U.S. patent number 3,782,465 [Application Number 05/196,917] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-01 for electro-thermal process for promoting oil recovery.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Electro-Petroleum Inc.. Invention is credited to Christy W. Bell, Charles H. Titus.
United States Patent |
3,782,465 |
Bell , et al. |
January 1, 1974 |
ELECTRO-THERMAL PROCESS FOR PROMOTING OIL RECOVERY
Abstract
The flow of oil from underground oil-bearing formations is
stimulated and directed by the steps of locating a relatively small
anode in a cavity at an approximately medial elevation of one
region of the formation, injecting saline water into that cavity,
raising the electric potential of the anode with respect to a
laterally adjacent region of the formation, and withdrawing oil
from a producing well penetrating said adjacent region.
Inventors: |
Bell; Christy W. (Berwyn,
PA), Titus; Charles H. (Newtown Square, PA) |
Assignee: |
Electro-Petroleum Inc.
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
22727275 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/196,917 |
Filed: |
November 9, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
88854 |
Nov 12, 1970 |
|
|
|
|
855637 |
Sep 5, 1969 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/248;
166/272.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/2401 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/24 (20060101); E21B 43/16 (20060101); E21b
043/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/248,302,272 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: J. Wesley Haubner et al.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of our U. S. Pat.
application Ser. No. 88,854 filed on Nov. 12, 1970, and of our
earlier original application Ser. No. 855,637 filed on Sept. 5,
1969, both now abandoned.
Our invention relates generally to the production of oil, and more
particularly it relates to an improved method for recovering oil
from subterranean oil reservoirs with the aid of electric power.
The following published prior art is representative of that now
known to applicants: U.S. Pat. Nos. 849,524-Baker;
1,372,743-Gardner; 1,784,214-Workman; 2,500,305-Ackerly;
2,795,279-Sarapuu; 2,799,641-Bell; 3,103,975-Hanson;
3,428,125-Parker; Annals of New York Academy of Science, Vol. 118,
pages 585-602; French Pat. No. 1,268,588.
Crude oil is generally recovered from an oil-bearing earth
formation initially as a result of gas or other formation pressure
forcing the oil from the formation into a producing well which
penetrates directly into the body of oil contained in the
formation. As oil production continues, the initial reservoir
energy is gradually spent and finally becomes insufficient to force
the oil to the producing well. It is well known in the petroleum
industry that a relatively small fraction of the oil in
subterranean oil reservoirs is recovered during this primary stage
of production; reservoirs containing highly viscous crude retain 90
per cent or more of the oil originally in place following primary
production.
Numerous methods have been proposed for recovering more of the
large amounts of oil remaining in oilbearing formations following
primary production. Generally such methods involve the expenditure
of energy to supplement the expulsive forces and/or to reduce the
retentive forces acting on the residual oil. While many of the
prior art proposals are probably technically sound in theory, only
a few have proved capable of yielding oil of sufficient value to
justify the incremental costs of the apparatus required and the
energy expended to produce it.
One secondary recovery technique that has been used with limited
success involves injecting under pressure through one or more
injection wells a scavenging fluid which displaces the oil from a
reservoir through one or more spaced producing wells. Fluids which
have been employed or suggested as a scavenging media in oil
recovery operations include gases such as natural gas and
compressed air and liquids such as water. Their temperature can be
raised by means of down-hole electric heaters. Nevertheless, such
methods are not markedly effective in recovering heavy viscous oil,
probably because of the high capillary resistance to the flow of
viscous oil through the interstices of the solid medium (usually
sand) in the oil bearing formation.
More attractive methods for recovering viscous oil are ones
involving heating a reservoir by steam and hot gases, thereby
reducing the viscosity and specific gravity of the residual oil
within the reservoir and rendering it more mobile. Hot gases may be
generated by combustion processes conducted either outside or
directly within the reservoir. Both of these thermal drive methods
are characterized by low efficiency, and they have other recognized
shortcomings. Steam-injecting methods, for example, are very
slow.
Other prior art techniques for promoting oil recovery involve
conducting electric current through the oil bearing strata for the
purpose of either raising the temperature of the oil by conduction
heating or moving the oil by electroosmosis. The latter is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,799,641 granted on July 16, 1957, to
T. G. Bell who proposed placing two electrodes in contact with the
oil at spaced apart locations in an oil bearing formation, whereby
electromotive force could be impressed directly on the oil to cause
electric current along the oil which consequently moves by
electroosmosis toward the cathode. This result is premised on the
theory that crude oil contains dissolved electrolytes and suspended
charged particles which migrate through the pores and capillaries
of the oil sands, dragging the oil molecules with them, under the
influence of an electric field.
Much has already been published about the phenomenon of
electroosmosis and its more common practical applications, such as
dehydrating wet ground in the soil drainage art. Others have
suggested applying the same principle to the water flooding method
of oil recovery where it is intended to prevent clay swelling and
thereby increase water injectivity. Heretofore, relatively low
voltages (i.e., less than approximately 100 volts) and low power
(i.e., less than approximately 10 kilowatts) have been recommended
in the relevant literature. Insofar as we are presently aware,
electroosmosis is not being used today in any large scale
commercially operating oil field, in spite of an urgent need for
improved secondary recovery methods.
