use of electromagnetic steering components allows a
reduction in time wasted at switching points, since the change of
direction is controlled by a simple commutation of electric
current.
In the example in FIG. 7, the loading train 4 has a much smaller
width than the conveying train 3. In effect, in the case where this
loading train serves only for the transfer of passengers from the
conveying train to the platform and vice-versa, the passengers, who
are only in the loading train 4 for a very short time, can remain
standing and consequently take up less space.
To allow passage from one train to another, openings 31 and 41,
such as doors, are provided which are open between stations and
closed before the two trains are separated.
Practical studies have shown that such trains run to a width
similar to that of present Underground trains, yet with numerous
advantages and particularly a much higher commercial speed.
Loading and conveying trains may to advantage each be symmetrical
in relation to vertical planes passing through their longitudinal
axes.
FIG. 8 represents a variation embodiment of a loading train 400 and
a conveying train 300. In this case, the conveying train 300 moves
along the ground, whilst the loading train 400 moves along a
hanging rail 401.
The geometry of rails 301, 302 and 401 may be such that the loading
train 400 is slightly raised above the conveying train 300 before
entering the station, i.e. before uncoupling, and this loading
train 400 returns to rest on the conveying train between stations.
This embodiment allows a wider track to be used for supporting the
conveying train.
DRIVING MEANS
Each conveying train and each loading train may be driven by means
connected to the circuit infrastructure. Thus devices have been
suggested for this purpose, using cables or worm wheels, possibly
with variable pitch. But this driving of each train or part of a
train may preferably be effected by individual means, aboard the
trains, such as, for example, a variable speed rotary or linear
electric motor. This arrangement also provides more flexibility and
simplifies automation apparatus.
SERVO-CONTROL
When conveying and loading trains are fitted with independent
driving means, automatic control of the movement of the trains may
be provided by computers, which receive from each train or part of
a train, information giving position and speed and which, by
comparing these data with a basic program, work out orders to
accelerate or brake, which they send to each train or part of a
train concerned.
Means for supervising such a convoy, composed of a conveying train
3 and a loading train 4, are represented as an example in FIG.
9.
In each station along the line there is a computer, not shown,
which controls moving bodies in the two adjacent lengths of the
track, half way to the next station in each direction. This control
is effected by closed-loop sampling servo-controls, the computer
being included in the servo-control loop.
Transmission of signals between moving bodies and the computer on
the ground is effected as follows:
between the two rails 1', 1", the track 1 is fitted with a Greek
key-pattern electricity conductor 13 of consistent dimensions;
moving bodies are fitted with transmitters 14 coupled to the
transversal bars of the Greek key-pattern conductor and receivers
15 coupled to the longitudinal portions of the Greek key-pattern
conductor; magnetic or inductive coupling is preferable.
Each time the moving body passes above a transversal strand, the
computer receives an electric impulse via the transmitter 14. The
number of impulses received during the unit of time gives the speed
of the moving body; the number of impulses received since passing a
fixed reference at right-angles gives the position of the moving
body.
The computer continuously compares these two factors - speed and
position - with the running program previously memorized. From the
direction and magnitude of errors noted, it speedily deduces an
order which is transmitted to the moving bodies via longitudinal
strands of the Greek key-pattern conductor and the receivers in the
moving bodies.
FIG. 9 relates more specifically to the control of a conveying
train. Control of a loading train is effected in an identical
manner to that described above, and the drawing would be as in FIG.
9.
In addition to the steering described above, the automatic
mechanism has to ensure the "rendezvous" of the conveyor and its
associated loader. To this end, when the two moving bodies enter
the rendezvous zone - the section of track within which the two
moving bodies should be connected - only the conveyor train
continues to be controlled as indicated above. Conversely, the
loader, which transmits details of its speed and position in the
above-described manner, receives from the computer orders regarding
speed which tend to cancel the differences in speed and position,
no longer in relation to a running program, but in relation to the
values measured on the conveyor.
Only the first carriages of each of the two trains are controlled
in this way. Coincidence between the corresponding 2nd, 3rd, etc.,
carriages in the train is obtained whatever the lay-out of the
track - curves - thanks to the device for programming coupling
lengths described hereinafter. This coincidence between
corresponding carriages is confirmed as a safety measure by the
lateral locking device described hereinafter.
In the Greek key-pattern conductor, the signals transmitted and
received by the different moving bodies are distinguished from each
other by their frequency value - ranging, for example, between 5
and 20 kHz - selections being made by appropriate filters. The
amplifiers, filters, oscillators, detectors, tension/frequency
converters, and logical circuits correspond to known diagrams. The
pickups preferably of the electromagnetic type, the Greek
key-pattern conductor being located in the field created by a coil
carried by the moving body.
MEANS OF ASSEMBLING AND COUPLING THE TRAINS
In accordance with FIG. 11, where a loading train 4 is connected to
a conveying train 3, coupling means 33 are used between the
carriages of the loading train, and coupling means 34 between the
carriages of the conveying train.
