U.S. patent number 3,783,325 [Application Number 05/210,452] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-01 for field effect electron gun having at least a million emitting fibers per square centimeter.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Joe Shelton.
United States Patent |
3,783,325 |
Shelton |
January 1, 1974 |
FIELD EFFECT ELECTRON GUN HAVING AT LEAST A MILLION EMITTING FIBERS
PER SQUARE CENTIMETER
Abstract
An electron gun uses a field effect emitter in a vacuum tube,
providing the dvantages of cold cathode emission at atmospheric
temperature in addition to a simplified control system. Temperature
independent emission is achieved by using an oxide-metal composite
emitter for releasing electrons. The anode and emitter can be
shaped to produce a desirable electric field and current path for
special electron tubes.
Inventors: |
Shelton; Joe (Huntsville,
AL) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
22782958 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/210,452 |
Filed: |
December 21, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/336; 313/309;
445/51 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
3/021 (20130101); H01J 1/304 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
3/02 (20060101); H01J 3/00 (20060101); H01J
1/30 (20060101); H01J 1/304 (20060101); H01j
001/20 (); H01j 019/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/82R,69R,7R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Segal; Robert
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Harry M. Saragovitz et al.
Claims
I claim:
1. An improved electron gun assembly for use in evacuated electron
tubes and comprising: a field effect emitter having a planar
emitting surface for emitting electrons in a vacuum at prevailing
ambient temperatures, said emitter having at least a million
emitting fibers disposed in parallel per square centimeter of
emitting surface; a conductive backing plate adjoining respective
first ends of said fibers for conducting an electrical potential
thereto; an insulating oxide matrix encompassing separating said
fibers, respective second ends of said fibers terminating in said
emitting surface below the surface plane of said oxide; and a flat
surfaced, shaped accelerating anode the surface of said oxide
matrix and in parallel spaced apart relationship for enhancing
electron flow from said emitter, said anode and said emitter having
circular surfaces and said anode further having an apertured center
for providing a hollow electron beam when subjected to an electric
field.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An electron gun is an electrode structure for producing a specified
number of electrons at a specified velocity with provisions for
controllably introducing the electrons into an interaction space.
Electron guns are used in many electron tubes such as television
picture tubes, traveling wave tubes, klystrons, X-ray tubes, and
other electronic devices. The electron gun as embodied in simple
cathode-ray tubes were used by early experimenters to determine the
ratio of charge to mass of an electron, and contributed to basic
research in many ways. Typically, electrons are boiled off the
cathode and are accelerated toward the anode with an energy
depending on the difference in potential between the anode and
cathode. Although some of the electrons strike the anode the
majority pass through a hole in the anode and into an interaction
region or drift space which contains parallel deflection plates. If
no potential is applied across the deflection plates, the electrons
travel in a straight line and strike a fluorescent screen. If a
potential is applied across the plates the electron stream is
deflected, being focused at a different point on the screen.
The basic electron gun employs an electron emitter and an
accelerating anode. In modern electron tubes, a focusing anode
concentrates the electron beam such that essentially all the
electrons will go through a hole in the accelerating anode,
improving efficiency of the device and eliminating heat related
problems generated by the electrons striking the electrode. Some
gun assemblies are designed along concentric circles in order to
maintain a uniform field and to allow the use of a larger emitter
which reduces the current density requirements for the emitter. Two
extremely important parameters of an electron gun are the number of
electrons in the beam, which must be constant and controllable, and
the energy of all the electrons, which must be nearly the same for
efficient operation. Prior art thermionic emitters must have the
temperature level and voltage controlled, the electron energy being
a function of temperature as well as of the potential applied
between emitter and anode. Thermionic emitters must be operated at
saturation in order to avoid current changes with even small
changes of anode voltage. With various absolute temperatures, the
current available from a thermionic emitter is a function of the
applied potential. Even small changes in emitter temperature result
in changes in electron emission. Thus, both the anode potential and
the emitter temperature must be extremely well regulated to provide
constant current.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A unique field effect electron gun utilizes an oxide-metal
composite emitter to operate and control electron flow without
thermionic emission or interference. The oxide-metal composite
emitter is a field effect electron emitter that operates at ambient
temperatures. The number of electrons emitted is a function of the
electric field. The electric field developed between emitter and
anode can be shaped by the emitter and anode structure to direct
current where desired. Therefore, the nature of emission of the
electron gun allows variety to be readily engineered into the gun
structure for specific applications.
