U.S. patent number 3,790,314 [Application Number 05/255,580] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-05 for vane pump having extended undervane suction ports.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Abex Corporation. Invention is credited to Cecil E. Adams, James C. Swain.
United States Patent |
3,790,314 |
Swain , et al. |
February 5, 1974 |
VANE PUMP HAVING EXTENDED UNDERVANE SUCTION PORTS
Abstract
Improved high speed operation of vane pumps is obtained by the
provision of undervane suction ports that are positioned to
establish continuing fluid communication with the inner end of each
rotor vane slot, angularly beyond the end of the main suction port.
The undervane suction port advantageously extends in the direction
of rotor rotation to a position just short of the point at which it
would provide a short circuit connection between the pressure and
suction zones.
Inventors: |
Swain; James C. (Columbus,
OH), Adams; Cecil E. (Columbus, OH) |
Assignee: |
Abex Corporation (Columbus,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22968951 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/255,580 |
Filed: |
May 22, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
418/1; 418/15;
418/82; 418/184; 418/268 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04C
2/3446 (20130101); F04C 15/0049 (20130101); F01C
21/0863 (20130101); F04C 15/06 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01C
21/00 (20060101); F01C 21/08 (20060101); F04C
15/00 (20060101); F04C 2/344 (20060101); F04C
2/00 (20060101); F04c 015/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;418/268,82,267,1,15,184 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Croyle; Carlton R.
Assistant Examiner: Gluck; Richard E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wood, Herron & Evans
Claims
1. In a vane type hydraulic pressure energy translating device
including a stator, a rotor rotatable with respect to said stator,
said stator presenting a cam surface including a suction ramp, a
pressure ramp spaced from said suction ramp, and a pumping arc
between said suction ramp and said pressure ramp in the direction
of rotor rotation from said suction ramp, said rotor having vane
slots with vanes mounted in the respective slots, said vanes having
inner ends within the vane slots and outer ends which are held in
sliding engagement against the said cam surface, a space between
each pair of adjacent vanes comprising a transfer pocket, said cam
surface in cooperation with the rotor and a pair of cheek plates
defining a pumping space, a main suction port and a pressure port
in said cheek plates, and an undervane suction port communicating
with the main suction port for admitting fluid to the respective
vane slots below the inner ends of the vanes therein,
the improvement wherein,
said undervane suction port extends substantially beyond said
suction ramp in the direction of rotor rotation to an angular
position at which a vane whose slot is in communication with said
undervane suction port is part way across said pumping arc, thereby
providing a continuing supply of fluid from the undervane suction
port to the inner ends of the respective vanes while they are
traveling on said pumping arc, said undervane suction port
terminating short of a position at which pressure fluid could
short
2. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the undervane suction port
terminates about 2 to 4 degrees short of the position at which such
short
3. The improvement of claim 1, wherein said main suction port
terminates at
6. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the undervane port includes
a bleed
7. The improvement of claim 1, further wherein passageways are
provided in either the rotor or the vanes for establishing a fluid
flow path from the undervane suction port into a transfer pocket
while the leading vane of said pocket is on said pumping arc and
said undervane suction port is in
8. The improvement of claim 7 wherein said passageways include
grooves in the vanes connecting the inner ends of the vanes with
the outer ends
9. The improvement of claim 1 further wherein said vanes are double
lip vanes having a leading lip and a trailing lip, said pumping arc
has an inward slope so that the trailing lip of each vane is spaced
from the pumping arc as the vane moves over said arc with the
leading lip in engagement therewith,
and passageways comprising edge grooves in each vane provide fluid
communication from the inner end of the vane in the vane slot to
the outer end of the vane, the spacing of the trailing lip from the
pumping arc thereby permitting flow across the trailing lip of the
vane to the
10. In a vane type hydraulic pressure energy translating device
including a stator, a rotor rotatable with respect to said stator,
one of said stator or said rotor presenting a cam surface including
a suction ramp, a pressure ramp spaced from said suction ramp, and
a pumping arc between said suction ramp and said pressure ramp in
the direction of rotor rotation from said suction ramp, the other