In addition to the need for effective secondary recovery of oil in
formations where natural pressure is depleted, there are known oil
bearing formations so located that it is undesirable or
inconvenient to drill a well directly into the containing body of
oil. This may be, for example, in a body of oil which, whether or
not under natural pressure, is located offshore or in some other
location where local well penetration is difficult or undesirable.
In such cases it is desirable to move the oil body through the
formation to anoher location where a producing well is more
feasible.
Accordingly, it is a general objective of our invention to provide
improved means using electric power for stimulating and otherwise
controlling the production of oil from oil-bearing formations.
It is a particular object of our invention to provide an improved
method for utilizing unidirectional electric current of power
magnitude to stimulate production of viscous oils in
pressure-depleted earth formations.
Still another object of our invention is to provide a method for
driving and directing oil in an earth formation from its natural
position to a selected well position whether or not the well
penetrates the body of oil directly or is positioned beyond it.
In carrying out our invention in one form, we suspend an anode in a
cavity in an underground formation in at least a portion of which
oil is present. This cavity may for example be located at the
bottom of a vertical borehole extending from the surface of the
earth to a predetermined region of the oil-bearing formation. The
anode is disposed at an approximately medial elevation of the
region where the cavity is located. The relatively positive pole of
a source of high voltage, high-power direct current is connected to
the anode (e.g., by means of an insulated cable in the anode hole),
and the other hole of the source is connected to a cathode located
at or near a well bore which penetrates the formation at a point
remote from the anode. The well bore may penetrate the contained
body of oil or be located beyond it so long as some or all of the
oil body is located between the well and the anode cavity. While
the anode hole and well bore may penetrate the body of oil to be
recovered, either or both may penetrate the formation at a point
beyond but near to the body of oil.
The cathode is located proximate the producing well and preferably
it comprises a perforated metal liner in the bottom hole of the
well bore. The anode is immersed in a hydrous electrolyte of a
composition having the essential characteristics of the connate
water present in the oil-bearing formation (hereinafter "formation
water") which can be supplied thereto through the anode hole, and
its potential is raised to a high level (i.e., 200 volts or more)
with respect to the cathode. In this arrangement the anode is in
essence a point source of heat, and the water in the cavity will be
efficiently heated above ambient to a temperature substantially
hotter than 250.degree. F. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the
column of water above the cavity, augmented by externally imposed
pressure if desired, subjects the water in the cavity to
sufficiently high pressure (e.g., 1,000 p.s.i. and up) so that it
remains in a liquid state at its elevated temperature. The hot
pressurized water surrounding the anode is saline and thus provides
a good electrical conducting medium between the anode and the
adjacent oil-bearing formation. Due to hydrodynamic pressure and
electroosmotic flow, the hot saline water will move from the cavity
in a direction toward the producing well, and the resulting
pressure and heat fronts effectively stimulate the flow of oil in
the oil-bearing formation. Hydrogen released from the interstitial
water by electrolysis at the cathode may be absorbed by the crude
oil to beneficially increase its hydrogen content, and oxygen
liberated near the anode may unite with the oil in an oxidation
process that releases useful heat. The anode is constructed of
suitable material to resist adverse electrolytic reaction.
As will be apparent from the foregoing summary, we are using
electricity and formation water as the principal raw ingredients in
a new electro-thermal method of stimulating the flow of oil from
known reservoirs. These inputs are delivered to the subterranean
reservoir where the electric energy is converted to thermal energy
(heat), mechanical energy (electroosmotic movement of the formation
water), and chemical energy (hydrogeneration and oxidation of the
oil) which are effective, in combination, to increase the expulsive
forces and to decrease the retentive forces acting on the oil in
situ and to direct flow of oil to a well in the cathode region. In
this manner bulk electric power can be efficiently expended to
extract more oil from existing oil fields than is otherwise
practical using conventional secondary recovery methods.
Furthermore, by using our method the number of wells usually
drilled to exploit a given reservoir may be reduced, and
unproductive wells may be vitalized in those situations where
conventional recovery methods are difficult or impossible to
practice because of the character of the oil-bearing formation
(e.g., highly viscous tarsands, oil shale deposits, or "dead" oil
fields). Our method can be successfully practiced even though
initially there is no oil in the particular region or portion of
the formation where the anode hole is located, so long as a
reservoir of oil is present somewhere between anode and cathode.
The oil normally will be extracted from the producing well, but it
is possible to extract oil from the anode hole under some
circumstances if that hole penetrates the oil body.
Claims
What we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. An improved electro-thermal method for stimulating oil recovery
from a porous and substantially homogeneous underground oil bearing
formation having at least two regions respectively penetrated by
first and second spaced apart bore holes, comprising the steps
of;
a. locating an electrode in the first bore hole at an approximately
medial elevation of the proximate region of said formation, said
electrode being sufficiently small to constitute effectively a
point source of resistance heating;
b. immersing said electrode in a pressurized conductive liquid
thereby to form an expanding body of liquid surrounding said
electrode and constituting an electroconductive path between the
electrode and the oil bearing formation;
c. applying unipolarity voltage between said electrode and an
exposed conductor proximate the second bore hole, with the polarity
of said electrode being positive relative to said conductor, the
resulting unidirectional current through said porous formation
having sufficiently high current density at the surface of said
electrode to heat said liquid body appreciably above the
surrounding ambient temperature of said formation as said liquid
body expands; and
d. thereafter extracting oil from one of said bore holes.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein oil is extracted from said second
borehole.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said electrode comprises a
relatively short cylindrical body, the length of said body being
less than one-half the depth of said proximate region.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the magnitude of the applied
voltage is 200 volts or higher.
