U.S. patent number 3,783,305 [Application Number 05/281,968] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-01 for arc elimination circuit.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Heinemann Electric Company. Invention is credited to Peter Lefferts.
United States Patent |
3,783,305 |
Lefferts |
January 1, 1974 |
ARC ELIMINATION CIRCUIT
Abstract
A circuit arrangement for eliminating arcs formed across a set
of contacts on the opening or closing thereof comprising a
thyristor connected across the contacts to be protected. The
control electrode of the thyristor is coupled to a control circuit
which includes a logic circuit for generating a trigger pulse upon
the simultaneous occurrence of a plurality of contact
arc-indicative conditions. The control circuit also includes
sensing circuits for generating control signals upon the occurrence
of preselected arc-indicative conditions, such as preselected
contact or load voltages and contact or load transient voltages
having a preselected rise time or frequency characteristics.
Inventors: |
Lefferts; Peter (Hopewell,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Heinemann Electric Company
(Trenton, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23079528 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/281,968 |
Filed: |
August 18, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/13; 361/8;
361/111 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01H
9/542 (20130101); H01H 2009/546 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
9/54 (20060101); H01h 009/30 () |
Field of
Search: |
;317/11E,11R,33SC
;307/136,252B,35R,35A |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hohauser; Herman J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Joseph G. Denny, III et al.
Claims
Having described this invention, what I claim is:
1. A circuit for eliminating acrs formed upon the opening or
closing of a pair of contacts comprising a thyristor having first
and second load electrodes and a control electrode, said load
electrodes connected across said contacts, and logic circuit means
having first and second inputs and an output, said output coupled
to said control electrode, said first input coupled to a load
voltage detector circuit, said load voltage detector circuit
connected across said load and responsive to a preselected voltage
to generate a first control signal, said second input connected to
a transient voltage detecting circuit, said detecting circuit being
connected across said load and responsive to a voltage having a
predetermined rise time characteristic to generate a second control
signal, whereby said logic circuit means generates a signal for
controlling said thyristor in response to the simultaneous
occurrence of said first and second signals.
2. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein said transient
voltage detecting circuit comprises a differentiator circuit.
3. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein said thyristor
comprises a triac.
4. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein said transient
voltage detecting circuit is responsive to preselected transient
voltages of opposite polarity.
5. The combination recited in claim 4 wherein said load voltage
detector circuit is responsive to preselected load voltages of
opposite polarity.
6. The combination recited in claim 2 wherein said differentiator
circuit comprises a first differentiating combination connected
across said load and a second differentiating circuit combination
coupled to the output of said first differentiating combination,
and circuit means coupling the output of said second
differentiating combination to said second input.
7. A circuit for eliminating arcs formed across contacts upon
opening and closing thereof comprising means for generating a
plurality of control signals upon the occurrence of preselected
arc-indicative conditions in said circuit, logic circuit means
responsive to said control signals for generating a control pulse,
and a thyristor connected across said contacts and responsive to
said control pulse to substantially short circuit said contacts
upon the occurrence of said control pulse, said first mentioned
means comprises load voltage detecting means for generating a first
control signal upon the occurrence of a preselected voltage across
said load, and contact voltage detecting means for generating a
second control signal upon the occurrence of a preselected voltage
across said contacts, said first mentioned means further comprises
a tuned circuit detecting means for generating a third control
signal upon the occurrence of a transient high frequency voltage
burst across said load, and said logic circuit means generates said
control pulse upon the simultaneous occurrence of said first,
second and third control signals.
8. A circuit for eliminating arcs formed across contacts upon
opening and closing thereof comprising means for generating a
plurality of control signals upon the occurrence of preselected
arc-indicative conditions in said circuit, logic circuit means
responsive to said control signals for generating a control pulse,
and a thyristor connected across said contacts and responsive to
said control pulse to substantially short circuit said contacts
upon the occurrence of said control pulse, said first mentioned
means includes a transient voltage detecting circuit for generating
a first control signal upon the occurrence of a transient voltage
across said load having predetermined rise time characteristics and
also including load voltage detecting means for generating a second
control signal upon the occurrence of a preselected voltage across
said load.
9. The combination recited in claim 7 wherein said transient
voltage detecting means and said load voltage detecting means are
responsive to preselected voltages of either polarity.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a circuit arrangement
for use in connection with the switching of electrical currents and
more particularly to a circuit arrangement for accomplishing this
switching without contact arcing or the effects of contact bounce.
More specifically, the invention relates to an arc elimination
circuit arrangement wherein a thyristor is connected to shunt the
switching contacts, the thyristor being operated by a control
circuit suitable to turn on the thyristor upon the occurrence of
arcing conditions across the switching contacts to thereby prevent
or eliminate the formation of an arc.