of said stator and said rotor having vane slots with vanes mounted
in the respective slots, said vanes having inner ends within the
vane slots and outer ends which are held in sliding engagement
against the said cam surface, a space between each pair of adjacent
vanes comprising a fluid pocket, said cam surface in cooperation
with the rotor and a pair of cheek plates defining a pumping space,
a main suction port and a pressure port in said cheek plates, said
main suction port communicating with each fluid pocket sequentially
to admit fluid thereinto and an undervane suction port
communicating with the main suction port for admitting fluid to the
respective vane slots below the inner ends of the vanes
therein,
the improvement wherein,
said undervane suction port extends substantially beyond said
suction ramp in the direction of rotor rotation to an angular
position at which a vane whose slot is in communication with said
undervane suction port is a substantial distance across said
pumping arc, thereby providing continuing suction port
communication to the inner ends of the respective vanes while they
are traveling on said pumping arc, said undervane suction port
terminating short of a position at which pressure fluid could
short
11. In a method of operating a vane pump wherein vanes move
sequentially from a suction ramp across a pumping arc to a pressure
ramp and fluid is admitted to a transfer pocket between vanes
through a main suction port in a suction zone, the pocket then
moves past the main suction port, and fluid in the pocket is
expelled from the pocket to a pressure zone, and further wherein an
inwardly facing surface of each vane is connected to fluid at
suction zone pressure while said surface is passing through the
suction zone, the improved method of operation comprising,
timing the cutoff of said connection of the said inwardly facing
surface of each vane to fluid at suction zone pressure to occur
when that vane has traveled past the suction ramp and is on the
span of said pumping arc and just before said surface would come
into communication with the pressure zone of the pump.
Description
This invention relates to improvements in hydraulic pressure energy
translating devices of the type having rotor and stator members,
one of which mounts vanes that engage a cam surface carried by the
other member. More particularly, the invention is directed to
improvements in the "timing" of fluid communication between the
respective fluid transfer pockets and the pump suction porting in a
vane pump.
In the most common type of commercial vane pump, the vanes are
mounted in slots in a rotor. As the rotor turns, the tips of the
vanes engage and slide over a cam surface which is around the
rotor. The sides of the rotor and the side edges of the vanes are
in sliding, sealing engagement with cheek or port plates on
opposite sides of the rotor.
The cam surface is contoured so that the spacing between it and the
rotor periphery varies around the rotor. This so-called pumping
space, bounded by the rotor surface, the cheek plates, and the cam
surface, is generally regarded as comprising four zones: the
pressure zone, the suction zone, a transfer zone (which lies
between the suction zone and the pressure zone in the direction of
rotation), and a sealing zone (which lies between the pressure zone
and the suction zone in the direction of rotation). The variations
in cam surface-rotor spacing in these zones cause vane movement and
consequent changes in the volume of the intervane spaces or
transfer pockets between the respective pairs of vanes.
A pocket increases in volume as it traverses the suction zone, and
decreases in volume in the pressure zone. The volume increase at
the suction zone occurs because the cam surface recedes from the
rotor surface there. This permits the vanes to extend from their
rotor slots. The recession of the cam surface from the rotor
surface across the suction zone is called the suction ramp, the
term "ramp" being used to designate an inclined surface, as opposed
to an arc of fixed or constant diameter about the rotor axis. The
volume of the intervane is decreased in the pressure zone, where
the cam surface has a so-called pressure ramp, which approaches the
rotor surface.
One or more main suction ports open through each cheek plate, and
fluid flows through such main suction ports into the transfer
pockets between the pairs of vanes as the vanes sequentially move
past it. The front or leading vane of each pocket-defining pair
seals and prevents pressure fluid in the pressure zone of the pump
from "short circuiting" by escaping past it to the suction port. As
the rotor turns, the pocket transfers the fluid in it across a
transfer zone to the pressure port in the pressure zone. The
trailing vane of the pocket pair closes or seals the pocket from
the main suction port, before the leading vane of the pair has
moved far enough to permit communication of the pressure zone with
the pocket, in order to prevent internal pressure fluid loss by
short circuiting.