5. The method of claim 1 including the step of supplying
electroconductive water through the first borehole to the vicinity
of said electrode.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said water is injected into said
first borehole at a pressure sufficient to maintain the volume rate
of flow of the injected water at a predetermined desired value.
7. The method of claim 5 including the step of applying
sufficiently high voltage between said electrode and said conductor
to heat the fluid in the vicinity of said electrode to
substantially above 250.degree. Fahrenheit.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said fluid is supplied under
sufficient pressure to maintain the heated fluid between the
electrode and the oil-bearing formation in a liquid state.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said exposed conductor comprises a
metal liner in said second borehole.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said exposed conductor is
positioned in said formation proximately adjacent said second
borehole.
11. An improved electro-thermal method of stimulating oil recovery
from an underground oil-bearing formation that is penetrated by
first and second spaced-apart boreholes, said first borehole having
a casing whose lower end terminates near the top of the formation,
comprising the steps of:
a. joining the upper end of a tubular liner of insulating material
to the lower end of the casing in said first borehole;
b. suspending an electrode in a cavity in the formation below said
liner;
c. injecting electroconductive fluid through said liner to said
cavity;
d. applying unipolarity voltage between said electrode and a region
of the oil bearing formation that is penetrated by the second
borehole, with the polarity of the electrode being relatively
positive; and
e. extracting oil from said second borehole.
12. The method of claim 11 including the step of disposing an
insulated cable in said first borehole for connecting said
electrode to the positive pole of a source of d-c electric
power.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein said tubular liner has a
relatively small inside diameter.
14. In an improved electro-thermal method for stimulating oil
recovery from a porous and substantially homogeneous underground
oil bearing formation that is penetrated by first and second bore
holes each having a casing and a tubing string disposed therein,
said bore holes communicating with horizontally spaced apart
regions of said porous formation, the steps of:
a. introducing through the first bore hole and positioning at an
approximately medial elevation in the corresponding region of said
formation and electrode comprising an electroconductive body having
a substantially noncorrodable surface, said electrode being
sufficiently small to constitute effectively at point source of
resistance heating;
b. supplying electroconductive liquid through the tubing string in
the casing of said first bore hole to the vicinity of said
electrode, said liquid forming an expanding body of liquid
electrolyte in the porous formation surrounding said electrode;
c. electrically insulating said electrode from the casing of said
first bore hole;
d. passing electric current through said liquid body and said
formation between said electrode and the casing of said second bore
hole, said current being sufficient to raise the temperature of
said liquid body appreciably above the ambient temperature of said
formation; and
e. withdrawing oil from the tubing string in the casing of said
second bore hole.
15. The method of claim 14 in which said voltage is obtained from a
d-c electric power source whose positive pole is connected by an
insulated cable to said electrode.
16. An improved electro-thermal method for stimulating oil recovery
from a porous and substantially homogeneous underground bearing
formation comprising the steps of;
a. locating an electrode at an approximate medial elevation of a
first region of said formation, said electrode being sufficiently
small to constitute effectively a point source of resistance
heating;
b. maintaining about and in contact with said electrode, by a
process of regulated flow, a pressurized hydrous electrolyte of a
composition having the essential characteristics of connate water
present in said formation, said pressurized electrolyte forming an
expanding body of liquid in the porous formation surrounding said
electrode,
c. passing unidirectional current between said electrode and an
exposed conductor located in another region of said formation, said
other region being spaced from said first region and the polarity
of said electrode being positive relative to said conductor , said
current being sufficient to raise the temperature of said liquid
body appreciably above the ambient temperature of said formation;
and
d. extracting oil from one of said regions.
17. The method of claim 16 including the step of supplying said
hydrous electrolyte through a borehole which penetrates said first
region.
18. The method of claim 17 including the step of regulating the
supply of said hydrous electrolyte so that it flows at a volume
rate which varies with the product of the magnitude of said applied
voltage and the magnitude of electric current between said
electrode and said conductor.
19. The method of claim 17 in which said hydrous electroltye is
formation water.
Description
Our invention will be better understood and its various objects and
advantages will be more fully appreciated from the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic functional diagram of our improved
electro-thermal method of stimulating oil recovery from an
underground oil-bearing formation;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of an oil field
showing apparatus by which our method can be practiced in one
embodiment thereof;
FIG. 3 is an expanded schematic diagram of the electric power
source used in the FIG. 2 apparatus;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial view of an alternative embodiment of
the tubing string shown in the anode hole of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view, partly in cross section, of an anode
assembly adapted for use in practicing our invention; and
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary cross sectional view of a modified cathode
structure adapted for use in practicing our invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the reference number 11 represents a
subterranean reservoir containing crude oil and porous and
substantially homogeneous media such as sandstone or limestone.
