U.S. patent number 3,791,097 [Application Number 05/325,025] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-12 for method of detecting and repairing a structural roof damaged by subsurface moisture.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Tremco Manufacturing Company. Invention is credited to John N. Cassella, James J. Cavalier.
United States Patent |
3,791,097 |
Cassella , et al. |
February 12, 1974 |
METHOD OF DETECTING AND REPAIRING A STRUCTURAL ROOF DAMAGED BY
SUBSURFACE MOISTURE
Abstract
A method under the title of the application, which involves
generating an infrared image of a roof from an airborne position,
from infrared radiation emitted by the roof in the spectral band
from about 2 to about 14 microns, preferably from about 8 to 14
microns, thus locating roof portions corresponding to areas of
anomalous radiation which are potentially moisture laden areas of
the roof, and effecting repairs of those roof portions where the
presence of subsurface moisture is confirmed by coring or other
inspection procedures.
Inventors: |
Cassella; John N. (Bloomfield
Hills, MI), Cavalier; James J. (Orchard Lake, MI) |
Assignee: |
The Tremco Manufacturing
Company (Cleveland, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
23266121 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/325,025 |
Filed: |
January 19, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/745.06;
52/514; 250/340; 52/741.4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
21/3563 (20130101); G01N 25/72 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
25/72 (20060101); G01N 21/35 (20060101); G01N
21/31 (20060101); E04b 001/66 (); H01j
031/50 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/741,514 ;73/355EM
;250/330,334,339,340 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sutherland; Henry C.
Claims
Having thus described our invention, we claim:
1. A method of detecting and repairing a roof damaged by subsurface
moisture comprising
detecting from an airborne position infrared radiation emitted from
the roof in the range of about 2 to about 14 microns in
wavelength
generating a visible image from the detected radiation
photographing the image to provide a permanent record thereof
locating roof portions of said image corresponding to areas of
anomalous radiation potentially attributable to subsurface
moisture
confirming the presence or absence of subsurface moisture in said
roof portions and
repairing those roof portions where the presence of subsurface
moisture is confirmed.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein said detecting step is
conducted at an elevation within the range of from about 300 to
about 1,500 feet above the roof.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein said step of confirming
the presence or absence of subsurface moisture comprises cutting
one or more cores from the roof and examining the subsurface
structure for moisture.
4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the step of locating
roof portions corresponding to said areas of anomalous radiation
comprises generating an actual photograph of the roof and locating
on it roof portions corresponding to said areas of anomalous
radiation.
5. The method as defined in claim 4 wherein said detecting step and
said step of generating an actual photograph of the roof are both
conducted at an elevation within the range of from about 300 to
about 1,500 feet above the roof.
6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein said detecting step is
conducted with respect to emitted radiation in the range of about 8
to about 14 microns.
7. The method as defined in claim 5 wherein said detecting step is
conducted with respect to emitted radiation in the range of about 8
to about 14 microns.
Description
This invention relates to the roofing art and, more particularly,
to a method of detecting and repairing roof systems damaged by
subsurface moisture. The invention is particularly applicable to
the large flat, and sloped roofs commonly found on industrial,
commercial, and educational buildings, including manufacturing
plants, apartments, office buildings, warehouses, schools,
hospitals, and the like.
Most of these roofs are built-up roofs and will vary to some degree
on their exact construction. Roofs are fabricated from a series of
superposed layers of materials on the job site. Starting from the
inside out, a conventional built-up roof construction starts with a
roof deck which could be steel, concrete, wood, wood fibres,
gypsum, concrete planks, or any one of the many other decking
materials now avilable. Applied over the roof deck is a vapor
barrier with the prime purpose of preventing moisture laden air
from within the building from penetrating into the roof system. The
material used for the vapor barrier could be polyvinyl chloride
sheeting, one or several sheets of roofing felts, mopped in with
hot asphalt, or one of the many other types of vapor barriers
commercially available.
Disposed over the vapor barrier is the insulation, with the primary
purpose of insulating the building, i.e., preventing heat losses in
the winter and cooling losses in the summer. Commercially available
insulation materials include fiberboard, fiberglass, foam glass,
mineral aggregate, urethane board, sprayed urethane, polystyrene,
epoxy, and various combinations of these and other materials.
Disposed on top of the insulation is the roof membrane which
conventionally consists of a series of alternate layers of roofing
felts and a bituminous laminate. The laminates may consist of one
of the many types of asphalt or coal-tar pitch. The felts comprise
of fibrous material such as asbestos, or fiberglass. They may be
saturated, for example with an asphalt or coal-tar pitch, or
unsaturated, perforated or imperforate, granuled surfaced or
nongranuled surfaced. The topmost surface of the roof membrane is
usually provided with a heavy mopping of bitumen, or a coating of
one or more of the various roof paints or new elastomers now on the
market, such as silicone, urethane, epoxy, or other synthetic
elastomers. Where the roof is heavily mopped it may be covered with
slag, gravel, marble chips, or other types of aggregate.