For the most efficient pumping action to take place, it is
essential that each transfer pocket fill completely with fluid as
it traverses the suction zone. At low speed operation, fluid can
readily flow into the transfer pockets as they sequentially pass
the main suction port, and each pocket fills completely. However,
as the speed of rotation increases beyond a certain speed (the
value of which depends on the structural details of the particular
pump), the time period during which the transfer pocket is open to
(i.e., in fluid communication with) the suction zone becomes so
brief that it is insufficient for the pocket to fill completely.
Above that speed the pump will not deliver its full volumetric
capacity, and cavitation, noise, and wear increase rapidly. Such
partial and inadequate filling of the pockets is apparent on a
graph showing pump out-put flow rate as a function of speed of
rotation. Starting at zero, the curve is essentially a straight
line, corresponding to a proportional increase in output flow rate
with increasing speed. Eventually, however, the slope of the curve
begins to decline; the flow continues to increase, but at a
decreasing rate. The flow does not increase in direct relation to
pumping speed. Whatever the precise speeds at which these phenomena
occur, it is generally true that a vane pump will become
increasingly inefficient above a certain speed of rotation, once
pocket filling begins to be incomplete.
This has restricted the useful range of pump operation, and has
reduced efficiency of pumps running at speeds beyond the range of
"straight line" operation. Beyond the "limiting" speed, further
speed increases do not produce comparable increases in output, and
the pump becomes increasingly inefficient. Moreover, cavitation
causes noise and increased metal erosion that leads to excessive
wear. In such cases the pump is operating past the point of
diminishing returns.
It has been a primary objective of this invention to improve the
high speed operation of vane pumps, and to extend the range of
speeds at which such pumps can operate efficiently.
In many vane pumps there is a second area, in addition to the
respective intervane pocket, which must be filled with fluid as the
pocket moves through the suction zone. This is the volume at the
inner end of the rotor slot in which the vane slides. The vane is
moving outwardly as it traverses the suction ramp, and the
unoccupied volume of the vane slot is also increasing. In order to
provide for filling of this volume, a so-called under-vane suction
port is commonly provided in the cheek plate. This undervane port
is spaced radially inwardly from the main suction port, and it
communicates with the inner end of the vane slot as the latter
sweeps by it.
In addition to undervane suction ports, the prior art has also
provided supplementary means to connect the inner end of each vane
slot to an intervane pocket, in the form of a bore extending
angularly from the rotor periphery to the respective vane slot
inner end. Such bores are shown in Pettibone U.S. Pat. No.
3,479,962, issued Nov. 25, 1969. However, inward flow in such rotor
bores is restricted by centrifugal force, and such rotor bores
would more likely provide an outward flow if an adequate source of
fluid were to be provided at the inner end of the rotor slot. In
the absence of an adequate source of fluid at the inner end of the
vane slots, it would be expected that some of the available fluid
would flow to the intervane pocket, tending to starve or cavitate
the undervane spaces.
In the past, the angular dimension of the undervane suction port
has been substantially the same as that of the main suction port.
Communication between the main suction port and a given transfer
pocket cuts off when the trailing vane of the pocket crosses the
downstream edge of the main suction port. This occurs when the
trailing vane is at its most extended position, at the outer end of
the suction ramp where the vane is about to start its traverse of
the major diameter portion or so-called pumping arc of the cam
surface. Similarly, it has been the accepted practice in the
industry to "time" the closing of the undervane port to occur
(i.e., to cut off communication between the undervane port and the
inner end of a vane slot which is passing it) very shortly after
the vane has reached its most extended position.
It is mandatory that the main suction port close before the pocket
it has been filling comes into communication with the pressure
port. If the main suction port closed later with respect to that
pocket, there would exist a short circuit path from the pressure
port through the pocket, directly to the suction port. Hence, for a
very practical reason the main suction port cannot be extended to
provide a longer filling space.