Generally, electromechanical relays of the type having a coil
operative to cause relay contacts to close when energized by a
suitable current are employed to control current flow. When the
relay contacts open and close, there may be a substantial amount of
arcing due to the high electrical field between the contacts, and
this arcing causes early contact failure because of the burning
produced by the arcing. As a result, the size and expense of relay
contacts is much greater than would be required in the absence of
such arcing.
Prior art systems have typically employed a bilateral semiconductor
connected in shunt across the contacts to be protected. A control
circuit is connected to the control terminal of the semiconductor
which is triggered on in response to the occurrence or immediately
prior to the occurrence of the arcing condition.
These control circuits of the prior art generally respond to the
occurrence of some condition associated with the arcing, such as
the occurrence of a transient, the closing of a mechanical switch,
energization of a relay coil, or some other similar condition. A
problem associated with each of these prior art systems is that
they are prone to operate erratically when the load being fed by
the switch contacts to be protected is inductive or capacitive in
nature wherein currents lead or lag the power source.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a
new and improved control circuit for eliminating contact arcing in
control switches.
Another object is to provide a control circuit which can be used in
combination with relay contacts to greatly reduce the size and
expense of these contacts for a given current rating.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a power
control circuit of the type described which is both simple and
economical to build.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an arc
elimination circuit including a control thyristor, the thyristor
being actuated to shunt the contacts being protected only in
response to the simultaneous occurrence of a plurality of arc
indicative conditions, these conditions being sensed by a control
network including a logic network.
Another object is to provide a general purpose arc elimination
circuit which will operate satisfactorily with either resistive or
highly reactive loads.
In accordance with the above invention, there is provided an arc
elimination circuit comprising a thyristor connected in shunt
relationship with the contacts to be protected. Coupled to the
control electrode of the thyristor is a control circuit for sensing
the simultaneous occurrence of a plurality of contact arc
indicative conditions and operating said thyristor in response to
these conditions. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the
control circuit is responsive to the occurrence of a characteristic
transient voltage of a preselected magnitude across the load.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic illustration of the principal components of
the control circuits of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the control circuits which are
shown diagramatically in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagramatic illustration of the principal components of
the modified control circuit in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the components included in the
circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a diagramatic illustration of another embodiment of the
invention, and
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a circuit in accordance with the
block diagram of FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The basic concept of the invention is to provide a general purpose
arc elimination circuit which has increased reliability by being
responsive to the simultaneous occurrence of a plurality of
arc-indicative conditions. The observation which underlies the
invention is that the formation of an arc across a set of current
carrying contacts is accompanied by a plurality of characteristic
arc-indicative conditions across both the contacts themselves and
in the associated circuits fed through these contacts.
It has been noted, for example, that an arc is normally preceded by
a spark comprising a series of electrical spikes or impulses. These
spikes or impulses may be sensed either across the contacts
themselves or in the load. The reliability of a circuit which
operates only in response to these high frequency spikes is poor,
however, since similar signals may be generated by a variety of
conditions other than arcing. For this reason, some of the
embodiments of the invention include, in addition to a spark
detector noted above, a detector which provides an output only
after a load voltage of a preselected magnitude exists for a
preselected time. In the embodiments of the invention utilizing
this feature, an output is provided only after a load voltage of at
least 10 volts is present for at least 1 microsecond.
By feeding the outputs of both the spark detector and the load
voltage detector to a logic circuit which provides an output only
upon the simultaneous occurrence of both these conditions, a
substantial improvement in reliability is thereby obtained. The
logic circuit controls a trigger circuit which switches a triac
connected across the switch contacts, thereby shunting load current
around the contacts, and reducing the voltage across the contacts
to a value insufficient to sustain an arc.
The above discussed principles of the invention will be understood
more thoroughly with reference to the block diagram of FIG. 1 which
shows the main components of the preferred embodiment of the
invention. In this figure, an a.c. source 12 is shown as being
connected to the conductors 10 and 11. In series across the source
12 is a switch 2 including a set of contacts 3 which are to be
protected from the effects of arcing, and a load 9. Across the
contacts 3 is connected a bilateral semiconductor switch or "triac"
4.
The term "triac" is used herein to identify a three electrode a.c.
semiconductor switch which is triggered into conduction by a gate
signal in a manner somewhat similar to the action of a silicon
controlled rectifier, but which differs therefrom in that it can
conduct in both directions in response to a positive or negative
gate signal. As is well known, the triac, when in its
non-conductive or off state presents a high impedance to the flow
of current, whereas when triggered to a conductive or on state, it
presents a negligible impedance and can be considered in most
circuit arrangements to be a short circuit. The triac 4 functions
to shunt current around the contacts 3 upon the occurrence of
preselected arcing conditions. The remaining components of the
system of FIG. 1 of the invention function to control the state of
the triac 4 in response to the arc-indicative conditions existing
in the circuit.