Moisture may infiltrate a roof system during the construction of
the built-up roof. Roofing materials on the job are frequently
stored unprotected from the elements. Inclement weather such as
rain, snow, sleet, fog, or even high humidity in the atmosphere
will dampen the materials before and during installation, resulting
in "built-up" wet insulation.
Moisture may also infiltrate the roof system if the vapor barrier
is omitted, not specified, damaged during construction, or damaged
by movement after construction.
As the roof membrane ages, the exposed surfaces tend to become
brittle and dry through the deleterious effects of weathering, e.g.
exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation, moisture, gases,
and pollutants. In addition, thermal movement of the various
roofing components, due to temperature changes, aggravates the
aging condition by exerting forces capable of producing cracks and
breaks in the roof membrane, through which water may be admitted
into the roofing system. The water may penetrate the outer layer
through the roofing felts, down through the insulation, then down
through the vapor barrier and into the building below. The presence
of a reliable vapor barrier may prevent the water from entering the
building interior, but in this event, the water would be trapped
within the insulation of the roof system.
Moisture trapped in the roof insulation tends to proliferate
throughout the roof system due to gravity, atmospheric conditions,
and the vaporizing effect of solar heat. Vapor pressures intensify
in the roof system with solar heat causing blisters, felt
delamination, breaks, holes, etc. This enhances the already
deleterious effects of weathering and thermal movement and hastens
the eventual failure of the roof system.
As the insulation within the roof system becomes water laden, the
insulating value of the roof insulation decreases. Even moderately
damp insulation has little insulating value. Unless and until water
actually leaks into the interior of the building under the roof
system, building owners generally remain unaware of the wet
insulation. Wet insulation not only fails to insulate, but when
subjected to wet-dry cycles, loses adhesion to the vapor barrier on
the interior side and adhesion to the roof on the outside. This
creates a further problem of movement, shrinkage, and expansion of
all components of the roof system since the roof membrane and
insulation are not restrained.
The more devastating stage of extended wet insulation can
completely deteriorate the structural roof deck underneath,
resulting in wood rotting, steel rusting, concrete spalling, and
gypsum and wood fibers crumbling. Weights from traffic, snow,
standing water, etc. can cause a complete collapse of any roof
under these conditions.
In order to forestall the advancement of roof deterioration, it is
necessary to make periodic visual inspections of the roof surface
to discern anticipated sources of water entry into the roof system
and visible evidence of the actual presence of water in the
insulation. Historically, these inspections have been conducted by
one or more men touring the roof looking for breaks, holes, dry
exposed felts, blisters, fishmouths, or other openings which could
allow water to enter the roof system. Visible earmarks of water or
moisture already trapped within the roof system's insulation
include blisters, delaminated roofing felts, and sponginess
underfoot.
Water or moisture which has infiltrated the roof system's
insulation as described above is normally not detectable by
conventional visual inspection unless the deterioration has
progressed to more advanced stages. Thus, a perfectly sound
appearing roof may be completely saturated. Therefore, for a
complete and thorough analysis of the condition of the roofing
system, the roof membrane must be cut and opened to visually
observe the extent of moisture invasion. This method of inspection
is generally known as "coring," and can also be supplemented by an
electrical probe, which must be verified due to the changes in the
electrical current produced by small flashlight batteries. Coring
of a roof should involve, at a minimum, the cutting of cores each
20 feet in all directions with additional cores being cut to define
precise areas of wet insulation.
The aforementioned technique for a thorough inspection of the roof
has a number of imperfections and inadequacies. The cutting of
cores requires making holes in the water-proofing roof membrane,
which are potential situses of moisture penetration. The cutting of
even the minimum number of cores, i.e., 20 foot intervals, is a
costly, time consuming procedure. Further, there is no way of
determining with any certainty the precise location of the wet
insulation, since it is possible that the insulation may be wet
between the dry cores.
Due to the expense and time involved, proper examinations cannot
always be conducted although most building owners, at a minimum,
conduct or have conducted a visual inspection of the roof. The
practice of cutting cores is either completely ignored, due to the
time element, or it is minimized to only the suspected areas
observed through visual inspection. As a result, areas much larger
than the probable wet area are replaced "just to be sure." In some
instances an entire roofing system may be replaced rather than
spending the time and cost for a more thorough inspection. This
practice can double the costs of repairing the roof system.