This invention is predicated on the discovery that the undervane
suction port--in contradistinction to the main suction port--does
not need to be limited to the same angular dimension as the main
suction port, and that in fact there is an advantage to be
obtained, particularly in respect to better high speed operation of
the pump, by extending the undervane suction port in the direction
of rotor rotation, to a substantially greater angular extent than
has previously been known. This extension delays the closing of the
undervane suction port with respect to a given vane slot. More
importantly, it provides longer communication between the
under-vane port and a given pocket via the slot of the leading vane
of the pocket. A longer filling time is thereby provided for fluid
to flow into the pocket from the slot of the leading vane of that
pocket.
The extended undervane suction port is preferably closed only just
before it would provide a short circuit path for fluid from the
pressure zone to escape through it toward the suction zone. Test
data has confirmed that such elongation of the undervane ports will
extend the linear part of the flow-speed curve, up to higher
operating speeds than would otherwise be obtained.
Any substantial elongation or extension of the undervane port,
beyond the traditional duration of the prior art, will afford an
improvement. Preferably, however, the undervane suction port is
extended almost to the position at which it would afford a bridge
or path between the high pressure zone of the pump and the suction
zone, and thereby short circuit the pump. Such short circuiting
would be highly undesirable. Nonetheless, it has been found that
closure of the undervane suction port only a few degrees ahead of
the point of connection to the pressure zone is sufficient to
maintain an adequate seal, while at the same time permitting the
pump to be run on a lineal part of the flow versus speed curve, at
speeds several hundred rpm greater than are possible with
conventional undervane port timing.
All the reasons may not be known for the improvement that flows
from extension of the port length in accordance with the invention.
The undervane slot volume is much smaller than the volume of the
pocket between adjacent vanes, and it might therefore be thought
that less difficulty would be encountered in filling it. It is
theorized that cavitation in the under-vane slots has been severe
and that an extended undervane fill period overcomes this effect.
Also, some fluid in the under-vane slot can flow to the transfer
pocket itself, to insure that the latter is also filled, and it may
be assisted in doing so by the centrifugal force that tends to move
it radially outwardly, up the vane groove and/or pressure balancing
holes and into the transfer pocket. "Bubbles" arising from
cavitation are believed to be most severe just behind the leading
vane of a pocket, and these spaces can be filled by fluid from the
leading vane slot flowing up from the slot through the vane grooves
or balancing holes. This type of bubble filling may be more
efficient than filling via the main suction port, since fluid
flowing to a moving bubble from the vane in front of it requires
less acceleration to reach that space than fluid from the main
suction port which must catch up to the bubble from behind. The
extended undervane ports enable this "two way" filling of a pocket
(through the main port and the undervane port as well) to continue
longer than previously, and this is believed to underlie the
improvement in pump operation which the invention provides.
The invention can best be further described by detailed reference
to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an axial section through one type of pump having
undervane suction porting in accordance with a preferred embodiment
of the invention, the pump being a balanced pump with piston
actuated, double lip vanes, the section being taken through the
suction ports;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the front cheek plate, taken on the line
2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the opposite or rear cheek plate, taken on
line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a developed section through the undervane suction port,
taken on line 4--4 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary plan view of a portion of a rotor and cam
ring of the pump shown in FIGS. 1-4, illustrating how the extended
undervane suction port provides a longer filling period for the
inner end of the vane slot;
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 but shows a pump having a
conventionally timed undervane suction port in accordance with the
prior art;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic illustration showing the effect of various
types of suction zone filling on the maximum speed at which a pump
can operate without cavitation; and
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the preferred timing as
embodied in a pump having single lip vanes.
The invention described and claimed herein is broadly applicable to
vane pumps in which both the inner and the outer ends of the vanes
are exposed to fluid at suction zone pressure as they traverse the
suction zone of the pump, including pumps which have single lip
vanes as well as those which have double lip vanes. The vanes may
be actuated by hydraulically operated means, including pistons, or
by springs. The invention is first described hereinafter in
relation to a balanced pump having hydraulically operated vanes of
the pressure balanced, two lip type, but it should be understood
that this is by way of illustration and not limitation.
Referring to FIGS. 1-5, the pump there shown includes a housing or
casing formed by a body casting 1 having a generally cylindrical
internal chamber, and an end cap 2 having a recessed shoulder 3
which telescopes into one end of the body and is sealed thereto by
an O-ring 4. The body and end cap are connected by bolts, not
shown.
