U.S. patent number 3,785,202 [Application Number 05/156,645] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-15 for electronic supervisory control system for drilling wells.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Cities Service Oil Company. Invention is credited to Harold J. Dobbs, Ray M. Kelseaux, Frank D. Priebe.
United States Patent |
3,785,202 |
Kelseaux , et al. |
January 15, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
ELECTRONIC SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DRILLING WELLS
Abstract
An electronic supervisory control system is disclosed herein
wherein rotary power, rotary speed, bit weight, hole size,
penetration rate and mud weight ratio are utilized in conjunction
with analog and electronic sensing means in order to afford
drilling personnel a supervisory control system over drilling
operation. Recorded information includes the rate of penetration,
corrected d exponent and rotary torque, which may be visually
recorded and electronically stored for use for both supervisory
control and simultaneous understanding of the monitored drilling
variables and their effect upon the drilling operation.
Inventors: |
Kelseaux; Ray M. (Tulsa,
OK), Dobbs; Harold J. (Bartlesville, OK), Priebe; Frank
D. (Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Cities Service Oil Company
(Tulsa, OK)
|
Family
ID: |
22560430 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/156,645 |
Filed: |
June 25, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
73/152.45;
73/152.46; 73/152.59; 73/152.49 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
45/00 (20130101); E21B 47/00 (20130101); E21B
21/08 (20130101); E21B 44/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
21/08 (20060101); E21B 21/00 (20060101); E21B
47/00 (20060101); E21B 44/00 (20060101); E21B
45/00 (20060101); E21b 045/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;73/151.5,151 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3368400 |
February 1968 |
Jorden, Jr. et al. |
3541852 |
November 1970 |
Brown et al. |
3620077 |
November 1971 |
Brown et al. |
|
Primary Examiner: Myracle; Jerry W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Strickler; Richard S. Hogan;
Patricia J. Levin; Burton E. Ward; Joshua J. Yates; Edwin T.
Ruchton; George L. Reinert; A. Joe Gunn; Elton F.
Claims
Therefore, we claim:
1. An electronic supervisory control system for monitoring and
recording of a drilling operation wherein a drill string having a
kelly and a drill bit is turned by means of a rotary motor said
control system comprises:
a. computer means for computing;
b. means for sensing the rotary motor power electrically connected
to said computer means;
c. means for sensing the rotary motor speed electrically connected
to said computer means;
d. means for sensing the weight on the drill bit electrically
connected to said computer means;
e. means for sensing the penetration rate of the drill bit
electrically connected to said computer means;
f. means for recording electrically connected to said computer
means;
g. means for inputting a drilled hole size into said computer
means;
h. means for inputting a mud weight ratio into said computer means;
and
in which the means for sensing the weight on the drill bit and the
means for sensing the penetration rate of the drill bit are
utilized in combination with the input of the drilled hole size and
mud weight ratio to compute by said computer a corrected d
exponent; and simultaneously the means for sensing the rotary motor
power and means for sensing the rotary motor speed are utilized to
compute by said computer a rotary motor torque, and the corrected d
exponent, rotary motor torque and rate of penetration are plotted
on said means for recording.
2. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 1 in which
the means for sensing the rotary motor power comprise:
a. a rotary power sensor mounted upon the shaft of the rotary
motor;
b. means for converting the rotary motion of the shaft measured by
the rotary motor power sensor to an electrical signal; and
c. electrical circuit means to transmit the electrical signal from
the rotary motor power sensor to said computer means.
3. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 1 in which
the means for sensing the rotary motor power comprise:
a. an electrical rotary motor power sensor connected to the power
line of the rotary motor; and
b. an electrical circuit means to transmit an electrical signal
from the electrical rotary motor power sensor to said computer
means.
4. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 3 in which
the means for sensing the rotary motor speed comprise:
a. an electrical rotation sensor connected to the kelly; and
b. an electrical circuit means to transmit an electrical signal
from the electrical kelly rotation sensor to said computer
means.
5. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 4 in which
the means for sensing the penetration rate of the drill bit
comprise:
a. an electrical rotation sensor connected to the rotary table;
b. an electrical depth sensor connected to the drill string;
c. means for integrating the electrical signals from the electrical
rotary table rotation sensor and electrical depth sensor to produce
a rate of penetration electrical signal; and
d. an electrical circuit means to transmit the rate of penetration
electrical signal to said computer means.
6. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 5 in which
the computation by said computer means of a corrected d exponent is
conducted by an analog computer receiving the electrical signals of
rate of penetration, weight on the bit, hole size and mud ratio in
formation.
7. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 6 in which
the corrected d exponent, rotary motor torque and rate of
penetration computed signals are received from the appropriate
sensors and analog computer and are recorded on said means for
recording.
8. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 7 further
comprising a bit time integrator for recording operational drilling
time in conjunction with the sensor data recording.
9. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 8 further
comprising:
a. means for combining the rotary motor power electrical signal
with an electrical signal from the bit time integrator to produce a
bit wear and exposure electrical signal;
b. means for combining the rotary motor power electrical signal
with the rate of penetration electrical signal to produce an energy
expended per depth electrical signal and for recording of the bit
wear and exposure electrical signal and the energy expended per
depth electrical signal on said means for recording.
10. The electronic supervisory control system of claim 9 wherein
said means for recording is a depth driven electronic recorder.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method for supervisory control during
the drilling of wells. More particularly, the method of the present
invention is an electronic supervisory control system for
monitoring various drilling variables and through electronic
manipulation of these variables obtaining useful information for
the control and observation of the drilling operation.
In applying technology to a drilling operation, it is often a
requisite criteria that one obtain a general concept and preferably
an exact knowledge of the presence and lithology of formations
being encountered or to be encountered by the drilling bit. Various
and sundry methods have been proposed for prediction of formations
to be encountered or for alarm systems for detecting when a drill
bit enters certain formations. In particular, a patent issued to
Jordan, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,368,400, METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE
TOP OF ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURES, teaches a process for
detecting when a bore hole enters a geopressured shale section,
utilizing the penetration rate of the drill bit as the measured
variable. The penetration rate of the drill bit is applied over
shale sections, to determine the rate of change in penetration rate
as the drill bit enters the top of a geopressured shale. The top of
the geopressured section is detected by locating the depth at which
the rate of change in the rate of penetration distinctly changes.
Therefore, through the teaching of Jordon and a determination of
the penetration rate, one finds a tool for determining the exact
location and depth of the geopressured shale sections so that mud
weights and drilling variables may be changed to anticipate well
blowouts.
Brown, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,541,852, ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR
MONITORING DRILLING CONDITIONS RELATING TO OIL AND GAS WELLS,
teaches the recordation of information by a system, including
drilling depth, time, penetration rate, hook load, rotary speed,
pump strokes, gas chromatography, and such drilling mud information
as weight in-weight out, viscosity, temperature, and flow rates.
These data are utilized with the monitoring of drilling rig
variables, (for example total depth, rate of penetration, and speed
of rotation of the drill bit) to provide a new system for
monitoring the rate of penetration of a drill bit used in drilling
an oil and gas well.
None of the disclosed prior art have shown a system for the
supervisory control of the entire drilling operation where it is
particularly advantageous at all times to realize the lithology of
the formations being penetrated by a drill bit, and to particularly
to understand and control the drilling operation through a
knowledge of the lithology being penetrated. What is required is a
method for determining in any time period during a drilling
operation that lithology which is being encountered by the drill
bit or will be encountered a considerable distance ahead of the
drill bit. In conjunction with the method are means for monitoring
and controlling the drilling variables in order that hazardous
conditions may be avoided along with the curtailment of blowouts
and other catastrophies.
It is an object of the present invention to provide means for
determining the lithological nature of formation encountered by a
drill bit.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide means
for the supervisory control of a drilling operation.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide
means for the monitoring, recording and supervisory control of a
drilling operation through the measurement of specific drilling
variables.