A load voltage detector 7 senses the voltage across the load 9 and
generates a signal when that voltage is a preselected magnitude,
regardless of its polarity, as will be explained in greater detail
below. The output from the voltage detector circuit 7 comprises a
first input to a logic circuit which is illustrated as a
coincidence or AND gate 6 in FIG. 1. The second input to the AND
gate 6 is generated by a double differentiator and a.c. detector
circuit 8 also connected across the load 9. The circuit 8 acts to
pass only load voltages having a preselected characteristic, namely
fast rise time pulses of either polarity. The voltage pulses passed
by the differentiator circuit 8 comprise the second input to the
AND gate 6, slow pulses being rejected or prevented from passing
regardless of their magnitudes.
Upon the occurrence of the above noted preselected conditions
across the load 9 (preselected voltage plus spark) and consequently
the presence of suitable signals at both inputs to the AND gate 6,
the trigger generating circuit 5 is activated to turn on the triac
4. With the triac 4 in the on condition, arcs formed across the
contacts 3 are dissipated through the shunting short circuit of the
triac 4.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic diagram of the
embodiment of the invention shown diagramatically in FIG. 1 wherein
the same reference numbers have been used to designate portions of
the circuit noted above with respect to FIG. 1.
For operating the detector circuits of FIG. 2 there is provided a
d.c. supply circuit (not shown in FIG. 1) for maintaining a d.c.
voltage between the conductors 22 and 21. Conductor 21 is connected
to the load side of the switch 2. Connected intermediate lines 22
and 21 is the parallel combination of two filter capacitors C.sub.1
and C.sub.5 in series with the resistor R.sub.4. Conductor 22 is
connected to supply line 10 via the diode D.sub.1 and resistor
R.sub.1 and is connected to supply line 11 via diode D.sub.2 and
resistor R.sub.2. Assuming the switch contacts 3 to be open,
capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.5 are charged during each positive
half cycle of the supply voltage via line 10, R.sub.1, D.sub.1,
C.sub.1 and C.sub.5, R.sub.4 and the load to the other side of the
supply on line 11, with the conductor 22 becoming positive with
respect to the conductor 21. With the switch contacts 3 closed,
conductor 21 is at essentially the same potential as supply line
10, and on each negative half cycle of the supply, current flows to
charge the capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.5 from line 11, via
R.sub.2, D.sub.2, C.sub.1 and C.sub.5, resistor R.sub.4 and
conductor 21 to the other side of the supply on line 10. It is seen
that a d.c. voltage is provided between the lines 21 and 22
regardless of whether the switch contacts 3 are open or closed.
The triac 4 is connected across the switch contacts 3 by having one
of its load terminals connected to the supply line 10 and the other
load terminal connected to the line 21. The gate electrode of the
triac 4 is connected to the junction of the capacitors C.sub.1 and
C.sub.5 and the resistor R.sub.4. In the absence of arcing
conditions across the contacts 3, the triac 4 is maintained in the
non-conductive state by the voltage at the bottom of the capacitors
C.sub.1 and C.sub.5 which is approximately the same as that on
conductor 21.
The AND gate circuit 6 is comprised of the transistors Q.sub.2 and
Q.sub.5 which are biased to be normally in the conductive or on
condition. The collectors of the transistors Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5
are coupled to the positive side of the d.c. supply on conductor 22
through a common load resistor R.sub.5. The emitters of the
transistors Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5 are coupled directly to the
negative side of the d.c. supply on conductor 21. The base of
transistor Q.sub.5 is coupled to the conductor 22 via the series
combination of resistors R.sub.8 and R.sub.6, while the base of the
transistor Q.sub.2 is coupled to the conductor 22 via the resistor
R.sub.7. As noted above the biasing arrangement for the transistors
Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5 is selected to maintain these transistors in
the conductive or on condition in the absence of arcing conditions,
when the switch 2 is either closed or open.
The output of the AND gate 6 at the collectors of each of the
transistors Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5 operates the conventional one-shot
trigger generating circuit 5 which includes the transistors Q.sub.6
and Q.sub.7. The collectors of Q.sub.6 and Q.sub.7 are coupled to
the conductor 22 through a common resistor R.sub.3. The bases of
Q.sub.6 and Q.sub.7 are coupled to the conductor 22 through a
common resistor R.sub.3. The base of Q.sub.6 comprises the input to
the one-shot circuit 5 and is coupled to the output of the AND gate
6 at the collectors of the transistors Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5. The
emitter of transistor Q.sub.6 is coupled to the base of transistor
Q.sub.7 and to the conductor 21 via the resistor R.sub.9. The
emitter of Q.sub.7 is coupled directly to the negative side of the
d.c. supply on conductor 21.