Typically such oil bearing formations are found beneath the upper
strata of earth, referred to generally as overburden, at a depth of
the order of 1,000 feet or more below the surface. Communication
from the surface 12 to the formation 11 is established through
spaced apart boreholes 13 and 14. The hole 13 comprises an
oil-producing well, whereas the adjacent hole 14 can be a special
hole designed for the transmission of water and electricity to the
formation 11.
An anode 15 is lowered through the hole 14 to a medial elevation of
the proximate formation 11. The chamber or cavity in the oil sand
where the anode is suspended is flooded with formation water which
preferably is injected through the anode hole under pressure in
excess of that existing in the oil reservoir. In accordance with
conventional practice, the casing in the hole 14 is sealed in the
overburden above the formation 11, and the casing head is capped so
that any desired pressure may be developed.
By means of an insulated cable in the anode hole 14, the relatively
positive terminal of a high-voltage (at least 200 volts) d-c
electric power source is connected to the anode 15. The negative
terminal of the same source is connected to a separate electrode or
to the metallic tubing in the producing well 13 which thus
constitutes a cathode. Between anode and cathode, the electrical
resistance of the connate water in the oil sand is sufficiently low
so that direct current can flow through this formation from the
anode 15 to the lower regions of the producing well 13. Although
the resistivity of oil is much higher than that of the overburden,
anode-to-cathode current prefers to pass directly through the
formation 11 because this path is so much shorter than any path
through the overburden to "ground." The formation is heated
conductively by electric current passing through it. It is believed
that most of the voltage drop between the terminals of the d-c
power source is concentrated near the electrodes. By making the
anode 15 relatively small and raising its potential with respect to
the cathode to a suitably high voltage level, the temperature of
the pressurized water that surrounds it can be raised to at least
several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Thus the water is heated and
forced into the adjacent oil-bearing formation under the pressure
developed in the anode hole and augmented by electroosmosis.
Preferably we utilize an anode of relatively short length and
diameter so that, while it provides sufficient surface area to
conduct the required current at a desired current density per unit
area, it will serve essentially as a point source of heat. We have
found that for these purposes a diameter of several inches (i.e., 2
inches) and a length of several feet (i.e., 4 feet) is
appropriate
In the foregoing manner, heat is efficiently imparted to the oil
sand 11. This reduces the resistivity and the viscosity of the oil
therein and tends to fluidize the same. The heated oil is entrained
by the hot water and is forced under pressure toward the producing
well, as is indicated in FIG. 1 by the pointer. As the pressure and
heat fronts advance toward the producing well, the temperature is
increased in regions of the sand more remote from the anode. Thus
the entire oil reservoir between the anode hole 14 and the
producing well 13 is progressively heated, and the oil is forced
into the producing well where it is removed by ordinary pumping
means. The electrolytic action in the oil-bearing formation may
tend to hydrogenate and thereby upgrade the oil that is removed
therefrom. The operation of our process continues even after oil
migrates away from the vicinity of the anode 15, and in fact the
anode hole 14 can initially be drilled in an oil-dry region of the
formation 11.
Suitable apparatus for practicing our invention is shown in FIG. 2,
and its construction and operation will now be described. As is
depicted in this figure, the borehole 13 comprises an oil producing
well which penetrates one region (17) of the underground oil sand
11. The well 13 includes an elongated metallic casing 18 extending
from the surface 12 to the cap rock 23 immediately above the region
17. The casing 18 is sealed in the overburden 19 by concrete 20 as
shown, and its lower end is suitably joined to a perforated
metallic liner 24 which continues through the bottom hole of the
well and down to the underburden. A tubing string 21 is disposed
inside the casing 18 where it extends from the casing head 22 to a
pump 25 located in the liquid pool 26 that will accumulate inside
the liner 24. Preferably the producing well 13 is drilled and
constructed in accordance with common practices in the art, and it
operates in the usual manner to withdraw or pump from the bottom
hole 26 the mixture of oil and water that flows therein from the
adjacent reservoir 11. Our invention is intended to stimulate or
otherwise control the flow of that mixture into the producing well
13, thereby promoting the recovery of oil from the formation
11.
In accordance with our invention, another borehole 14 penetrates
the oil sand 11 at a region (27) thereof horizontally spaced from
the region (17) with which the producing well 13 communicates. This
borehole provides ingress to the region 27 for the anode 15 and for
water. While a conventional producing well like the well 13 could
be modified for this purpose, we have illustrated in FIG. 2 a
borehole 14 comprising a special "anode hole" which will next be
described.
The anode hole 14 includes an elongated metallic casing 28 whose
lower end is terminated by a shoe 29 disposed at approximately the
same elevation as the cap rock 23, and as usual this casing is
sealed in the overburden 19 by concrete 30. Near the bottom of the
hole a tubular liner 31 of electrical insulating material extends
from the casing 28 for an appreciable distance into the oil sand
11. The insulating liner 31 is telescopically joined to the casing
28 by a suitable crossover means or coupler 32. Preferably the
space between the exterior wall of the liner 31 and the surrounding
oil sand 11 is packed by high-temperature concrete 33. Although
shown out of scale in FIG. 2 to simplify the drawing, for reasons
explained hereinafter the liner 31 should have in practice a
substantial length and a relatively small inside diameter.
