U.S. patent number 3,790,333 [Application Number 05/198,681] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-05 for infra-red burner.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Pyronics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Sergio Boerio, Piero Padovani.
United States Patent |
3,790,333 |
Padovani , et al. |
February 5, 1974 |
INFRA-RED BURNER
Abstract
A gas fired infra-red generator having a first generally flat
nonporous reflector and second curved nonporous reflector spaced
from the flat reflector in a concave relationship therewith. A
combustible fuel gas mixture is directed through elongated fissures
in a plenum chamber and the first reflector to impinge and be
ignited at the second reflector and then diverted to impinge the
first reflector. The heated reflectors then both radiate thermic
energy outwardly therefrom. The first and second reflectors are
both mounted relative to the generator so as to permit thermic
dilatation during generator operation.
Inventors: |
Padovani; Piero (Donato
Milanese, IT), Boerio; Sergio (Donato Hilanese,
IT) |
Assignee: |
Pyronics, Inc. (Cleveland,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
11235042 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/198,681 |
Filed: |
November 15, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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Nov 26, 1970 [IT] |
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32230/70 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
431/266; 431/347;
126/92B; 431/350 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23C
99/00 (20130101); F23C 2700/043 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23C
99/00 (20060101); F23g 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/266,350,347,348,171
;126/92B |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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572,491 |
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1958 |
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IT |
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536,774 |
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1922 |
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FR |
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284,749 |
|
Apr 1931 |
|
IT |
|
Primary Examiner: Dority, Jr.; Carroll B.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Meyer, Tilberry & Body
Claims
1. A gas fired infra-red generator comprising:
an outer trough-like casing having a bottom wall and continuous
wall portions upstanding therefrom defining an open top end;
an inner wall spaced from said bottom wall toward said open top end
forming a plenum chamber therebetween;
a first nonporous generally flat reflector spaced from said inner
wall and coextensive therewith;
means for insulating said first reflector from said inner wall;
a second nonporous reflector having a generally curved cross
section and disposed adjacent said open top end in a concave
position relative to said first reflector, the side walls of said
second reflector being spaced from said continuous wall portions to
form at least two flue areas;
means for introducing a combustible fuel gas mixture into said
chamber; and,
means for directing a continuous flow of said fuel from said
chamber to impinge the concave portion of said second reflector and
be reflected to
2. The generator as defined in claim 1 further including means for
igniting said combustible gas at least at impingement with said
second reflector.
3. The generator as defined in claim 2 wherein said flow directing
means comprises fuel flow openings in said inner wall and said
first reflector, said openings being disposed generally in
alignment with each other so as
4. The generator as defined in claim 3 wherein said outer casing,
said bottom wall, said first reflector and said second reflector
are elongated and said fuel flow openings and said flue areas
extend generally
5. The generator as defined in claim 4 wherein said fuel
introducing means comprises a fuel mixture inlet, said generator
further including a fuel deflector in said chamber adjacent said
inlet to deflect said fuel mixture
6. The generator as defined in claim 4 further including an
electrode member disposed to penetrate said generator at at least
said fuel flow openings and adapted to be connected to a means for
supplying electrical energy for permitting an electric arc between
said electrode and said generator whereby said generator may be
ignited and/or the presence of a
7. The generator as defined in claim 4 wherein means mount said
first and second reflectors in said generator so as to permit
independent movement thereof relative to said generator during
thermic dilatation of said
8. The generator as defined in claim 7 wherein said mounting means
comprise
9. The generator as defined in claim 1 wherein said first and
second reflectors are constructed from a nickel-chrome alloy.
Description
This application pertains to the art of radiant heating and more
particularly to an apparatus for radiant heating.
The invention is particularly applicable to a gas fired infra-red
generator for use in industrial drying operations and for the
treatment of various materials and will be described with
particular reference thereto; however, it will be appreciated that
the invention has broader applications and may be used in other
instances in industrial and commercial environments where infra-red
type heating is desirable.