The end wall 5 of cap 2 has an opening through which the pump
operating shaft 6 extends. In cap 2, shaft 6 is supported for
rotation by a ball bearing 7 which is secured against axial
movement in the opening. A seal 8 prevents the leakage of oil along
shaft 6. The shaft extends into body 1 from end cap 2, and at its
rear or inner end is carried for rotation by a needle roller
bearing 9 mounted within a central bore in the body 1.
The end cap 2 supports and is sealed around a front cheek plate 10,
sometimes called a port plate, which has a smooth, flat inner
surface 11 that bears against a side or radial face 13 of an
annular cam ring or stator 14. On its opposite side surface 17, cam
ring 14 bears against a smooth flat surface 18 of a rear cheek or
port plate 19, and clamps the latter against an internal shoulder
(not shown in FIG. 1) in body 1. The cam ring itself, as well as
the housing and cam ring together, are sometimes referred to in the
art as a stator. The cam ring 14 is clamped between the two cheek
plates by four bolts, not shown, which pass through bolt holes in
the cam ring that are aligned with holes in cheek plates 10 and
19.
A fluid intake passageway 22 extends radially into body 1 and
communicates with a pair of annular channels 23, 24 which encircle
the internal cavity within the body. These annular channels 23, 24
distribute fluid from the intake passageway 22 to the suction ports
in the cheek plates, to be described.
The cam ring 14 is supported radially by an annular rib 26 formed
in body 1 between the annular channels 23, 24. The cam ring
encircles a rotor 28 which is connected to and driven by shaft 6
through splines 29. The spline joint permits proper running
alignment of the rotor between the opposed flat surfaces 11 and 18
of the front and rear cheek plates 10 and 19 respectively. Both
cheek plates have central openings through which shaft 6 passes.
The rotor has a plurality of radial vane slots 31 (see FIG. 5) in
each of which a vane 32 is mounted.
The cam ring 14 has an inward facing cam surface 34 that is
contoured to provide a balanced or symmetrical pump construction in
which suction ramps 34a establishing pairs of diametrically
opposite low pressure, inlet or suction zones (one of which is
designated at 37 in FIG. 5) and or pressure ramp 34b establishing
high pressure, outlet or exhaust zones (one of which is designated
at 38 in FIG. 5). Each vane engages the cam surface 34 of cam ring
14, and the side edges of the vanes slide over the smooth flat
surfaces 11 and 18 of the front and back cheek plates on opposite
sides of the rotor. The pairs of adjacent vanes divide the annular
pumping space between the rotor, cam surface, and cheek plates into
a series of transfer pockets or intervane spaces 40.
Intake passageway 22 communicates via the annular channel 23, 24
around cam ring 14 through passages cored in the cheek plates 10
and 19, to paired main suction ports spaced 180.degree. apart in
surfaces 11 and 18 thereof. Two main suction ports 43 and 44 are
formed in front cheek plate 10, as seen in FIG. 2, and are fed
through channel 24. Two additional main suction ports 45 and 46 are
formed in rear cheek plate 19 (see FIG. 3) and are fed through
channel 23. These four main suction ports are aligned with the
corresponding suction zones 37 in the pumping space between the
rotor periphery 36 and the cam surface 34. Increased filling area
for each suction zone may be provided by a bore 33 through the cam
ring, for leading fluid from inlet 22 and the outer surface of the
cam ring, directly into the suction zone. Such increased main
suction area filling means are known in the art.
Each main suction port 43 and 44 of the front cheek plate 10 is
connected by a branch passage 47, with an undervane suction port 50
in the cheek plate; similarly, each suction port 45 and 46 in rear
cheek plate 19 is connected by a passage 48 in the rear cheek plate
with an undervane suction port 51. The undervane suction ports 50
and 51 are radially positioned so that the inner ends 49 of the
vane slots 31 will pass across them as the rotor turns. (In FIGS. 2
and 3 the inner ends 49 of the vane slots are superimposed in
phantom on the cheek plates). The opening of each undervane port 50
and 51 in its cheek plate surface 11 and 18 is sausage shaped, as
viewed in plan. Each port 50 and 51 is extended in the direction of
rotor rotation (indicated by arrows), by a groove or channel at 58
(see FIG. 4), and a bleed slot in the form of a V groove 59 that
projects beyond the end of groove 58. Together, the portions 58 and
59 define a port extension in the direction of rotor movement. A
shallow drain slot designated at 60 extends radially in the faces
11 and 18 of the respective cheek plates 10 and 19, from the
under-vane ports 50 and 51, to the central shaft openings therein.