Below the liner 31, a cavity 34 is formed in the oil sand 11, and
in this cavity there is an exposed, cylindrical electroconductive
body comprising the anode 15 supported by a cable 35 which is
insulated from ground. The anode 15 is relatively short compared to
the depth of the proximate region of the oil sand (e.g., less than
one-half the depth of region 27), and it is positioned at an
approximately medial elevation in this region. For example, if the
region 27 were about 100 feet deep, the center of the anode would
be disposed approximately 50 feet below the cap rock 23 and the
anode may have a length of less than 10 feet. (Obviously the
vertical dimensions of the formation 11, the anode 15, and liner
31, and the cavity 34 have been foreshortened in FIG. 2 for the
sake of drawing simplicity.)
The anode 15 is exposed in operation to saline water and to
oleaginous fluids in the surrounding earth formation. At the
contemplated depth it is also exposed to high hydrostatic pressure.
Under these conditions and when serving as a positive electrode to
conduct unilateral current of large magnitude it is subject to
electrolytic corrosion and to the development of local overheating
by non-uniform distribution of current flow from its surface. To
protect our anode from these effects and to ensure its operability
at high current over substantial time periods of at least several
months or more we utilize an anode assembly comprising a conductive
anode body of elongate configuration mounted within a permeable
concentric tubular enclosure radially spaced from the anode body.
The enclosure cooperates with the anode body to protect it from
contact with surrounding oil and sand and to ensure that its entire
surface is constantly bathed in a cooling electrolytic fluid
supplied through the tubing 41.
At FIG. 5 we have illustrated schematically an anode assembly
designed to meet the stringent operating requirements referred to
above. As shown at FIG. 5 the anode assembly comprises a hollow
tubular anode body 15 electrically connected through its upper end
to the conducting cable 35 and disposed concentrically in radially
spaced relation within a permeable tubular enclosure 16 of
insulating material. The anode 15 is preferably coated externally
with a material, such as lead dioxide, which will effectively
resist electrolytic oxidation and is provided internally with a
recess partially filled with a conductive fluid, such as a body of
mercury 15a. Electrical connection to the anode is made through a
conductive stud or probe 15b connected to the cable 35 and
extending into the mercury 15a. Preferably means (not shown) are
provided to place the internal surfaces of the tubular anode 15
under a pressure substantially equal to the external pressure
applied to the anode, thereby to preclude deformation and
consequent mechanical damage to the anode.
The anode enclosure, or basket, 16 is closed at the bottom to
provide a receptacle for sand or other foreign material entering
from the surrounding earth formation. The major tubular portion is
provided with a large number of small perforations or measuring
orifices through which the saline electrolyte supplied through the
pipe 41 may flow outwardly into the surrounding earth. By so
regulating and restricting outward flow the electrolyte is
constrained to flow over the entire anode surface to cool the
surface and to ensure a substantially uniform current distribution
over the surface. The small size of the perforations prevents
ingress of oil and sand which, if allowed to deposite on the anode
surface, would cause rapid erosion in localized areas of high
current density. We prefer to form the insulating basket 16 of a
highly heat resistant ceramic material, such as aluminum oxide,
formed into a plurality of closely assembled annular rings or axial
rods, or both, providing small apertures therebetween.
The anode structure and assembly shown in FIG. 5 and briefly
described above is not the joint invention of the present
applicants and is not claimed in this application, but is claimed
and more fully described in a copending patent application Ser. No.
211,010, filed on Dec. 20, 1971 by C. H. Titus, H.N. Schneider and
J.K. Wittle and assigned to the same assignee as the present
application.
The anode 15 is attached to the lower end of the insulated cable
35, the other end of which emerges from a bushing or packing gland
36 in the cap 37 of the casing 28 and is connected to the positive
pole (+) of an electric power source 38. Preferably the cable 35 is
clamped for support at spaced intervals on a tubing string 40 which
is disposed in the casing 28. The lower section 41 of this tubing
string, which section extends axially through the liner 31, is made
of insulating material (e.g., fiberglass), whereby there is no
metal in the zone between the anode 15 and the casing shoe 29
except for the wires inside the insulated cable 35.
The negative pole (-) of the electric power source 38 is connected
via a cable 42 to an exposed conductor or electrode in the
producing well 13. As is shown in FIG. 2, the perforated liner 24
itself conveniently serves as this electrode (the cathode), and the
well casing 18 provides a conductive path between the cathode and
the cable 42. More details of the electric power source 38 will be
explained below in connection with the description of FIG. 3.
The tubing string 40, 41 in the anode hole 14 conveniently serves
as a duct for delivering water from the surface 12 down the hole to
the vicinity of the anode 15. Preferably a pump 43 is used to drive
this water from a suitable reservoir 44 through a control valve 45
and into the upper section 40 of the tubing string. The injected
water fills the cavity 34 where it is subjected to a high pressure
(e.g., at least 1,000 p.s.i.) due to the hydrostatic head plus
additional pressure externally imposed thereon by the pump 43, and
it therefore can flow from the cavity into the surrounding region
27 of the oil sand 11. As is the case in known water flooding
practice, the apparatus is arranged and operated so as to control
the volume flow of water as desired.