With these and other objects in mind, the present invention may be
more fully understood through referral to the accompanying drawings
and following description.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The objects of the present invention may be accomplished through an
electronic supervisory control system for monitoring and recording
of a drilling operation. The electronic supervisory control system
comprises computer means for computing means for sensing the rotary
motor power, means for sensing the rotary motor speed, means for
sensing the weight on the drill bit, and means for sensing the
penetration rate of the drill bit. The means for sensing the weight
on the drill bit and the means for sensing the penetration rate of
the drill bit are utilized in combination with a determination of
the drilled hole size and mud weight ratios to compute a corrected
d exponent. The means for sensing the rotary motor power and the
means for sensing the rotary motor speed are utilized to compute a
rotary motor torque. The computed d exponent, rotary motor torque
and rate of penetration are simultaneously plotted on an electronic
recorder as a function of actual drilled depth.
The electronic supervisory control system of the present invention
may further comprise a bit time integrator for recording
operational drilling time utilized in conjunction with the sensor
data recording. Other preferred embodiments of the present
invention also comprise the combination of the rotary motor power
electrical signal with an electrical signal from the bit time
integrator to produce a bit wear and exposure electrical signal,
and the combination of the rotary motor power electrical signal
with the rate of penetration electrical signal to produce an energy
expended per depth interval electrical signal. The bit wear and
exposure electrical signal and energy expended for depth electrical
signal may also be plotted on an electronic recorder to give
exacting monitoring of the drilling operation and allow for the
supervisory control thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The present invention may be more fully understood by referral to
the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the preferred embodiment of the
supervisory control system of the present invention with various
sensors utilized and the recorded output provided;
FIGS. 2a and 2b represent an electronic schematic of one embodiment
of the analog computer utilized in the present invention in order
to compute a corrected d exponent for monitoring and supervisory
control of the drilling operation;
FIG. 3 represents an analog schematic of one embodiment of an
analog computer circuit utilized in order to compute the torque of
the rotary table and drill string utilized for recordation in the
supervisory control system of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 represents an electronic schematic of one embodiment of a
power supply utilized in the supervisory control system of the
present invention .
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention may be most easily understood by referral to
the FIG. 1 in which the electronic supervisor control system of the
present invention is depicted in a schematic representation. It can
be readily seen that the supervisory control system consists of the
sensing of various drilling variables of the drilling operation,
comprising in particular rotary power, rotary speed, weight on
drill bit and drill string, drill hole size, and penetration rate
in conjunction with a mud weight ratio.
In general, it may be stated that these drilling operation
variables are sensed by means for sensing the drilling variables.
In particular, the computer means for computing is preferably an
analog computer. The means for sensing the rotary motor power is
electrically connected to the computer means and may comprise a
rotary motor power sensor mounted upon the shaft of the rotary
motor in conjunction with means for converting the rotary motion of
the shaft measured by the rotary motor power sensor to an
electrical signal and electrical circuit means to transmit the
electrical signal from the rotary motor power sensor to the other
portions of the electronic supervisory control system.
Alternatively, the means for sensing the rotary motor power may
comprise an electrical rotary motor power sensor connected to the
power line of the rotary motor in conjunction with an electrical
circuit means to transmit an electrical signal from the electrical
rotary motor power sensor. The means for sensing the rotary motor
speed is electrically connected to the computer means and may
comprise an electrical rotation sensor connected to the drill
string or kelly of the drilling rig and an electrical circuit means
to transmit an electrical signal from the electrical rotation
sensor to other portions of the electronic supervisory control
system. In further respect, the means for sensing the weight on the
drill bit is electrically connected to the computer means and may
comprise an electrical drill bit and drill string weight sensor and
electrical circuit means to transmit an electrical signal from the
electrical drill bit and drill string weight sensor. In particular,
the drill bit and drill string weight sensor may comprise a tension
spring connected from the kelly to the drill string, having
responsive electrical stops thereupon to convert the flexing of the
mechanical spring into an electrical signal which is transmitted to
the electronic supervisory control system. Similarly, the means for
sensing the penetration rate of the drill bit is electrically
connected to the computer means and may comprise an electrical
rotation sensor connected to the rotary table and an electrical
depth sensor connected to the drill string, to measure vertical
movement of the drill string, with means for integrating the
electrical signals from the electrical rotary table rotation sensor
and electrical depth sensor to produce a rate of penetration
electrical signal. An electrical circuit means is provided to
transmit the rate of penetration electrical signal to the
electronic supervisory control system.