Another possible consequence of incomplete inspections is the risk
of making repairs over water damaged but undetected roof portions.
Such repairs usually will fail prematurely forcing the owner to
expend additional monies to effect proper repairs.
Although some of these problems are minimized if all roof
inspection techniques are utilized, the inspection falls short of
adequacy due to the guesswork inherently involved in such
inspections.
It should be apparent from the foregoing discussion that the
present methods of detecting and repairing roof systems damaged by
moisture are less than satisfactory, and that there is a need for
improved methods for accomplishing these objectives. The present
invention is addressed to filling this need.
In accordance with the present invention, an entire roof can be
inspected for any moisture laden areas below the surface of the
roof and identified in a matter of minutes, regardless of the size
of the building, through the recording of thermal imagery. More
specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there is
provided a method of detecting and repairing roof systems damaged
by subsurface moisture, comprising, detecting and recording, from
an airborne position, infrared radiation emitted by a roof in the
range of about 2 to 14 microns in wavelengths, generating a visual
image from the emitted infrared radiation, photographing the visual
image to provide a permanent record thereof, locating roof portions
corresponding to anomalous radiation, confirming the presence or
absence of subsurface moisture in the corresponding roof portion
and repairing those roof portions where the presence of subsurface
moisture is confirmed.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an
improved method of detecting and repairing a roof system damaged by
subsurface moisture.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of
detecting and repairing roof systems damaged by subsurface moisture
by employing infrared imagery to detect the damaged roof areas to
identify the metes and bounds of the areas to be repaired.
These and other objects and advantages will become apparent from
the following detailed description of the invention which includes
the best mode presently contemplated for practicing it.
As is well known, all bodies of matter at temperatures above
0.degree. K emit electromagnetic radiation. The magnitude and
wavelength of this thermal radiation, emitted per unit area, is a
function of the temperature and emittance characteristics of the
emitting body. It has been found that the infrared emission of
black or gray bodies, at approximately 300.degree. K (room
temperature), peaks at approximately 10 microns and, in general,
covers the infrared spectral region of wavelengths from above about
2 microns to about 14 microns. This region embraces two bands of
wavelengths about 3 to about 5.5 microns and about 8 to about 14
microns, which cover the wavelengths of most of the emitted
infrared radiation.
For purposes of the present invention, it has been found that
operation in the 8 to 14 micron band has been the most successful,
since this band embraces the maximum emission wavelength at about
10 microns. However, this does not preclude operating successfully
within the 2 to 14 micron region.
In practice of the present invention, the inclusion of water in the
roof insulation alters the thermal properties of the insulation,
primarily, in two ways, by increasing its thermal capacity and
thermal conductivity.
An increase in the thermal capacity of a roof portion will result
in a lag in the time it takes for that portion of the roof to show
a temperature response to varying heat loads, such as occur during
the daytime due to solar radiation. Specifically, as the sun rises
and a roof is subjected to an increasing heat input, the wet
insulation areas will warm at a slower rate than dry insulation
areas due to the increased heat capacity and thus appears cooler in
infrared images. Conversely, after the sun sets and the roof is
cooling, the wet insulation areas will in time appear warmer than
the surrounding roof areas.
An increase in the thermal conductivity of an area of a roof can be
detected from infrared imagery if there exists a thermal gradient
across the thickness of the roof. Specifically, if the outside air
temperature is substantially lower than the inside air temperature
as in winter, then the more conductive wet areas of the roof will
be characterized by a reduced temperature gradient across the
thickness of the roof. Thus, the wet areas will be warmer than the
surrounding roof areas and can be observed on the infrared images
as areas of increased radiation.
Visible images can be prepared which correspond to the infrared
images. The visible images can be processed so that the areas of
increased infrared radiation can appear as either lighter or darker
than areas of low infrared radiation.
In the practice of the invention, the roof to be inspected and
repaired is flown over either in a helicopter or fixed wing
aircraft at an elevation within the range of about 300 feet minimum
for a helicopter, and about 1,000 feet minimum for fixed wing
aircraft. Maximum height would be approximately 800 feet for the
helicopter, and 1,500 feet for the fixed wing aircraft. Although
air speed will vary, generally the average speed for our purposes
for helicopter is 50 mph, and on fixed wing aircraft, 100 mph.
The equipment used to detect and record infrared imagery comprises
a remote sensing instrument which may, for example, comprise a
liquid nitrogen cooled semiconductor infrared detector placed at
the focus of an optical collector which is caused to scan the roof,
as the aircraft moves forward, by means of a rotating mirror
optical system.
The detector senses consecutive scan lines across the flight path.