The resistivity of the bottom hole water will be relatively low due
to its saline content. While salts will probably diffuse therein
from the adjacent formation 11, we presently prefer to inject
electroconductive water from the surface. A slightly saline
solution having a resistivity of approximately 1,000
ohm-centimeters or less is suitable for this purpose, it being
understood that the degree of resistivity is not extremely
critical. In addition to being electroconductive, the injected
water should have the proper mix of metal salts and other colloidal
matter to make it compatible with the native formation 11. This
will minimize or prevent swelling of certain clays which may be in
the formation, thereby avoiding adversely affecting the
permeability of the formation. In oil fields where natural
formation water is readily available, this water will usually be
injected into the anode hole 14, thereby minimizing any disturbance
to the chemical balance of the underground formation.
Alternatively, surface water could be chemically treated to produce
an equivalent hydrous electrolyte, i.e., a fluid of a composition
having the essential characteristics (electroconduction and
deflocculation properties) of the formation water. In either case,
the injected water can also be treated if desired with chemical
additives which have other beneficial effects such as enhancing oil
production under the influence of the electric fields and current
which will be present in the formation 11 between the anode 14 and
the cathode 24.
From the foregoing it will be seen that a supply of formation water
(or equivalent) is maintained about and in contact with the anode
14. Injecting the water from the surface, by a process of regulated
flow (see below), ensures that the anode is continuously immersed
in a pressurized pool of this fluid. The pool of fluid surrounding
the anode constitutes an electroconductive path between this
electrode and the adjacent oil sand. If necessary to prevent
collapse of the walls of the cavity 34, the anode can also be
surrounded by an inert porous medium such as glass beads or coarse
sand having more than approximately 10 percent openings. A
desirable alternative is to dispose both the anode 15 and the
outlet of the water duct 41 inside a container or basket having
sidewalls of porous, insulating material, whereby a backflow of oil
and sand is effectively prevented and the stream of injected water
is directed over a substantial portion of the surface of the anode
body before dispersing to the adjacent region 27 of the formation
11.
In practicing our improved method of stimulating or controlling oil
recovery, an electric potential is applied to the anode 15 so as to
raise its voltage, with respect to the remote region 17 of the
formation 11 where the producing well 13 is located, to a
relatively high level (i.e., at least 200 volts). Consequently
current will flow through the formation 11 between the anode 15 and
the producing well 13. The connate water in the interstices of the
oil sand initially provides a path for this current, and its
temperature is raised thereby. Interstitial water typically
constitutes only on the order of 15 per cent of the formation 11 by
volume, and the resistance of the conducting path through this
formation will be much higher than that of the mass of saline water
which immediately surrounds the anode 15 in the cavity 34.
Nevertheless, because the current density in these conducting media
is highest next to the relatively small surface area of the anode
and decreases as an exponential function of the distance (radius)
therefrom, a high percentage of the voltage drop between the anode
and the ground is expected to be concentrated near the interface of
the water mass and the adjoining oil-saturated region of the
formation 11. As a result, a great deal of electric power
dissipates in the vicinity of this interface, and the temperature
of the pressurized water around the anode 15 will be raised
appreciably. We contemplate a power input of the order of 25 to
1,000 kilowatts or more, which may heat the water in the cavity 34
to a temperature substantially in excess of 250.degree. Fahrenheit.
This hot water is maintained in a liquid state by appropriately
regulating both its temperature and its pressure. For example, the
hydrostatic pressure of a 2,000-foot column of water exceeds 900
p.s.i., and at this pressure water remains liquid to approximately
530.degree. F.
It should be noted at this point that the vertical column of saline
water above the cavity 34 will not form a short circuit between the
anode 15 and the metallic casing 28 of the anode hole 14. This is
because the water column is confined in a long, narrow space having
a relatively small cross-sectional area. The dimensions of the
insulating liner 31 through which the water is injected are
selected so that the resistance of the confined water, if measured
between the top of the anode 15 and the lower end of the casing 28,
will be appreciably higher than the resistance of the conducting
path through the oil sand between anode and cathode. Due to its
close proximity to the source of heat, the bottom part of the
insulating liner 31 is advantageously made of high-temperature
material.
Within the underground formation 11, the temperature of the oil
region adjoining the pressurized hot water in the cavity 34 is
elevated by this source of heat, whereby both the viscosity and the
resistivity of the residual oil are reduced. After heating, the
rate of water injection increases. As hot oil recedes from the
anode 15, more conductive saline water fills the vacated space in
the porous media. The heat dissipated per unit volume of saline
water will decrease near the anode where the resistivity of the
water has decreased due to the temperature increase. Thus a heat
front advances toward the cathode.