Means are provided for inputting a drilled hole size into the
computer means. The drilled hole size may be manually measured and
fed through a potentiometric electronic indicator into the
supervisory control system, or it may actually be measured through
electronic sensors contained within the drill bit or drill string
with appropriate electronic potentiometric circuit means to
transmit the electrical signal from the sensors to the supervisory
control system. Means are also provided for inputting a mud weight
ratio into the computer means. The mud weight ratio may be measured
by the electronic measurement of mud pit sensors showing the change
in mud weight-in versus mud weight-out of the wellbore or in a
preferred embodiment, the normal gradient for the mud density in
the geographical area of the well being drilled may be utilized in
conjunction with the returned mud weight in order to derive the mud
weight ratio utilized in combination with the potentiometric signal
of the weight on the bit, the predetermined hole size, and the
electrical signal of penetration rate in order to compute a d
exponent value. Means for recording is electrically connected to
the computer means for recording computed values and penetration
rate, and is preferably a depth driven electronic recorder.
Therefore, in the supervisory control system, the various
components of rotary power, rotary speed, weight on the drill bit,
hole size, and penetration rate are introduced into a buffer system
of the supervisory control system. The amplifiers are depicted in
FIG. 1 as rotary power-buffer amplifier 101, rotary speed-buffer
amplifier 104 and penetration rate-buffer amplifier 105. The
amplifiers are utilized to convert the electrical signals to those
signals required for the computation of the various drilling
indicators. These drilling indicators are computed within an analog
computer 106 in which the electrical signal for torque of the
drilling operation, which represents the rotary power times a
predetermined constant divided by the rotary speed, is produced
through electrical circuit 107. The d exponent is an empirical
exponent represented by the following equation:
d = [log(R/60N)]/[log(12W/10.sup.6 D)]
wherein
R = rate of penetration, feet per hour
N = rotary speed, revolutions per minute
W = weight on drill bit, pounds
D = drill bit diameter, inches
The numerator computed portion of the d exponent is calculated by
taking the natural logarithm of the penetration rate divided by the
rotary speed times 60 (in order to convert to hours). The
denominator computed portion of the d exponent is calculated by
taking the natural logarithm of 12 times the weight on the drill
bit and drill string divided by 10.sup.6 times the hole size (in
order to reduce to feet). Dividing the numerator computed portion
by the denominator computed portion produces an electrical signal
for the d exponent which is transmitted through electrical circuit
108. A penetration rate signal is produced through electrical
circuit 109. The computed torque signal is fed to a driver gain
amplifier 110 through electrical circuit 107 to transmit an
appropriate electrical through electrical circuit 111 to be
received by the recorder 112 and plotted on a strip chart 113. The
display of this signal is indicative of various operations, shown
on the synthetic trace, such as a pipe jointing operation and
washing operation. The computed d exponent signal produced through
circuit 108 is fed to gain amplifier 115 which works through a
potentiometer 114 having the mud weight ratio programmed therein to
form a system which yields a corrected d exponent signal which is
subsequently fed through electric circuit 116 to the recorder 112
in order to be recorded on the strip chart 113. Similarly, the rate
of penetration signal is also fed through electrical circuit 109 to
a gain amplifier 117 to transmit an appropriate electrical signal
through electrical circuit 118 to be recorded on the strip chart
113 by the recorder 112.
A continuous monitoring of rate of penetration, d exponent, and
rotary torque is given for the drilling operation by the electrical
log of these various drilling operations provided by the
supervisory control system of the present invention. In conjunction
with the present apparatus, an electrical signal of finite time may
be fed through electric circuit 119 to a bit time integrator 120 in
order to record actual drilling time of the operation shown on the
depth drive recorder 112.