An object of this invention is to provide an electron gun having
only a single parameter involved in controlling electron
emission.
Another object of this invention is to provide an electron gun
having a faster response time than conventional, prior art electron
guns.
Still another object of this invention is to provide an electron
gun of rugged and simple structure that eliminates heat transfer
problems by providing ambient temperature emission of electrons to
the exclusion of heated electrode emission.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a conventional electron gun and
typical associated components.
FIG. 2 is a typical graph of thermionic current at various emitter
temperatures.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a field effect electron gun and
associated components.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a compact field effect
electron gun.
FIG. 5 is a typical embodiment of an electron gun with a field
effect emitter.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an electron gun
structure for generating a hollow electron beam.
FIG. 7 is a current density graph for the electron gun of FIG.
6.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged section of an emitter structure employable in
the electron gun of FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A typical electron tube which employs an electron gun includes the
conventional thermionic gun and associated components shown in FIG.
1. With the envelope and non-essential structure being omitted,
FIG. 1 discloses a thermionic cathode 10 encompassing a heater
electrode 12. Electrode 12 is coupled to a heater transformer and
control system 14 for maintaining a substantially uniform cathode
temperature. An accelerating anode 16 adjacent cathode 10
accelerates electrons emitted from the cathode into an intersection
or drift space 18. In the drift space the electrons may be acted on
by deflection plate potentials before impinging on a collector 20.
The accelerating potential between anode 16 and cathode 10
determines the electron current for any given operating
temperature. Accelerating anode 16 may be a typical grid screen as
shown in the drawings or may be of the more modern gridless, beam
focusing design to reduce electron interception and resulting grid
current. FIG. 2 shows several typical curves of current available
from a thermionic emitter as a function of applied voltage at
various absolute temperatures. As a rule, all thermionic emitters
have the same general curve and show the Edison effect at the low
end, the straight line portion and then the saturation portion at
high voltages. As noted in FIG. 2, the emitter must operate at
saturation to avoid current changes with changing anode voltages.
In designing an electron gun using a thermionic emitter, it is
necessary to consider several variables. The power supplied to the
heater to raise the temperature of the thermionic emitter to its
operating point must be computed. Heat losses by conduction and
radiation as well as cooling produced by the electrons leaving the
emitter must be considered. As shown in FIG. 2, the current density
is a function of both temperature and accelerating potential, and
is very sensitive to at least one of these variables at any point
selected. The accelerating potential determines the energy of the
electrons and is selected to give the proper energy transfer in the
interaction space. For a constant current, the anode potential and
the emitter temperature must be well regulated.
In FIG. 3 the thermionic cathode and related control circuits
associated with the electron tube have been replaced with a field
effect electron gun structure 22. In an electron gun using the
field effect electron emitter, the spacing between the emitter and
accelerating anode is computed from the anode potential B+, which
may be variable and the field required for the desired current from
the emitter. Emitter temperature is not a parameter to be
considered and heat losses are not relevant since the emitter
operates at ambient temperature and is not temperature sensitive.
Electron gun 22 comprises accelerating anode 16 spaced apart from a
field effect emitter 24. Emitter 24 is joined to and supported by
conductive backing plate 26. Backing plate 26 is connected to
conductor 28 which provides the cathode voltage B therethrough to
field effect emitter 24. An efficient space saving embodiment of
the field effect electron gun is shown in FIG. 4. The accelerating
anode 16 is fixed to the emitting surface of emitter 24 for
accelerating electrons into the interaction space.