The electronic signal from the detector is amplified and used to
modulate a glow tube, the light from which is a visible
representation of the intensity of sensed infrared energy. This
light is scanned across photographic film in a process which
duplicates the original scanning motion. Advancing the film
duplicates the forward motion of the aircraft.
Alternatively, the amplified signal may be recorded as a digital or
analog signal, for example on magnetic tape, and then translated
into a visible image on a CRT (cathode ray tube) glow tube
modulator laser beam or the like. A permanent photographic record
would then be made of the visible image. To minimize the amount of
equipment which must be airborne it is preferred to do no more than
record the digital or analog signal aloft and process the signal
into a permanent visible record on the ground. Even the digital or
analog signal may be recorded on the ground by telemetry.
Remote sensing instruments, useful in the practice of the
invention, are commercially available. Examples are Thermal Mapper
LN-2LW and Thermal Mapper LN3, both utilizing a HgCdTe detector
which senses radiation in the 8 to 13 micron spectral region.
Thermal Mapper TM-LN-3 also provides for the interchangeability of
detector modules for sensing radiation in the 0.2 to 13 micron
spectral region. Both models are manufactured by the Aerospace
Systems Division, Bendix Corporation.
Coupled with the remote sensing instrument is an oscilloscope,
which serves as a monitoring device and as a data collection
checkpoint. It enables the scanner technician to make adjustments
in the contrast and brightness of a visible representation of the
applied signal from the detector. One example of the oscilloscope
is the Tektronix Model No. 422.
At the same time that the remote infrared sensing instrument is
detecting and recording a visible image of infrared radiation, it
is highly desirable to photograph, by conventional photographic
means, the same target or areas being scanned by the infrared
sensing equipment, for use as a reference for visual interpretive
information. By using the photograph as a reference it is possible
to include or exclude from further consideration certain areas of
anomalous radiation as identifying potentially moisture laden
areas. For example, by checking the actual photograph, an area of
anomalous radiation on the infrared image may be explained by a
shadow, ponded water, a boiler room, various colors of the roof
surface with varying differences in emissivity, vaporized moisture
from air conditioning units, or the like. These areas can then be
excluded from further consideration as potentially subsurface
moisture laden areas.
While the thermal image generally indicates the location of
ventilators, vent pipes, sumps, and expansion joints by their
recognizable anomalous radiation patterns which provides suitable
"bench marks" for precise location of the suspected areas of
subsurface moisture laden insulation radiation, the conventional
photographs serve to verify the existence of the "bench marks."
After the anomalous areas on the photograph of the thermal imagery
have been located, and those attributed to phenomena other than
subsurface moisture eliminated from further or subjugated to
secondary consideration, the roof is then inspected physically to
confirm the presence or absence of subsurface moisture in the
remaining areas of anomalous radiation. Since the metes and bounds
of the anomalous radiation area are generally well defined in the
photograph of the thermal imagery, it is necessary to cut and
inspect only a very few core samples of the roof to confirm the
presence or absence of moisture. This examination procedure not
only confirms the presence or absence of moisture, but assists in
making the determination of the extent of the damage, type of
construction, and the type of repair which should be made.
Repairs can be divided into two broad categories; rehabilitation of
the existing roof system, and replacement of the roof system. It is
possible to utilize both categories on one roof. If moisture
infiltration has been nominal, and the insulation lends itself to
"breathing" it may be possible to rehabilitate the roof system in
the installation of insulation vents to relieve the vapor pressure,
and to eventually dry out the insulation. When this procedure is
followed, all breaks and openings where water had or still could
penetrate the roof system, must be repaired and sealed tightly to
preclude a reoccurrence of the original problem.
Depending on the severity of the aging process, the roof may also
receive either a rejuvenating or penetration application, or one of
the various surface coatings, depending on the type and/or
condition of the roof involved.
Where moisture infiltration has reached a point closer to
saturation, where entrapped moisture has damaged the surface of the
roof, or where damage to the deck is suspected, it is necessary to
remove the roofing system down either to the roofing deck or the
vapor barrier, depending on individual conditions, and replace the
roof with a new roof system. Deterioration or unsafe roof decks
must also be replaced.
It will therefore be seen that the present invention provides an
improved method of detecting and repairing roof systems damaged by
subsurface moisture. The method not only permits a very rapid
identification of potentially moisture laden areas of the roof
under consideration, but substantially reduces the amount of actual
roof inspection needed to confirm the presence or absence of
subsurface moisture and evaluate the amount of damage done by the
moisture. Practice of the method also provides a clear delineation
of the area of moisture damage, greatly simplifying estimating and
specifying the areas to be replaced, thus effecting a substantial
savings in time and materials, and the elimination of waste.
* * * * *