In accordance with FIG. 11, assembly means 35 are provided between
all corresponding carriages in the loading and conveying trains. As
there can then be no relative displacement of the carriages 4 in
relation to carriages 3, the coupling means 33 and 34 must
necessarily be of variable length, in order to provide the
necessary compensation in curves.
In addition, since the automatic pilot mechanisms ensure the
coincidence of only one carriage in one train and its corresponding
carriage in the other train, in order to extend this coincidence to
the other carriages 4, 3 of the trains, it is necessary for the
installation to comprise means of control, described below,
determining the length of the respective couplings 33 and 34, both
in straight runs and in curves followed by the convoy.
In this latter case, the control means combine with markers or
signal devices, for example electronic, provided at the entrance to
and exit from each curve.
FIGS. 12, 13A, 13B and 15 represent a connection or assembly means
35 made up of horizontal plates 36 fixed to each carriage 4. These
assembly plates 36, directed towards the conveying train, insert
into a corresponding housing 37 made all along the length of the
carriage 3.
To allow interlocking of the carriage 4 in relation to carriage 3,
the plates 36 come opposite tightening flanges 38 fitted, for
example, with friction linings and positioned in the housing 37
when the two carriages are made to coincide.
The plates 36 and housing 37 are advantageously placed on the lower
part of the carriages' bodywork, preferably near to the thresholds
of the communicating doors when the carriages are connected.
Each plate 36 is also advantageously placed to the right of a door,
and its length, parallel to the track, will be slightly more than
the width of the passage left free by the door opening. In this
way, the plate 36 may be used if need be to establish continuity of
the floor between the two carriages and thus facilitate the
transfer of passengers.
To facilitate the introduction of the plates 36 into the housing
37, regardless of the direction in which the two vehicles are
moving when they coincide, the amount play allowed of the plates,
both vertically and horizontally, is sufficient to allow absorption
of all lack of steering precision of one vehicle in relation to the
other, and the housing 37 also comprises splayed openings at the
front and rear (see FIG. 13B).
When coincidence is effected, and verified by a local sensing
device, a control means 39 on board car 4 receives from the
automatic controls which effected the coincidence, and from the
pickup which verified it, an order for the flanges 38 to tighten,
and limit the relative displacement of one carriage in relation to
the other, in accordance with the limits stated hereinafter.
Mounting of the plates 36 on the carriages 4 is such that, while it
precludes any substantial longitudinal displacement in relation to
carriages 3, on the other hand, it allows a relative transversal
displacement which, after tightening of the flanges 38, allows for
lack of steering precision of the carriages and variations in their
spacing out due to different curves of the tracks. Furthermore a
limited longitudinal displacement to take care of lack of precision
in the automatic speed regulator whilst passengers are
transferring. If the lack of precision in the automatic speed
regulator is 1 cm/sec. and if the transfer time is normally about
20 sec., this tolerance on the longitudinal displacement after
tightening the flanges will be 20 cm, which is compatible with the
use of the communicating doors between carriages.
FIG. 14 represents control means 39 which ensure that the doors
cannot open before the plates 36 are effectively tightened between
the friction flanges 38.
Lastly, to ensure the airtightness of the passages between carriage
4 and carriage 3, the means of control 39 operates bellows or
similar objects such as inflatable tubes.
The means of control on board 39, shown in FIG. 14, comprise a
group of logical circuits presenting different inputs and outputs.
An input a receives from the automatic pilot information that the
rendezvous between the two carriages has been effected. A circuit b
is also provided, picking up the coincidence in order to control
that the rendezvous is effected.
The two inputs a and b are applied to a circuit "ET" whose outlet c
controls the assembly devices, i.e. the tightening flanges 38.
Input d transmits, via the means of control 39, data confirming
that the assembly device has functioned correctly. This input, as
well as inputs a and b, is connected to an ET circuit whose outlet
e controls the opening of the communicating doors between the two
carriages 4 and 3. The means of control also comprise an input f,
connected to a pickup, not shown, which measures the stress on the
assembly or connection device for two carriages. The data sent to
input f is applied to a binary scale at door-step level, whose
output g controls the emergency closing of the communicating doors
between the two carriages and also informs the automatic pilot to
set in motion an emergency stoppage of both carriages. As the
electronic means forming the means of control 39 are known circuits
and assemblies, they have not been shown in the drawings.
Lastly, and in accordance with a variation of the invention, it is
possible to control expansion of the bellows (not shown) with the
use of the means of control 39, before the doors are opened, and
their contraction after the doors are closed, when the two
carriages must separate.
A special embodiment of a coupling of adjustable length has been
represented diagrammatically in FIG. 16.