If either or both of the transistors Q.sub.2 or Q.sub.5 is in the
on or conducting state, the base of Q.sub.6 is held at
approximately the same potential as its emitter due to the voltage
drop across resistor R.sub.5. When both the transistors Q.sub.2 and
Q.sub.5 are turned off, current through R.sub.5 is diverted through
the base emitter circuit transistor Q.sub.6 thereby turning it and
transistor Q.sub.7 on. As the transistors Q.sub.6 and Q.sub.7 turn
on, a low resistance discharge path is created across the charged
capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.5, causing a discharge current through
the resistor R.sub.4 to trigger the triac 4 on. With the triac
triggered on, the contacts 3 of the switch 2 are short
circuited.
The AND gate circuit 6 has two inputs, one at the base of the
transistor Q.sub.2, the other at the base of transistor Q.sub.5.
The first of these inputs is fed by a load voltage detector circuit
generally indicated at 7 and comprising the transistors Q.sub.1 and
Q.sub.8. The transistors Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.8 are connected such
that either one will be conducting when a preselected voltage drop
is present across the load 9, regardless of the polarity of that
drop. For this purpose the base of the transistor Q.sub.1 is
coupled to one side of the load 9 through a resistor R.sub.14, and
the base of transistor Q.sub.8 is coupled to the same one side of
the load 9 through the resistor R.sub.14 and a diode D.sub.3. The
emitter of the transistor Q.sub.1 and the collector of the
transistor Q.sub.8 are coupled directly to the other side of the
load. The junction between the diode D.sub.3 and the base of the
transistor Q.sub.1 is coupled to the one side of the load via a
resistor R.sub.13. The collector of the transistor Q.sub.1 and the
emitter of the transistor Q.sub.8 are coupled to the positive side
of the d.c. supply on line 22 via the resistor R.sub.7.
With the contacts 3 open and no arc-indicative conditions present
in the circuit, no voltage will appear across the load 9 and
neither of the transistors Q.sub.1 or Q.sub.8 will be turned on.
With the switch 2 closed on the positive going half cycle of the
a.c. supply 12, the base of transistor Q.sub.8 will be driven
sufficiently negative with respect to the emitter thereof to turn
it on. Similarly, on the negative going half cycle of the a.c.
supply, the base of transistor Q.sub.1 will be driven sufficiently
positive with respect to the emitter thereof to drive it into
conduction.
With the contacts 3 physically separated but connected by means of
a current carrying arc, sufficient load voltage will be present to
trigger either Q.sub.1 or Q.sub.8 depending on the polarity of the
a.c. source at that time. With either Q.sub.1 or Q.sub.8
conducting, the voltage drop across the resistor R.sub.7 drives the
base of Q.sub.2 (one input to the AND gate 6) sufficiently negative
to turn if off. It is thus seen that when either Q.sub.1 or Q.sub.8
is turned on by the presence of a preselected voltage across the
load 9, which is an arc-indicative condition, one of the two
required signals for the operation of the AND gate 6 is
generated.
The other input to the AND gate 6 at the base of Q.sub.5 is fed by
the transient voltage sensing circuit 8 generally comprising the
transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4, and also including a double
differentiator circuit including the capacitor C.sub.3, resistor
R.sub.10, capacitor C.sub.4, and resistor R.sub.11.
The double differentiator circuit comprises the capacitor C.sub.3
and resistor R.sub.10 connected in series with each other across
the load 9 to form a first differentiating circuit. A second
differentiating circuit comprising the capacitor C.sub.4 and the
resistor R.sub.11 is connected across the output of the first
differentiating circuit, appearing across the resistor R.sub.10.
Since the load 9 is being fed by a reversible polarity source the
output of the differentiating circuit may vary in polarity
depending on the polarity of the source 12 at any given instant.
For this reason, the output of the double differentiator
combination, across resistor R.sub.11, is coupled through a voltage
dropping resistor R.sub.12 to a polarity detecting circuit
comprising the transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4 which operate to
provide a control signal to one of the inputs to the AND circuit 6
regardless of the polarity of the differentiator output.
In accordance with conventional biasing techniques, the collectors
of transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4 are coupled to the positive side
of the d.c. supply on line 22 through the resistors R.sub.6 and
R.sub.8. The base of Q.sub.4 is connected to one side of the
differentiator output across the resistor R.sub.11 via the resistor
R.sub.12, while the emitter thereof is connected to the other side
of the differentiator output at conductor 21. In a similar, but
juxtaopposed fashion, the base-emitter circuit of transistor
Q.sub.3 is connected across the output of the differentiator
circuit by having its base connected to conductor 21 and its
emitter connected to the one side of resistor R.sub.12.