The purpose of this is to provide for draining fluid from the
cavity around shaft 6.
As shown in FIG. 2, the front cheek plate 10 includes two
diametrically opposed pressure ports 52, 52. The pressure ports are
centered substantially 90.degree. from the main suction ports 43
and 44, and they open to the pressure zones 38 between the rotor
and the cam surface. The pressure ports 52, 52 are connected
through internal passageways (partly shown at 54 in FIG. 1) in
cheek plate 10 and end cap 2, to a fluid outlet or delivery
coupling 56. In use, coupling 56 connected to an external hydraulic
circuit not shown.
The cam ring may be aligned with respect to the two cheek plates by
dowel pins (not shown in the drawings) projecting from its faces 13
and 17. The dowel pins are registrable in holes 62, 63 in the
respective cheek plate surfaces 11 and 18, as is known in the
art.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-5, each vane 32 has grooved outer and
side edges, as designated at 67 (see FIGS. 1 and 5). The grooves 67
reflect the pressure acting on the outer end of the vane into the
inner end 49 of the vane slot. Two lips are defined on the outer
end of each vane, on opposite sides of grooves 67. The leading lip
is designated at 64 and the trailing lip at 65. Only the front or
leading lip 64 of a vane will engage the cam surface 34 in the
pressure zone 38 by reason of the inward ramp on the cam surface
there, while only the rear or trailing lip 65 will engage the cam
surface in the suction zone 37, by reason of the outward direction
of the suction ramp (see FIG. 5).
It should be pointed out that only leading lip 64 contacts the cam
surface while traversing the major diameter or pumping arc 34c
through the so-called transfer zone, due to a slight inward slope
or ramp on this portion of the cam. This is described in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,481,276 to which reference is hereby made. This slight inward
ramp provides a small gap between the trailing vane lip 65 and the
cam, and therefore a flow path from groove 67 to the trailing
transfer pocket. This makes it possible for small flows to pass
from the undervane suction ports through the passageway which leads
from the inner ends 49 of the vane slots up through the grooves 67
and over the trailing lip 65 into a transfer pocket 40 as the
pocket traverses the major diameter or transfer zone.
To provide an actuating force on the vanes to urge them outwardly
against the cam surface, it is known to use either springs or
hydraulic force. The pump illustrated uses the latter, but this is
not part of the invention and is not critical. A radial bore or
cylinder 69 is formed in rotor 28 (FIG. 1), extending inwardly from
the inner end 49 of each vane slot 31. The bores 69 are
interconnected at their inner ends through an annular chamber 71.
Fluid can flow into pressure chamber 71 only through the radial
bores 69. A generally cylindrical hollow piston valve element 72
slides in each radial bore 69, and includes an axial bore 73. The
outer end of each piston 72 is conically tapered, and forms a valve
with the inwardly facing end surface 68 of the vane. The operation
of such pistons is described in the above mentioned U.S. Pat. No.
3,481,276 and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,044, to which reference is
hereby made. Apart from the piston, vane surface 68 is exposed to
the pressure of fluid in slot end 49 which together with the piston
urges the vane outwardly.
Fluid from the channels 23, 24 enters the transfer pockets 40 and
the inner ends 49 of the vane slots as they sequentially traverse
the suction zone 37. This fluid is at low pressure, as designated
by the letter S in FIG. 5. Fluid enters these spaces through the
main suction ports 43-46, and through the associated undervane
ports 50 and 51 as the vanes move outward of the suction ramp to
expand the volume of the pocket.