This device, linking two carriages 4, 4' in the same train,
comprises two toothed racks 62, 63, respectively fixed to carriages
4, 4'. These two toothed racks, which face each other, are kept
meshed together by a pinion 64, which is controlled from a control
box 65 comprising a means of braking and blocking the pinion, as
well as a logical control device.
The coupling means functions as follows.
This coupling is adjusted to a standard length corresponding to the
distance selected between the two carriages. This adjustment
corresponds to a certain angular position of the pinion 64.
This pinion is immobilized by tightening the brake flanges and the
components 62, 63, 64 then form an inextensible group.
As all the carriages are self-propelled, the efforts to be
transmitted via the tightening device depend on the product of the
mass of the carriage, times the difference in accelerations or
decelerations communicated to the carriages by the engines or
brakes, which are of identical construction and receive the same
instructions simultaneously from the automatic pilot. In a straight
line, the coincidence of all corresponding carriages in the two
trains is ensured by making only two corresponding carriages
coincide, and by adjusting all the couplings to the same
length.
However, the two carriages may connect in a curve, or else be
obliged to take curves when they are connected.
In this case, the couplings on the train on the inside of the curve
must decrease in length and/or those on the train on the outside
increase in length.
To control this movement, a marker is provided at the entrance to
the curve which transmits a coded signal giving the algebraic value
of the radius of the curve approached.
A captor sends this signal to the control box 65 which decodes it
and translates it into an angle of rotation of the pinion 64.
Simultaneously, this signal frees the brake flanges to allow the
pinion 64 to be driven in rotation. The servo-propelling motor of
carriage 4' receives an order to accelerate or to brake.
The result is a variation in the length of the coupling by rotation
of the pinion 64, which also moves, as well as the box 65, on a
telescopic device connecting it, for example to carriage 4.
A device for measuring the angle of rotation compares the rotation
imposed on the pinion 64 by the variation in the speed of carriage
4' with the rotation determined by the curve of the track. When the
two rotation values are identical, the speed variation order
transmitted to the motor of carriage 4' is cancelled. The brake
flanges receive an order to tighten, and the pinion 64 is then
blocked again. On coming out of the curve, the means of control 39
ensure symmetrical control after having detected a corresponding
signal transmitted by a second marker. The coupling thus reassumes
its normal length.
A variation of the coupling device is represented in FIG. 17. In
this case, only one of the carriages, for example 4', has a toothed
rack 63. The other carriage has an arm 62 to which the axis of the
pinion 64 and the box 65 are fixed. It functions on the same
principle as that described above, except that there is no relative
displacement of the pinion 64 and the box 65 in relation to
carriage 4.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE the advantages gained from the transportation
installation in accordance with the invention are illustrated
hereinafter, using calculations made in one application
instance.
INITIAL DATA
Length of the line : 11 km.
Number of stations : 15
Intervals between stations :
average value : 700 m.
extreme values : 540 m. and 1,250 m.
Width : to be optimized; maximum value 4m.
Length of trains : 105 m. maximum
Output per line during peak hours :
21,000 passengers in 1985
30,600 passengers in 2005
Frequency of trains : to be optimized.
In order to make the various calculations, it was necessary to take
into consideration the constraints governing the functioning of
such a means of transportation. These constraints are as
follows:
Maximum speed on the line : 20 m/sec.
Acceleration (or deceleration) in normal service : 1.2 m.sec.sup.2
maximum
Deceleration for emergency stop : 3 m/sec.sup.2 maximum
Percentage of passengers seated in the conveyor : 30 percent
minimum
Density of passengers standing in the conveyor : 4/m.sup.2
maximum
Passage of travellers through a doorway : a door open for 1 minute
40 seconds allows 2 persons to pass per second
Length of time stationary in a station : 200 percent of the
calculated theoretical time, with a fixed lower limit of 17
seconds
Length of time for changing between loader and conveyor : 200
percent of the calculated theoretical time, with a fixed lower
limit of 17 seconds
The calculations give the following optima:
Width 2m. 90
Length of train 78m.
Frequency 47 seconds
COMPARISON WITH A STANDARD UNDERGROUND RAILWAY
From a table giving the departure points and destinations of
passengers, it is possible to establish the time-saving achieved by
substituting for a standard underground railway an installation in
accordance with the invention. The following figures may be noted
to illustrate the importance:
for a distance of about half the length of a line, the saving of
time is a little more than 3 minutes for a journey of slightly less
than 10 minutes by standard underground train, i.e. a saving of 35
percent;
annual savings accumulated by the total number of passengers on the
line amount of 143 million minutes in 1985 and 185 million in
2005.
From the curve showing passengers' preferences, it is possible to
determine the number of passengers who travelled by an installation
in accordance with the invention in the particular case
examined:
the annual output of the standard underground railway in 1973 is
56.7 million passengers, whilst that of the installation described
is 63.45 million, i.e. an increase of 12 percent.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the
embodiments described and represented above; from these it is
possible to foresee other methods and embodiments which in no way
exceed the scope of the invention.
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