In operation, our invention causes a stream of hot water and oil to
flow in the formation 11 toward the producing well 13. This stream
is driven by water injected into the anode hole 14, and it is
guided toward the cathode by electroosmosis. The latter effect can
be attributed to a net movement of ions in the interstitial water
under the influence of a unipolarity field. This electroosmosis
motive force promotes a migration of heated water from the cavity
34 through the porous oil sand to the producing well 13. In a given
medium of volume flow of water due to electroosmosis depends on the
magnitude of current being conducted. Because the sand particles in
the native formation 11 are predominantly water wet and because the
residual oil tends to adhere, by interfacial tension, to the
contiguous water film on these particles, this electroosmotic mode
of transporting water through the capillaries and crevices of the
oil sand is particularly effective in achieving the desired result
of transferring heat and motion to the residual oil.
Some of the electric energy supplied to the electrodes in our
invention will be utilized to liberate hydrogen from the water in
the pool 26 at the bottom of the producing well 13. This
electro-chemical action is well known as electrolysis. Because the
formation 11 is not homogeneous, there are anomalies in its
conductivity that form a series of local anodes and cathodes
between the main electrodes 15 and 24. Consequently, hydrogen and
other gases will be electrolytically released throughout the
formation. Gases thus released, being compressible and under
substantial pressure at the formation depth, apply additional
pressure to the thermally fluidized oil and aid in driving it
toward the cathode well. Some of the gases will chemically react to
form certain beneficial acids which promote formation of
appropriate porosity and fluid flow in the oil sand. The union of
hydrogen and warm oil under pressure may partially hydrogenate the
oil that is extracted from the formation 11 thereby improving the
grade and the value of the recovered oil. Furthermore, the
uni-polarity electric field between the main electrodes may raise
the peak kinetic energy of mobile charged particles in some areas
of the underground formation to a sufficiently high level to
produce fractional distillation and further upgrading of the oil in
situ.
At FIG. 6 we have shown by fragmentary and schematic illustration
that the cathode electrode, here designated 24a, may be discrete
from the metal well liner 24 and located directly in the oil sand
proximately adjacent the well liner. By so providing a separate or
discrete cathode electrode it is possible to select its size and
surface area relative to the size of the anode while maintaining
the anode size within otherwise desirable limitations. The
proportion of electric energy dissipated at the anode and cathode
is dependent upon their relative surface areas, and a separate
cathode electrode adds another degree of freedom in selecting a
desired ratio. As the cathode is made smaller, or the anode larger,
the relative amount of energy dissipated at the cathode increases.
Thus by diminishing cathode surface area a significant amount of
heat may be developed at the negative electrode so that this
electrode acts as a secondary point source of heat. It is estimated
that when using the well liner 24 as the cathode and the relatively
small anode described above only about 5 percent of the electric
energy will be dissipated at the cathode. It is possible that in
some applications of our invention it may be desirable to increase
cathode energy dissipation to 30 percent or more of the total.
Increased heating in the cathode region will aid in lowering oil
viscosity and facilitating flow in that region as well as in
promoting hydrogenation of oil flowing into the producing well.
In the cavity 34 the electrolytic action contributes to a hostile
environment for the anode 15 and associated parts of the apparatus
disposed at the bottom of the anode hole. In operation oxygen and
other corrosive gases and chemicals are liberated at the anode.
Electrolytic action will tend to deplate or consume certain
positively energized metals. Therefore care should be exercised in
designing the anode 15 so that its surface, which is the only
exposed conductor in the bottom of the anode hole 14, will resist
both chemical and galvanic corrosion. To ensure a sound mechanical
and electrical connection between the cable 35 and the anode 15
under the foregoing difficult conditions and in the high-pressure
ambient at the contemplated depth of the anode hole, it is believed
desirable that the cable be inserted, as by a threaded conducting
plug connection, into a recess in the anode. The lower section of
the cable and the juncture of the plug and the anode should then be
covered with insulation which has adequate dielectric strength and
is impervious to oxygen and other deleterious chemicals. There is a
possibility that a high pressure differential between the exterior
surface and the interior recess of the anode may damage the anode,
and therefore it may also be desirable to fill any voids in the
anode recess with suitable high gravity electroconductive liquid
and to close the recess with a pressure-equalizing seal. The
exterior surface of the anode body should be the only part of the
apparatus from which current enters the surrounding saline water,
and it is resistant to chemical attack and deplating.
As electric power supply suitable for energizing the anode 15 has
been shown in FIG. 3. The availability of three-phase a-c
high-voltage service is assumed, and in FIG. 3 this service is
illustrated symbolically at 60. The high voltage is fed to the
primary windings of a power transformer 61 through a conventional
circuit breaker 62 which is equipped with an operating mechanism 63
for opening and closing the primary circuit on command. The
secondary circuit of the power transformer 61 is connected to a
controlled converter which is constructed and arranged to apply
across the conductors 35 and 42 a unipolarity output voltage of
controllable magnitude. The illustrated converter comprises an
adjustable autotransformer 64 in series with a high-power rectifier
65. The average magnitude of its output voltage can be varied from
a few hundred volts to thousands of volts. This can be done
manually or, if desired, automatically by suitable means well known
in the pertinent electrical art.