It is known that caloric energy has been used as radiating energy
in processes conducted at relatively low temperature, that is,
below 1,000.degree. C., in industrial drying environments and in
the treatment of materials. It is also known that the radiating
energy possesses a wave length which is ideal in most of these
processes and that the wave length ranges from 2 to 6 microns. The
electromagnetic radiations included in the short, medium and long
wave infra-red field penetrate the treatable materials more easily
than other radiation and are more effective than the convective
type heating systems due to their penetrating capacity as opposed
to being limited to treatment of surface areas. The result of using
infra-heating is an acceleration of the thermic process, the
ability to obtain a higher degree of uniformity of heating and a
cost reduction in the treating operations. As the usual flames and
furnaces are not rich in the desired radiations, screens or
reflectors are utilized in most industrial applications. These
screens or reflectors are constructed from metal or a special
refractory material and are capable of emitting radiations in the
required wave length when properly treated and heated as is known
in the art. In these cases, approximately 92 percent of the energy
radiated by a metallic body brought to the proper temperature falls
within the desired wave length range.
Although the availability of metallic and refractory materials
which possess the desired characteristics has substantially
increased over the past few years resulting in a constant qualitive
improvement therein insofar as the output of radiating panels, gas
burners and similar equipment which are currently available still
do not provide satisfactory results to the needs for radiating
energy in the infra-red spectrum. Specifically, the present
equipment offers a rather low yield with values of specific thermic
power ranging from 1.3 to 4 Kcal/h/cm.sup.2 of radiating surface.
Furthermore, nearly all the presently known gas burner reflectors
present either metallic reticula which tend to bend over a period
of years or porous materials which tend to deteriorate as a result
of the impurities collected within the pores and a progressive
retreat of the combustion front within the alveoli with an increase
of surface temperature.
Another serious drawback presented by present gas burners is the
possibility of auto-ignition when the temperature of the
combustible fuel gas is about to reach the auto-ignition level.
Further, a lack of uniformity in the output of the radiating energy
is oftentimes experienced since different temperatures are reached
in the various areas of the radiating surfaces.
The present invention contemplates a new and improved apparatus
which overcomes all of the above referred problems and others and
provides an infra-red generator capable of producing thermic energy
comprised, for the most part, of radiations of the infra-red
spectrum having a wave length ranging from 2 to 6 microns, operates
at a relatively low temperature, offers a high thermic power yield
and is relatively simple in design and construction.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an
infra-red generator including an outer trough-like casing having a
bottom wall and continuous wall portions upstanding therefrom. An
inner wall spaced from the bottom wall toward the open top end of
the trough-like casing forms a plenum chamber with the bottom wall.
A first non-porous generally flat reflector is spaced from the
inner wall toward the open top end of the trough-like casing and
the inner wall and first reflector are thermally insulated from
each other. A second nonporous reflector having a generally
semi-circular cross section is disposed adjacent the open top end
of the casing in a concave position relative to the first reflector
such that the side walls thereof are spaced inwardly from the
continuous walls of the outer casing to form flue areas between the
casing and the reflector. Means are also provided for introducing a
combustible fuel gas mixture into the plenum chamber and for
directing a continuous flow of the fuel gas mixture from the plenum
chamber into impinging contact with the concave portion of the
second reflector for ignition and reflection for impingement of the
first reflector.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the
first and second reflectors are mounted within the outer casing so
as to permit free expansion thereof during generator operation.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the
outer casing, inner wall, first reflector and second reflector are
elongated and the means for permitting the fuel gas to impinge the
second reflector and the flue areas extend generally longitudinal
of the generator.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention,
an electrode is disposed to penetrate the generator through the
plenum chamber and is connected to a means for supplying electrical
energy in order that the generator may be ignited thereby and/or
the presence of a flame monitored.
The principal object of the present invention is the provision of a
new and improved gas fired infra-red generator which provides a
high thermic power radiating operation.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a new
and improved gas fired infra-red generator in which the thermic
power of the radiating surface is approximately 5 times more than
that of the present commercial gas fired generators.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of a new
and improved gas fired infra-red generator which employs nonporous
reflector elements to extend reflector effective life.
Another object of the present invention is a provision of a new and
improved gas fired infra-red generator which operates efficiently
at a relatively low temperature.
Still another object of the present invention is the provision of a
new and improved gas fired infra-red generator which prevents
auto-ignition.
Still another object of the present invention is the provision of a
new and improved gas fired infra-red generator which presents a
high thermic uniformity of the radiating surfaces.