In the absence of a trigger pulse from the differentiator circuit,
both transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4 are held non-conductive.
However, if a transient voltage having a suitably high rate of
change appears across the load 9, a voltage pulse will appear
across R.sub.11 of the double differentiator circuit. The polarity
of this pulse will depend, of course, on the polarity of the source
supply 12 at that particular time.
If this transient voltage is such that conductor 21 is positive
with respect to supply line 11, transistor Q.sub.4 will be driven
into conduction. However, if a high rise time load voltage of
opposite polarity is present, the transistor Q.sub.4 will be driven
into conduction.
The output of the polarity detection circuits is present at the
collectors of the transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4 and feeds the
other input to the AND gate 6 at the base of transistor
Q.sub.5.
With both of the transistors Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.4 in their
non-conductive states, the voltage at the base of transistor
Q.sub.5 (the second input to the AND gate 6) is insufficient to
turn it off. However, when eithe transistor Q.sub.3 or Q.sub.4 is
rendered conductive, the current drawn through the resistors
R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 pulls the voltage at the base of Q.sub.5
sufficiently negative to turn it off.
As noted previously, if the transistors Q.sub.2 and Q.sub.5 are
both turned off a suitable pulse is generated by the one-shot
circuit 5 to turn off the triac 4.
A further embodiment of the invention is illustrated
diagramatically in FIG. 3, wherein like numerals have been used to
designate similar components previously described with reference to
FIGS. 1 and 2. Referring to FIG. 3, it is noted that this
embodiment is identical with the one shown in FIG. 1 except that
instead of using a transient detector 8 across the load, a contact
voltage detector circuit 15 is employed. The contact voltage
detector circuit 15 is connected across the contacts 3 and responds
to a preselected magnitude of voltage thereacross to generate a
control signal which is fed to one input of the logic circuit 6. In
accordance with the previous embodiment, the other control signal
to the logic circuit 6 is generated by the load voltage detector 7
which is connected across the load 9. In addition, in contrast to
the circuit of FIGS. 1 and 2 the output of the logic circuit 6
feeds a trigger amplifier circuit 16 which in turn operates the
thyristor 4.
Referring to FIG. 4 there is shown a schematic diagram of the
circuit diagramatically illustrated in FIG. 3 wherein like numbers
are used to designate similar components. The schematic diagram of
FIG. 4 shows a pair of contacts 3 connected in series with a load 9
across a source 12. A triac 4 is connected across the contacts 3
with its gate terminal coupled to a control circuit which generates
a control pulse to fire the triac on the occurrence of preselected
conditions.
The control circuit includes an AND gate 6 comprising the
transistors Q.sub.13 and Q.sub.16 which generates a control pulse
to be fed for amplification to a trigger amplifier circuit 16
comprising the transistors Q.sub.17 and Q.sub.18. Referring to the
schematic of FIG. 4, it is seen that the transistors Q.sub.13 and
Q.sub.16 are normally in the on or conductive state resulting in a
current flow through their common load resistor R.sub.23 which
turns of the transistors Q.sub.17 and Q.sub.18. Under these
conditions the triac 4 which has its load terminals connected
across the contacts 3 is maintained in the off condition.
A d.c. voltage is provided across the capacitor C.sub.11 for the
operation of the detection circuits of FIG. 4. Capacitor C.sub.11
is charged from the supply 12 through diode D.sub.20, the closed
switch 3 and the resistor R.sub.22 on alternate half cycles of the
supply. This charging action maintains the conductor 21 positive
with respect to the conductor 22.
The first input to the AND gate 6 is at the base of transistor
Q.sub.16 and the seconddinput is at the base of transistor
Q.sub.13. The first input to the AND gate is fed by a load voltage
detecting circuit 7 which operates in a fashion similar to that of
the voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 2 and its operation
will therefore be only described previously hereinafter as follows:
When a preselected voltage drop is present across the load 9,
either the transistor Q.sub.10, or the transistor Q.sub.12 will be
switched from the off condition to the on condition. More
specifically, with line 11 positive with respect to line 21, a
current flows from the line 11 through resistors R.sub.33 and
R.sub.34 to line 21. Hence, a trigger current flows through diode
D.sub.21, the base-emitter circuit of the transistor Q.sub.10 and
resistor R.sub.27 to the conductor 22. This trigger current turns
on the transistor Q.sub.10 which drives the base of the transistor
Q.sub.13 sufficiently positive to render it non-conductive.
Similarly, when a preselected voltage having a polarity such that
line 21 is negative with respect to line 11 appears across the load
9, the transistor Q.sub.12 will be rendered conductive to turn off
the transistor Q.sub.13.