FIG. 2, which embodies FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b, typifies the analog
computer circuitry utilized in order to compute the corrected d
exponent value from the electrical signals of rotary speed N,
weight-on the drill bit and drill string, W, hole size, D,
penetration rate, R, and mud weight ratio. The various components
of the analog circuitry are comprised of the major amplifier
sections shown in detail with the various and sundry resistors,
capacitors, voltage inputs and circuitry depicted and numbered
accordingly with each of the values of the component parts
corresponding to those illustrated in FIGS. 2a and 2b shown in the
following Table I:
TABLE I ______________________________________ Component Number
Value ______________________________________ 1 10,000 ohms, 1/2
watt, 1% 2 10,000 ohms, 1/2 watt, 1% 3 10,000 ohms, 1/2 watt, 1% 4
10,000 ohms, 1/2 watt, 1% 5 20,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 6 10,000 ohm,
1/2 watt, 1% 7 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 8 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1%
9 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 10 2,700 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5% 11 200 ohm,
potentiometer 12 510 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5% 13 3,600 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5%
14 200 ohm, potentiometer 15 510 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5% 16 10,000 ohms,
1/2 watt, 1% 17 6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 18 6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5%
19 100,000 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 20 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 21 5,000
ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 22 5,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 23 10,000 ohm, 1/2
watt, 1% 24 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 25 6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 26
6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 27 100,000 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 28 10,000
ohms, 1/2 watt, 1% 29 10,000 ohms, 1/2 watt, 1% 30 6,200 ohm, 1/4
watt, 5% 31 100,000 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 32 6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 33
5,100 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5% 34 100,000 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 35 82,000 ohm,
1/2 watt, 5% 36 10,000 ohm potentiometer 85 9432 monolithic op
amps. (5) O.E.I. 86 2457 monolithic universal logarithmic module
O.E.I. 87 2457 monolithic universal logarithmic module O.E.I. 88
2457 monolithic universal logarithmic module O.E.I. 89 395
anti-logarithmic module O.E.I. 136 10,000 ohm potentiometer
______________________________________
Referring to FIG. 2a which schematically illustrates the circuitry
for a partial solution of the equation
d = [log (R/60N)]/[log (12W/10.sup.6 D)].
The electronic solution requires scaling of the original equation
to restrict the electrical values to be within the dynamic range of
the electronic modules. The scaled equation is:
[(log 2 R - log N/2) - (log 240)]/[(log W - log D) - (log
83.333)]
The solution for the numerator (log 2 R - log N/2) - (log 240) is
schematically illustrated by FIG. 2a.
It should be appreciated that with this particular type of
operational amplifier module 85 there are five operational
amplifiers enclosed within module 85. These are available through
Optical Electronics Inc., in Tucson, Ariz. and are identified as
amplifier module 9432.
FIG. 2a shows electrical input R 97 coupled through input resistor
20 to the inverting input of an operational amplifier having a
fixed gain of two, developed by feedback resistor 5 being coupled
from inverting input to output. This output is representative of
inverted 2 R in the equation and is coupled through resistor 24 to
the input of the logarithmic amplifier module 86.
Looking at input N 99, an electrical input is connected to a
balanced voltage divider. The junction voltage between resistors 21
and 22 is equal to N/2 and coupled to the input of another
logarithmic amplifier contained in module 86 through resistor 23.
The outputs of the two logarithmic amplifiers are connected to
resistors 25 and 26 which together comprise a summing junction that
is connected to the inverting input of an operational amplifier
also included in module 86. The gain of this amplifier is adjusted
by feedback resistor 27 to cause the output at junction 202 of this
amplifier to be the electrical representation of (log 2 R - log
N/2). The junction 202 is coupled back to an operational amplifier
contained in module 85 through resistor 3 to the inverting input.
Also coupled to this inverting input through resistor 9 and
adjusted by potentiometer 11 is a voltage equal to 2.38 volts which
represents the log of 240. The junction of input summing resistors
3 and 9 is connected to the inverting input of an operational
amplifier in module 85 and resistor 2 connected from output to
inverting input sets the gain at one. This output is shown at point
C on FIG. 2a and is the electrical representation of (log 2 R - log
N/2) - (log 240).
Referring again to FIG. 2a and to the denominator portion of the
scaled equation (log W - log D) - (log 83.333) and electrical
input, D 98 is shown connected to the inverting input of another
operational amplifier of module 85 through input resistor 7. The
output of this amplifier is coupled back to the input through
feedback resistor 8 which sets the gain at one. The output shown as
point E on FIG. 2a is also shown as point E on FIG. 2b.