Still a further object of the present invention is the provision of
a new and improved gas fired infra-red generator which effects a
vortiginous recycling of the products of combustion.
Yet another object of the present invention is the provision of a
new and improved gas fired infra-red generator which is of modular
construction.
The invention may take physical form in certain parts and
arrangements of parts, a preferred embodiment of which will be
described in detail in this specification and illustrated in the
accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic front elevation of the generator formed in
accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic side elevation of the generator shown in FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the generator shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 4--4 in FIG.
1;
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 5--5 in FIG. 1;
and,
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view similar to that of FIG. 4 showing
a second embodiment of the present invention which includes a
starting and/or monitoring electrode.
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the
purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiment of the invention
only and not for the purposes of limiting same, the FIGURES show
the infra-red generator A mounted to a column or base B.
Generator A includes a stamped and welded outer casing 10
constructed from any suitable material such as for example,
stainless steel, and is generally in the shape of an open topped
parallelepipedon. Disposed to be closely received within outer
casing 10 is a second or inner casing 12 which, in the preferred
embodiment, is also constructed from stainless steel in the general
configuration of an open topped parallelepipedon. Inner casing 12
is welded to outer casing 10 so as to form a plenum chamber 14
between the bottom walls of the two casings. It is to be noted that
the shapes of inner and outer casings 10,12 were designed in such a
way to maintain the speed of a combustible fuel gas mixture
constant in its longitudinal flow within plenum chamber 14 as will
hereinafter become apparent. Inner casing 12 includes a pair of
longitudinal upwardly extending rims or lips 16 which are spaced
apart from each other in order to form a fissure 18 therebetween as
best shown in FIG. 5.
The combustible fuel gas mixture comprises a mixture of air and gas
as is known in the art which is supplied to a series of generators
A by means of a conduit or duct 20 having dimensions commensurate
with the number of generators involved which is only generally
shown in the Figures as it does not form a part of the present
invention. This conduit or duct is linked with each generator A by
means of base B formed from an aluminum sleeve 30 which conveys the
fuel gas mixture to the inside of the generator through a circular
orifice 32 (FIG. 4) disposed generally centrally in the bottom wall
of outer casing 10. Hydraulic packings 34 provide a tight sealing
relationship between conduit 20 and sleeve 30 and hydraulic packing
36 provide a tight sealing relationship between the bottom wall of
casing 10 and sleeve 30.
A first reflector 40 is disposed inside inner casing 12 and
supported in position adjacent the inner casing by four columns 42
extending generally longitudinally across the generator and by two
columns 44 extending laterally across the generator. Columns 42,44
are conveniently welded to outer casing 10. Reflector 40 is
comprised of two identical longitudinal sections 46,48 separated
along median fissure 18. Disposed between reflector 40 and inner
casing 12 are two layers of a ceramic fiber 58,60 of a known type
which possess extremely low coefficients of heat transmission power
and insulating layer 58 includes two openings whereby columns 44
may extend therethrough into the combustion chamber. As columns
42,44 are not rigidly affixed to reflector 40, they permit the
reflector to expand freely in any direction during operation of the
generator.
Disposed adjacent the open top end of outer casing 10 is a
generally semi-circular elongated reflector 70 supported in a
concave relationship relative reflector 40 by four columns 72
conveniently welded to outer and inner casings 10,12 to extend
inwardly into the burner. Reflector 70 also includes receiving
holes of a slightly larger diameter than columns 72 in order that
the columns may be slideably received therein to permit the
reflector to slide along the columns in response to thermic
dilatation.
Reflectors 40,70 are preferably constructed from a nickel-chrome
alloy such as for example, the alloy commercially known as
"INCONEL" marketed by the International Nickel Company. It has been
found that this alloy best possesses those characteristics of
radiation required and is also more resistant to severe
thermal-chemical impulses which exert their action on the radiating
surfaces of gas fired generators of this general type. This alloy
also has a high resistance to corrosion which results from being
exposed to high temperatures, although the temperatures in the
infra-red range do not exceed 1,100.degree. C.