The second input to the AND gate 6 at the base of the transistor
Q.sub.16 is generated by the contact voltage sensing circuit 15
generally comprising the transistors Q.sub.14 and Q.sub.15 which
operates as follows: If a voltage appears across the contacts 3 of
a sufficient magnitude and of a plurality such that the line 26 is
positive with respect to the line 21, the resistor Q.sub.4 is
turned on to render the transistor Q.sub.16 non-conductive. In an
analogous fashion, if the voltage across the contacts 3 is of a
preselected magnitude and an opposite polarity to that just
described, the transistor Q.sub.15 will be switched into its
conductive state to turn off the transistor Q.sub.16.
It is thus seen that two inputs are provided to the AND gate upon
the simultaneous occurrence of (a) a preselected voltage magnitude
of either polarity across the load 9 and (b) a preselected
magnitude of voltage across the contacts 3 of either polarity. With
these two inputs simultaneously present at the AND gate,
transistors Q.sub.13 and Q.sub.16 are cut off, thereby driving the
base of transistor Q.sub.17 positive. The connection between
transistors Q.sub.17 and Q.sub.18 renders both of these transistors
conductive at which time the triac 4 is triggered on to short
circuit the contacts of the switch 2 to dissipate the arc formed
thereacross.
A still further embodiment of the invention can be seen with
reference to the block diagram of FIG. 5 wherein like numbers have
been used to identify similar circuits previously described.
Referring to FIG. 5, the circuit is generally similar to those of
FIGS. 1 and 3 with the exception that the AND gate circuit 6 is
provided with three inputs, instead of the previous two described
with respect to FIGS. 1-4.
A first input to the AND gate is provided by a tuned circuit 40
which is connected across the load 9 and responds to a preselected
high frequency signal across the load to generate a control signal.
As stated above, the arc formed across a set of contacts is
generally preceded by a "spark," the spark consisting of a short
burst of high frequency voltage impulses. The tuned circuit 40 is
excited into oscillation upon the occurrence of this spark signal
across the load 9. The spark signal can be detected equally well
across either the contacts to be protected or the load (as shown in
FIG. 4) or at various other points in the circuit.
The second and third inputs to the AND gate are generated by
voltage sensing circuits 7 and 15 which generate suitable input
signals to the AND gate 6 in the presence of preselected voltages
across the load and the contacts. If these preselected voltages
across the load and contacts are present concurrently with the
control signal from the tuned circuit 40, the AND gate 6 will be
activated to turn on the triac 4. However, if either one of the
voltages across the contacts or across the load is substantially
zero, one of the input signals required for activation of the AND
gate 6 will be absent and subsequent shorting of the contacts 3 by
the triac 4 will not occur. These voltage sensing circuits improve
the reliability of the tuned circuit detector 40 across the load by
insuring that the contacts will be shorted out only when a
plurality of arc-indicative conditions have been detected. Thus, if
the contacts are fully closed, the occurrence of a transient
voltage burst in the load due to the nature of the load itself,
such as an electric drill, will not activate the triac 4.
Referring to FIG. 6 there is shown a schematic diagram of the
circuit diagramatically illustrated in FIG. 5 wherein like numbers
have been used to designate similar components previously
described. As in the previously described circuit arrangements a
switch 2 including a set of contacts 3 is coupled in series with a
load 9 across the supply lines 10 and 11, the supply lines being
connected to an a.c. source (not shown) via a connector 41. A triac
4 is coupled across the contacts 3 so as to short out these
contacts to eliminate arcs upon the occurrence of preselected
conditions.
As in the previous circuits, a d.c. voltage for the operation of
the sensing circuits is generated between the lines 43 and 42. The
d.c. voltage supply circuit includes the voltage divider comprising
the resistors R.sub.51 and R.sub.52 which are coupled directly
across the supply lines 10 and 11. On positive half cycles of the
supply, the capacitor C.sub.42, resistor R.sub.49 and the load 9.
The d.c. voltage across the lines 43 and 42 is connected to the
various sensing circuits to provide the desired biasing of the
various components.
The AND gate circuit 6 0f FIG. 6 provides a suitable output voltage
on the line 45 only upon the simultaneous occurrence of the three
above discussed conditions. The output voltage on line 45 is held
highly negative with respect to line 43 in the absence of any one
of these arc-indicative conditions. With the voltage at the output
of the AND gate 6 on line 45 highly negative, the trigger amplifier
circuit 16 comprising the transistors Q.sub.51 and Q.sub.52 is held
in a non-conductive state. With the trigger amplifier circuit 16
held non-conductive, no trigge pulse is fed to the gate electrode
of the triac 4 and it is held in its off condition.
The AND gate 6 generally comprises the diode D.sub.40 and the
transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42. These components provide three
parallel low impedance paths between line 45 and line 42 of the
d.c. supply thereby holding line 45 at a highly negative potential,
except upon the simultaneous occurrence of particular
arc-indicative conditions, at which time these components are
switched to their high impedance states, thereby allowing the
voltage on line 45 to rise sharply.