FIG. 5 shows two adjacent transfer pockets 40a and 40b. The pocket
40a is bounded by a trailing vane 32a and a leading vane 32b, and
is traversing the suction zone, while the preceding pocket 40b is
bounded by a leading vane 32c and the vane 32b which trails it and
is approaching the pressure zone. The inner ends 49 of the slots of
vanes 32a, 32b are in communication with the undervane suction
ports, one of which is visible at 50. The slot of vane 32c is out
of communication with the undervane ports and is almost in
communication with the pressure zone.
Each pocket 40 is increasing its volumetric size or capacity while
either of its adjacent vanes is traversing the suction ramp. The
volume increase continues until the trailing vane 32b reaches the
top of the suction ramp. This approximately coincides with the
cut-off of direct communication between the main suction port and
the pocket ahead of that vane. Fluid can flow directly into that
pocket through the main suction port until its trailing vane has
passed the port. This direct path will be closed when the leading
edge of the trailing vane of that pocket has passed the downstream
edge 76 of the main port. (Further extension of the main suction
port would provide a short circuit path for fluid from the pressure
zone through the pocket directly to the suction zone, and would
therefore be disastrous to operation.) The leading lip of the
trailing vane of that pocket will thereafter seal the pocket from
the suction port. Thus, in FIG. 5, the vane 32b will cut off
communication between port 43 and pocket 40b when its leading edge
64 crosses the downstream edge 76 of the port. This occurs when the
lip is just coming off the end of the suction ramp. As previously
described, the trailing lip 65 will not seal against the cam
surface as the vane traverses the major diameter of cam, since the
cam has a slight inward ramp in this transfer zone. This sustains a
small degree of fluid communication between the groove 67 in the
vane crossing the transfer zone and the pocket behind it.
Fluid can flow into the inner end 49 of the slot containing vane
32b through the undervane ports 50, 51 while they are in
communication with it, that is, until the slot end passes beyond
the trailing or downstream edge 78 of the undervane port.
In prior art pumps, as shown in FIG. 6, the trailing edge 79 of the
undervane port has conventionally been positioned or "timed" so
that communication to the vane slot inner end is cut off when the
vane comes off of the suction ramp of the cam surface. This has
apparently been due to a belief that filling of the vane slot end
should be complete at this point, since no further outward vane
movement will occur beyond the suction ramp, and that there is no
further increase in the space to be filled.
We have discovered that the situation is in fact considerably more
complex than that, and that there are definite although subtle
advantages in extending the downstream edge of the undervane
suction port, to permit filling through the vane slot inner end to
continue through that port past the time or rotor position at which
slot cut-off has previously occurred.
We believe that in previous designs without this invention, when
the pump is operated at a speed where cavitation or incomplete
filling is first detected, voids or gas bubbles appear in the vane
groove 67, as well as slot 49, and just behind the leading vane of
the pocket. At a lower speed, these voids or bubbles are filled or
collapsed by filling from the main suction port. However, as speed
increases these bubbles become increasingly difficult to fill from
the main port, and they remain in and behind a vane as it moves
completely across the sealing zone and into the pressure port. This
produces serious pump damage and limits the useful rating.
In accordance with the invention, as shown in FIGS. 3-5, the
undervane suction ports 50 and 51 are extended by the groove 58 and
bleed slot 59 in the direction of rotor rotation, past the
conventional position shown in FIG. 6, toward but short of the
point (indicated at 77 in FIG. 5 in phantom) at which they would
act as a short circuit path for pressure fluid from the pressure
zone designated by P.
The extension permits a longer undervane fill time continuing while
the vane completely traverses the transfer zone. It is believed
that, in addition to better filling of the vane slot inner end,
fluid is "slung" outwardly by centrifugal force, from the slot
inner end via groove 67 and into the pocket behind it through the
gap between the trailing vane lip 65 and the cam surface, to insure
filling of the pocket. We also believe that undervane cavitation
may have been more serious than was previously realized, and that
the prolonged filling time permits filling of bubbles caused by
undervane cavitation, as well as in the pocket itself.
Since, as described, the voids or bubbles tend to appear within a
vane and vane slot, and also follow a vane across the sealing zone
at cavitating speeds, even though the main suction port has not yet
been closed, it can be seen how this construction can alleviate the
problem. The extended undervane suction ports can continue to
supply fluid to the critical areas long after the leading portion
of a pocket has passed the main suction port.