Again, the generator of the subject invention utilizes a
combustible mixture of fuel and air in which the air volume may be
adjusted to higher or lower values. The generator may be used with
any type of fuel which has previously been mixed with air by means
of any proportional mixes equipped with a Venturi tube or by
mechanical compressor-mixers. By using a proportional mixer of
adequate dimensions, it is possible to adapt its thermic power
within ratios higher than 10:1, thus adjusting the generator, with
regard to the wave length produced, to the thermic requirements of
a particular industrial process. Adjustment may be proportional or
modulated and it is also possible to obtain oxidizing or reducing
atmospheres from the combustion as may be required.
The combustible fuel gas mixture received in plenum chamber 14
through sleeve 30 from conduit 20 is circulated within plenum
chamber 14 by means of a deflector 80 disposed therein (FIG. 4).
Fuel which has been circulated within the chamber passes through
longitudinal fissure 18 and impinges reflector 70 where it is
ignited and reflected against screen or reflector 40. The products
of combustion then pass through openings 82 between reflector 70
and the side walls of reflector 40 toward the material to be
treated. Due to the high insulating effectiveness of insulating
layers 58,60 and to the cooling properties of the combustible fuel
gas mixture flowing inside plenum chamber 14 and through fissure
18, the combustible fuel gas mixture flowing inside conduit 20 is
retained at a temperature substantially below that required for
auto-ignition to thus prevent back firing.
Due to the particular design of the generator hereinabove
described, substantially the entire surface thereof facing the
material to be treated radiates thermic energy. These radiations
are generated by both the generally semi-circular reflector 70 and
by the flat surface of reflector 40 which cover substantially 100
percent (FIG. 3) of the surface facing the material to be treated.
The geometric characteristics of these reflectors, in addition to
the material, i.e., "INCONEL," selected for their manufacture,
provide the generator with a high radiation yield. It has been
found that with a temperature of the radiating surfaces amounting
to approximately 800.degree. C. and with a fuel mixture having 120
percent of excess air, the total thermic potential absorbed by the
generator amounts to approximately 5,000 Kcal/h. In this instance,
the generator reaches a specific thermic power of approximately
20.8 Kcal/h/cm.sup.2 of radiating surface. By way of calculation,
it is therefore apparent that the radiating yield amounts to 55
percent, that is, 55 percent of the heat spent in the combustion is
transferred by the generator as radiating thermic energy ranging
between 2 and 6 microns.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the
generator may include means for automatic ignition of the
combustible fuel gas mixture by means of an electric arc which is
formed between an ignition electrode and walls of the generator
when a difference of potential in the amount of approximately 6,000
volts is applied therebetween. Not only may the electrode be used
to control ignition, but it may also be employed to monitor the
flame by linking it to the appropriate electronic system which uses
the principle of rectification of an A/C current flowing between
the electrode and the generator as a result of the ionization of
the flame.
More specifically, and with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 6, it is
shown that the body of an electrode 90 (insulator and connecting
lid to the high power cable), and supported by a support member 92,
is conveniently affixed to the bottom side of conduit 20 whereby
the electrode is continuously cooled by the gas mixture. Electrode
90 includes an insulating sleeve 94 which passes through conduit 20
and sleeve 30, a centering washer 96 disposed between the bottom
wall of inner casing 12 and deflector 80 and penetrates into the
generator's core through fissure 18. In this position, insulator 94
does not cover the electrode to thus allow the formation of a
voltaic arc between reflector 40 and the electrode whenever a
selected difference of potential is applied between the two metals.
Such a difference of potential could, for example, amount to 6,000
volts. In the other application in which the electrode is used to
monitor the presence of a flame, the non-insulated portion of
electrode 17 is able to capture an ionization current which signals
that the generator is functioning.
It is also possible to link the system to some auxiliary equipment;
for example, when it is desired to obtain a simultaneous or
sequential automatic ignition and/or to monitor the presence of the
flame in each generator of a system equipped with multiple
generators. In certain instances, it is also possible to alternate
the two functions of the electrode, i.e., ignition and control, in
adjacent generators or in generators placed in irregular
sequence.
It is also further possible to equip each generator with two
mixture inputs 100 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 in order to control
the fuel gas mixture input pressure and for sampling the mixture
for any desired chemical analysis.
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred
embodiment. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to
others upon the reading and understanding of this specification. It
is our intention to include all such modifications and alterations
insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the
equivalents thereof.
* * * * *