Field effect emitter 24 comprises a metal-oxide composite wherein a
plurality of electrically conductive fibers project through an
oxide matrix or filler. As shown in FIG. 5, metal rods (fibers) 34
project through oxide filler 36 to form cathode emitter 24. Rods 24
can be more than a million for each square centimeter of surface
area, normally terminating in a place substantially parallel with
surface 35. Backing plate 26 is electrically connected to one
surface of the emitter. The emitting surface can be etched with a
suitable chemical etch to allow emitting rods 34 to project through
the oxide matrix a predetermined distance. Rods 34 can be etched
below oxide surface 35 to form a void 38 therebetween, as shown in
FIG. 8. If the anode of the gun is to be placed directly in contact
with oxide 36 (as shown in FIG. 4) the rods are etched to a desired
uniform level below the oxide surface, as shown in FIG. 8.
The beam edge shown in FIG. 5 is determined by the edges of anode
16 and emitter 24. If a particular beam pattern is required anode
screen 16 is modified in a manner as typified in FIG. 6. This
structure changes the direction of the electric field developed
between emitter and anode providing a central aperture. For the
anode structure of FIG. 6 a hollow beam is projected from the anode
toward the collector with little or no current flowing through the
anode central aperture due to the electric field effect. The
current density decreases rapidly with increased distance between
the anode surface and emitter surface since a small change in field
strength involves a large change in current density, as shown in
FIG. 7. A hollow electron beam can be formed using a solid emitter
when this type of field effect electron gun is used because of the
field dependency of the electron emission The collector in an
electron tube such as a klystron or traveling wave tube serves to
catch the electrons and complete the electrical circuit through the
associated power supplies and back to the emitter. No change in the
collector design is required by substituting emitters since the
same electron velocity and interaction space is used.
The basic field effect electron gun comprises a flat field effect
emitter attached to a backing plate and a flat accelerating anode.
Electrons are emitted from the emitter when a positive potential,
with respect to the emitter, is applied to the accelerating anode.
The electrons are accelerated by this anode potential in a straight
line and the majority pass through the accelerating anode screen to
the collector.
The kinetic energy of an electron can be written as E = eV where e
is the charge, V is the voltage across which the electron moves and
E is the kinetic energy. The potential of the accelerating anode
with respect to the emitter is V. From classical physics, E is
equal to one-half Mv.sup.2 where M is the mass of the electron and
v is the velocity thereof. The two equations can be combined
providing an expression for V, V = Mv.sup.2 /2e. Thus the anode
potential is computed in a manner well known in the prior art.
The number of electrons of current density J for a field effect
emitter is a function of the electric field and can be determined
for a given group of emitters. The field is given by the expression
F = V/S where F is the field and S is the spacing between emitter
and anode. The gun current I is written as I = JA where A is the
area of the emitter. By knowing the required current density J, the
field required is given from experimental data for the emitter. By
then knowing both the field F and the potential V, determined
hereinabove, the spacing between anode and emitter is found.
In operating the field effect electron gun there is no thermionic
emission required. The gun begins emitting electrons at the
prevailing ambient temperature as soon as the emitter-anode,
emitting voltage is applied thereto. The electron density is
determined by the electric field intensity between the emitter and
the anode, the field intensity being easily varied by changing the
anode potential.
There are several unique properties of the field effect electron
gun. Both the electron beam current and the electron velocity are
controlled by a single parameter, the potential of the anode with
respect to the emitter. Operation begins immediately upon
application of the anode potential and there is no warm-up time
involved. Special beam shaping, such as the hollow beam, can be
accomplished by simple design methods. No emitter temperature
control is required. Advantages include reduced cost since heater
and heater axillary equipment are not required. The useful life is
increased since the generation of electrons no longer depends on a
high temperature reaction. The gun produces electrons immediately
upon application of the anode potential. The overall efficiency is
increased since no heater power is required. No gas is generated
when the gun is turn on as in the conventional electron gun,
eliminating possible gas ionization and resultant failure of
conventional electron guns.
Obviously many modifications and variations to the present
invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is
therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended
claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described.
* * * * *