It can also be seen that pumps without this improvement would not
have a continued source of fluid to supply the areas that need it
as a vane sweeps across the major cam diameter.
The optimum extension of the undervane port is to a point short--
preferably just by a few degrees, typically about
2.degree.-5.degree. -- of the position at which fluid could flow
from the pressure zone to the vane slot inner end and through the
latter to the undervane suction port. If the undervane port
extended beyond the "short circuit" point illustrated in FIG. 5 by
dash-dot line 77, fluid would blow from the pressure zone past the
leading edge of vane 32c through vane groove 67, the inner end
slot, to the undervane port. Terminating the extension of the
undervane port somewhat prior to the short circuit point is
necessary to provide an effective seal at the rotor side surface.
The approximate 2.degree.-5.degree. spacing mentioned above has
been found entirely adequate for this purpose.
The provision of the extended undervane ports demonstrably improves
pump operation at high speed. This is illustrated in FIG. 7, which
compares maximum speeds of operation without cavitation for four
pumps which differ in the means of filling in the suction zone. A
pump having standard suction porting (as illustrated in FIG. 6)
fills without cavitating up to a maximum speed of about 2,300 rpm.
The provision of an increased main suction filling area (as shown
at 33) raises the maximum fill speed by about 100 rpm, to about
2,400 rpm. Inclusion of extended undervane ports, in accordance
with the invention, in the standard pump (without use of an
increased main suction filling area), provides a maximum filling
speed of about 2,550 rpm. Use of both extended undervane ports and
the bores 33 raises the limit to about 2,650 rpm. Only then does
the pump begin to depart from linear operation. This thus indicates
the reduction in cavitation and the improvement in filling that the
invention provides.
FIG. 8 shows diagrammatically a single lip vane pump having
extended undervane porting. Here the slot inner end 79 of the
trailing vane of a pocket 83 remains in communication with the
undervane port 80 as single lip vane 90 traverses the transfer
zone. The undervane port communication continues to a point just
short of the position (indicated at 84 in phantom) at which
pressure fluid from the pressure port 85 acting behind the leading
vane 86 of the pocket, could flow into it through the pressure
balancing port 87 of the vane.
In the pump illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 the benefits of the invention
are not obtained if the direction of rotor movement is reversed.
(If rotation were reversed, the extension of the undervane ports
would project under the so-called minor diameter portion 84 of the
cam surface and would not provide the benefits described at the
major diameter.)
However, it is pointed out that the invention can be utilized in
two-lip vane type reversible pumps, provided the pump has a slight
outward ramp on the minor diameter such as is described in the
copending application of Adams, Swain and Wilcox, titled "Vane Pump
with Ramp on Minor Diameter," Ser. No. 246,774, filed Apr. 24,
1972, to which reference is hereby made.
Without such a ramp on the minor diameter, and with extended
undervane ports extending across the minor diameter, the vanes may
short circuit pressure fluid over the trailing vane lip, into the
vane slot in the rotor, and on out to the suction port through the
undervane port extensions. This can happen if the leading vane lip
contacts an imperfect cam surface as described in the above
copending application. Such a combination can cause "vane blow
down," resulting in noisy and rough operation. The proper ramp on
the minor cam diameter can prevent this problem.
To impart reversibility to the undervane porting, in a pump having
a ramp on the minor or minimum diameter as referred to above, the
port is formed so that an extension (which may be similar to that
at 58 and 59) projects in both directions from the center of the
port, rather than only in one direction as shown in FIG. 2. The
extension in the direction of rotor movement will function as
described above. The extension in the opposite direction will
extend under the minor diameter; it will help provide filling at
the start of the suction ramp, and the outward ramp on the minor
diameter will prevent pressure from blowing over the tip of the
vanes and there will be no short circuiting or harmful effect.
It should be noted that the bleed slots shown at 59 in the drawings
are not essential to the invention, and they can be omitted in the
extension of the undervane port. When used, they determine the
effective length of the undervane port.
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