The first two low impedance paths comprise the collector emitter
circuits of transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42. Both of the
transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 have their collectors coupled to
the positive side of the d.c. supply on line 43 via the common load
resistors R.sub.41. The emitters of each of the transistors
Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 are connected directly to the negative side
of the d.c. supply on line 42. The bases of the transistors
Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 are each connected to the positive d.c.
supply line 43 by resistors R.sub.42 and R.sub.43, respectively.
The bases of the transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 are also
connected to voltage sensing circuits 7 and 15 which operate to
trigger these transistors from the conducting to the non-conducting
condition.
The biasing arrangement for the transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42
maintains them normally in the conductive state. As long as either
of the transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 is conducting, a low
impedance path is maintained between the line 45 (output of AND
gate) and the negative side of the d.c. supply, thereby holding
line 45 highly negative.
The third low impedance path between the line 45 and the line 42 is
provided by the diode D.sub.40 and inductor L.sub.1. The inductor
L.sub.1 is part of a tuned circuit, the operation of which will be
explained in greater detail hereinafter. During normal operation of
the circuit, i.e., in the absence of arcing conditions, the diode
D.sub.40 is forward biased by the voltage drops across transistors
Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 to provide, in combination with the inductor
L.sub.1, a third low impedance path from line 45 to line 42. This
last mentioned low impedance path, being in parallel with the other
previously mentioned low impedance paths (the collector emitter
circuits of transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42) is also
independently capable of holding the line 45 at a highly negative
potential.
A first input to the AND gate 6 is generated at the base of
transistor Q.sub.41 and is connected to the output of the load
voltage sensing circuit 7 generally comprising the transistors
Q.sub.47, Q.sub.48 and Q.sub.49, all of these transistors being in
the non-conductive state in the absence of a preselected load
voltage. Transistors Q.sub.48 and Q.sub.49 are of the NPN type,
while transistor Q.sub.47 is of the PNP type. The collector of
transistor Q.sub.48 and the emitter of transistor Q.sub.47 are
connected to the positive side of the d.c. supply on line 43
through the resistor R.sub.42. The emitter of transistor Q.sub.48
and the collector of transistor Q.sub.47 are coupled directly to
the negative side of the supply on line 42 which in turn is
connected to one side of the load 9. The base of transistor
Q.sub.48 is connected to the emitter of transistor Q.sub.49 and to
one side of the load via the resistor R.sub.47 and conductors 49,
50 and 11. The base of transistor Q.sub.47 is connected to the
collector of transistor Q.sub.49. The base of transistor Q.sub.49
is connected directly to the negative side of the d.c. supply on
line 42 which in turn is coupled to the switch side of the load
9.
The load voltage detector circuit 7 operates as follows: When the
load voltage is of a preselected magnitude and of a polarity such
that line 42 is positive with respect to line 11, current will flow
through the base emitter circuit of transistor Q.sub.49, turning it
on. As the transistor Q.sub.49 turns on its collector voltage and
consequently the voltage at the base of transistor Q.sub.47 are
driven negative to thereby render the transistor Q.sub.47
conductive. With transistor Q.sub.47 conducting, base emitter
current in transistor Q.sub.41 is diverted through transistor
Q.sub.47, thereby rendering transistor Q.sub.41 non-conductive.
With load voltage such that line 42 is negative, transistor
Q.sub.48 is rendered conductive, thereby diverting base current
from transistor Q.sub.41 and turning it off.
A second input to the AND gate circuit 6 is coupled to the base of
transistor Q.sub.42 and acts to switch transistor Q.sub.42 from its
low impedance state to its high impedance state. This second input
is provided by a voltage contact detector circuit 15 generally
comprising the transistors Q.sub.43, Q.sub.44 and Q.sub.45. This
contact voltage detector circuit 15 is substantially identical in
arrangement and operation to the load voltage circuit 7 of FIG. 6,
and will be described only briefly hereinafter. The contact voltage
detector circuit is rendered conductive upon the occurrence of a
preselected magnitude of contact voltage of either polarity. For
this purpose, transistors Q.sub.43 and Q.sub.45 have their base
emitter circuits coupled across the switch contacts 3 via the lines
42 on one side, and via resistor R.sub.44 and conductors 47, 48 and
10 on the other side.