Referring now to FIG. 2b, there is illustrated circuitry for
solving the remaining portion of the equation:
[(log 2 R - log N/2) - (log 240)]/[(log W - log D) - (log
83.333)]
Point E is representative of D in the equation and is shown
connected to the input of a logarithmic amplifier of module 87
through resistor 16. Point W is representative of W in the equation
and is shown connected through resistor 1 to another logarithmic
amplifier of module 87. The outputs of these log amplifiers are
connected to the input of an operational amplifier in module 87
through summing resistors 17 and 18. The gain of this amplifier is
fixed by feedback resistor 19 to be the electrical representation
of (log W - log D) in the equation. Referring back to FIG. 2a at
point 201, a voltage of - 1.92 volts (the electrical representative
of -(log 83.333),) is adjusted by potentiometer 14 and connected
through resistor 96 to the inverting input of an operational
amplifier again contained in module 85. Point A on FIG. 2b is the
electrical output representing (log W - log D) and it is shown on
FIG. 2a as point A connected through resistor 6 to the junction of
resistor 96. This provides a summing junction for the operational
amplifier input. The gain of this amplifier is fixed by feedback
resistor 4 coupled from output to inverting input. The output
voltage of this operational amplifier 85 is the sum of (log W - log
D) - (log 83.333). This concludes the solution for the denominator
portion of the scaled equation and this portion of the equation is
represented on FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b as point B.
Referring to FIG. 2b, point B is connected through resistor 28 to
the input of a logarithmic amplifier contained in module 88. Point
C is connected to the input of a second logarithmic amplifier in
module 88 through resistor 29. Note that point B is the electrical
solution of (log W - log D) - (log 83.333) and point C is the
solution of (log 2 R - log N/2) - (log 240). The next logarithmic
amplifier in module 88 is utilized to divide point C by point B.
Point C is divided by point B by subraction of log point B from log
point C. The output of the logarithmic amplifier producing log
point B is connected through resistor 30 to the input of an
operational amplifier contained in module 88. The output of the
logarithmic amplifier producing log C is connected through resistor
32 to the same input junction as resistor 30. The voltage of log C
is of opposite polarity to that of log B and the output of the
operational amplifier 203 will be a voltage representing the
logarithm of log C - log B. At the point 203 of FIG. 2b the scaled
equation has been electrically solved to a point where we have:
log [(log 2 R - log N/2) - (log 240)]/[(log W - log D) - (log
83.333)]
and the scaled equation for log d is:
d = [(log 2 R - log N/2) - log 240]/[(log W-log D) - log
83.333]
by taking the anti-log of point 103 the equation is solved. Point
103 is connected through resistor 33 to the input of
anti-logarithmic amplifier 89. The output of 89 is adjusted to the
proper level by potentiometer 36 and offset resistor 34 to give a
voltage output that is equal to the anti-log of the input voltage.
This output voltage is then applied to potentiometer 104 which is
set as a voltage divider proportional to the ratio of normal mud
weight used in a particular area (region) to the measured mud
weight actually being used in the drilling operation.
It should be understood that many of the component parts of the
apparatus used in this invention must be carefully selected to
minimize error and that the selected values for electrical
components used in specific embodiments such as those described
herein, may be critical to proper operation of the apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 3, the analog circuitry utilized for computing
the torque T for recordation from the electrical signals of rotary
speed N, rotary power P and the predetermined constant K is
depicted with the following Table II listing the values and
component parts corresponding to the illustrated FIG. 3.
TABLE II ______________________________________ Component Number
Value ______________________________________ 74 10,000 ohm, 1/2
watt, 1% 75 10,000 ohm, potentiometer K input 76 10,000 ohm, 1/2
watt, 1% 77 10,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 1% 78 6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 79
6,200 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 80 100,000 ohm, 1/4 watt, 5% 81 10,000 ohm,
potentiometer 82 15,000 ohm, 1/2 watt, 5% 83 10,000 ohm,
potentiometer 90 2457 Optical Electronics, Inc. logarithmic module
91 395 Optical Electronics, Inc. anti-logarithmic module 92 709
operational amplifier 93 0.001 mf. 50 volt condenser 94 1,500 ohm,
1/2 watt, 5% 295 rotary power input 296 R.P.M. input T torque
output ______________________________________
The electrical signal representing rotary power P is obtained from
junction 295 and is coupled to the inverting input of operational
amplifier 92 through resistor 74. The gain of amplifier 92 is
adjustable to a gain of one or less by the connection of variable
resistor 75 coupled from the output to the inverting input. The
variable resistor 75 also represents the constant K. The output
voltage of amplifier 92 will be the inverted product of electrical
signal input P times the predetermined constant K. The output of
amplifier 92 is coupled to the input of a logarithmic amplifier
contained in the monolithic module 90 through resistor 77. The
electrical signal representing rotary speed N is obtained from
junction 296 and is coupled to a second logarithmic amplifier
contained in module 90 through resistor 76. The inputs of these two
logarithmic amplifiers are of opposite polarity. The outputs of the
two logarithmic amplifiers are coupled to an amplifier input
through the summing resistors 78 and 79. The output of the summing
module amplifier 90 is a voltage representative of log PK-log N.
The output of module 90 is coupled to an anti-log module 91 through
trimming potentiometer 81. Potentiometer 83 is used as offset and
trimming of the anti-log module. The anti-log of the difference
between log PK and log N is arithmetically equal to PK divided by
N, or PK/N. Proper adjustment of potentiometers 81 and 83 will
result in an electrical voltage output of anti-log module 91 that
is representative of Torque when the equation Torque = PK/N is
considered.
FIG. 4 is a typical schematic representative of any "off-the-shelf"
well-filtered, well-regulated, direct-current power supply
adjustable to plus and minus 13.3 volts. The various components
depicted in FIG. 4 are listed in Table III giving the values of the
components of FIG. 4 as enumerated.
TABLE III ______________________________________ Component Number
Value ______________________________________ 37 120 volt, 60 Hz
primary, dual secondary 15 volts each 38 1 amp silicon rectifier GE
509 39 1 amp silicon rectifier GE 509 40 1 amp silicon rectifier GE
509 41 1 amp silicon rectifier GE 509 42 1 amp silicon rectifier GE
509 43 1 amp silicon rectifier GE 509 44 1 amp silicon rectifier GE
509 45 1 amp silicon rectifier GE 509 46 100 mf 50 volt 47 100 mf
50 volt 48 2,200 ohm 5%, 1/2 watt 49, 61 2N1305 Transistor 50, 62
2N1305 Transistor 51 12 volt, 1 watt Zener diode 52 0.001 mf
condenser 53 5,100 ohm 5%, 1/2 watt 54 GE 3 Transistor 55 6,800 ohm
5%, 1/2 watt 56 50 mf 50 volt condenser 57 1,500 ohm 5% 1/2 watt 58
2,000 ohm potentiometer 59 250 ohm 5% 1/2 watt 60 100 mf 50 volt
condenser 63 0.001 mf condenser 64 5,000 ohm 5%, 1/2 watt 65 2,200
ohm 5%, 1/2 watt 66 12 volt, 1 watt Zener diode 68 6,800 ohm 5%,
1/2 watt 69 50 mf 50 volt condenser 70 1,500 ohm 5% 1/2 watt 71
2,000 ohm potentiometer 72 250 ohm 5% 1/2 watt 73 100 mf 50 volt
condenser ______________________________________
Therefore, through the various sensors described herein, it can be
seen how the supervisor control system may be utilized in order to
convert electrical signals from the electronic sensors into useful
supervisory control data for both monitoring and use with other
systems. The simulated chart on FIG. 1 depicts a typical recording
of rate of penetration, corrected d exponent and torque for use in
order to control the actual drilling operation such that the
drilling operator is afforded a greater continuous recording of
drilling information and the opportunity to store the data and
utilize it further for optimal drilling and prevention of
catastrophies.
While the invention as has been described above with respect to
certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled
in the art that various changes and modifications can be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set
forth herein.
* * * * *