Upon the occurrence of a preselected magnitude of voltage across
the contacts 3 having a polarity such that line 42 is positive with
respect to line 10, transistor Q.sub.45 is rendered conductive
which causes transistor Q.sub.44 to conduct, thereby providing a
negative-going voltage pulse at the base of transistor Q.sub.42 and
rendering it non-conductive. In an analagous fashion, if the
voltage across the contacts 3 is of a preselected magnitude and a
polarity such that the line 10 is positive with respect to the line
42, a base current flows through transistor Q.sub.43 to render it
conductive, thereby again rapidly decreasing the voltage at the
base of transistor Q.sub.42 and rendering this transistor
non-conductive.
Under either of the above noted conditions, one of the previously
described low impedance paths comprising the AND gate 6 between
line 45 and common line 42 is switched to a high impedance
condition.
The third input to the AND gate 6 is provided by the tuned circuit
arrangement consisting of the inductor L.sub.1 and capacitor
C.sub.40 which are connected in parallel to each other across the
load 9 via the line 42 on one side and the capacitor C.sub.41 and
lines 49, 50 and 11 on the other side.
The tuned circuit detecting circuit 40 operates on the principle
that an arc formed between switch contacts is generally accompanied
by a spark or burst of high frequency voltage impulses which can be
detected across the contacts themselves or at other points in the
circuit by connecting the tuned circuit across the load 9, as shown
in FIG. 6. This voltage burst drives the tuned circuit into
oscillation at the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit.
In a sense, the spark acts as an energy source to shock the
resonant circuit into oscillation. Part of this oscillation is used
to back bias the diode D.sub.40 thereby changing it from its low
impedance state to its high impedance state and, in the presence of
the other described conditions, permitting the voltage on line 45
to rise rapidly in the positive direction, thereby rendering the
trigger amplifier circuit 16 conductive to trigger the triac 4.
The frequency to which the combination of capacitor C.sub.40 and
inductor L.sub.1 is tuned can vary within certain limits. An upper
limit for this frequency is the duration of the pulse required to
trigger the triac 4. More specifically, the output of the AND gate
must be sufficiently long in duration to permit the trigger
amplifier 16 to remain conductive long enough to trigger the triac
4. Preferably, the oscillation of the tuned circuit should be low
enough in frequency so that a half wave thereof is approximately
two to four times longer than the necessary gate trigger time for
the triac 4. Of course, it would be possible to use a pulse
stretching circuit in conjunction with a shorter duration AND gate
output to provide the necessary triac triggering pulse.
The lower limit for the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit is
chosen so that the oscillation of the tuned circuit is very rapid
compared to the frequency of the power supply being interrupted by
the contacts 3, which is usually 60 cps commercial power.
If the tuned frequency is chose to be too low, the delay between
the beginning of the arc and the time at which the triac 4 is made
conductive will be too long enough to permit serious damage to the
contacts 3. Preferably, the life of any arc should be limited to
the small fraction of the duration of a half a cycle of line or
power supply frequency. A frequency of between 10 and 30 KHz has
been found to operate satisfactorily in this type of circuit.
The capacitor C.sub.41 serves to provide a high impedance at line
frequency between one side of the load and the tuned circuit to
thereby isolate it during normal operation of the circuit.
The overall operation of the circuit of FIG. 6 is as follows: With
the switch 2 fully open or closed with no arcing conditions present
in the circuit, one of the transistors Q.sub.41 and Q.sub.42 is
conducting, and diode D.sub.40 is forward biased to provide two low
impedance paths from line 45 to line 42. Under these conditions,
transistors Q.sub.51 and Q.sub.52 of the trigger amplifier and the
triac 4 are non-conductive.
In the circuits of the invention, particularly the embodiments of
FIGS. 3-6, advantage is taken of the fact that only during an arc
condition is there voltage across both the contacts and the load,
this being true due to the flow of current to the load through the
arc and the simultaneous voltage across the contacts under arcing
conditions. Contacts which are completely closed (with contact
bounce completed and no arcing thereacross) generally have only an
insignificant voltage drop thereacross and a fully open set of
contacts causes no voltage drop across the load.
Upon the simultaneous occurrence of three arc-indicative
conditions, namely, preselected contact voltage, preselected load
voltage and the occurrence of a high frequency spark, each of these
low impedance paths are switched to a high impedance state, as
explained hereinbefore, thereby providing a positive-going voltage
pulse on line 45 to trigger transistors Q.sub.51 and Q.sub.52. As
the transistors Q.sub.51 and Q.sub.52 turn on, the capacitor
C.sub.42 discharges to develop a negative trigger pulse across the
resistor R.sub.49 to render the triac 4 conductive. When the triac
4 is rendered conductive, the voltage across the contacts 3 is
reduced to a value insufficient to sustain an arc.
One skilled in the art will recognize that various combinations of
the arc condition sensing means may be employed to achieve the
stated purposes and the invention is not limited to the use of any
particular combination. The specific embodiments disclosed herein
are only illustrative of various combinations within the principle
of the invention.
* * * * *