In operation, the load on the power supply 38 is expected to vary
after the anode 15 is first energized. The resistivity of the
saline water tends to decrease with increasing temperature in the
formation 11. The presently preferred mode of controlling the
electric power and water inputs of our process will now be
explained. The magnitude of current in the cable 35 is regulated by
suitably adjusting or programming the applied voltage. In this way
the electric current between anode and cathode can be held at a
desirable preset level. To prevent excessive heating of the anode
itself, the electroconductive fluid supplied through the anode hole
14 is suitably controlled so as to vary the value of its volume
rate of flow as a function of the electric energy dissipated
underground. This can be accomplished, for example, by employing
appropriate means for controlling the rate of flow of the injected
fluid in accordance with the product of the magnitude of applied
voltage and the magnitude of anode-to-cathode current, whereby the
desired rate of fluid flow is determined by the amount of input
power. As the input power increases, so does the quantity of
injected fluid thereby beneficially increasing the cooling effect
on the anode 15. A maximum pressure override should also be
provided to prevent excessive underground pressure which might
fracture the formation 11.
For optimum utilization of the input power without excessive
heating, it may be desirable to open the circuit breaker 62 for a
certain interval or intervals of time during which oil can continue
flowing in the oil-bearing formation due to the energy retained
therein. If and when the primary circuit is deenergized, a
low-voltage (e.g., 12 volts) positive bias is preferably maintained
on the anode 15 to minimize adverse galvanic action in the anode
hole, and toward this end a battery 66 is connected in series with
an isolating diode 67 across the output terminals of the rectifier
65. To recharge the battery 67, it is connected to a conventional
battery charger 68 which is coupled to a suitable source 69. This
positive bias means, which is not our joint invention, is more
fully described and claimed in a copending patent application Ser.
No. 116,035 filed on Feb. 17, 1971 by C. H. Titus and assigned to
the same assignee as the present application.
It may be advantageous to reverse from time to time the unipolarity
voltage applied between the cables 35 and 42. Toward this end,
suitable reversing means is optionally provided. By way of example,
FIG. 3 shows a polarity reversing switch 70 between the rectifier
65 and the cables, with the position of this switch being
controlled as desired by an associated mechanism 71. Ordinarily the
reversing cycle would be asymmetrical so that there is a net
electroosmotic movement of water through the oil sand in the
direction of the producing well 13. The reactance of the cable 35
in the anode hole 14 will not seriously impede the flow of current
through this path so long as either direct current or low-frequency
reversible current is being supplied. In view of these alternative
mode of practicing our invention, the terms "d-c" and "unipolarity"
are meant herein to apply to quantities whose direction of
influence can be reversed during or after a cycle of operation of
our process without reducing to zero the average influence of the
quantity in that direction during that cycle.
When our process is operated in either the discontinuous power mode
or the reversing polarity mode described in the preceding two
paragraphs, respectively, it is possible to utilize pressure
developed in the anode region to extract oil from that region 27
through the anode hole. Furthermore, it is possible to use our
invention to recover oil from a subterranean formation in a
push-pull fashion where there is only a single borehole
communicating with the surface of the ground.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative arrangement for joining the two
sections 40 and 41 of the tubing string in the anode hole 14. In
FIG. 4 the lowest part of the upper section 40' of the tubing
string is secured in side-by-side relation to the top part 41' of
the lower section, and these parts are respectively provided with
registering slots 70 and 71 which permit the injected water to flow
from the section 40' into part 41'. The bottom of section 40' is
closed by a suitable plug 72 as shown. The top of part 41' is
provided with a packing gland for admitting the cable 35. As is
shown in FIG. 4, this gland includes cooperating threaded sleeves
73 and 74 between which the shoulders of a pair of tubular metal
clamps 75 and 76 are captured. The insulated cable 35 passes
vertically through this assembly, and its lower portion is
therefore disposed inside the lower section of the tubing string.
At an elevation below what is shown in the fragmentary view of FIG.
4, the metal part 41' is connected to an insulating tube, and the
metal clamp 75 is terminated. There are two principal advantages of
this "Zee" assembly. It protects the cable 35 from damage during
installation of the anode 15, and it directs the injected water
around the lower portion of the cable 35 and directly over the top
of the anode 15 for improved cooling of the surfaces of these
conductors. The Zee assembly is more fully described and claimed in
a copending patent application Ser. No. 117,488 filed on Feb. 22,
1971 by C. H. Titus and H. N. Schneider and assigned to the same
assignee as the present application, now U.S. Pat. No.
3,674,912.
In summary it will be seen that we have marshalled a number of
different forces toward the desired end of efficiently utilizing
bulk electric power to increase the amount and the value of oil
extracted from underground reservoirs. While most useful in
combination, all of these forces do not necessarily have to be
employed in concert to obtain satisfactory results.
In spite of the high potential contemplated at the anode 15, the
voltage gradient near the surface 12 of the ground will be small or
negligible. Therefore our invention can be practiced safely. Where
necessary, conventional cathodic protection can be used to retard
corrosion of underground pipe lines, if any, in the vicinity of the
surface.
While we have shown and described certain embodiments of our
invention by way of illustration, many modifications will occur to
those skilled in the art. For example, a single anode hole can be
used in combination with a plurality of spaced producing wells 13
which are connected, either concurrently or in sequence, to the
negative pole of the electric power source 38, or a plurality of
anode holes could ring a common producing well. The insulating
liner 31 could be extended; e.g., the lower end of the liner could
define the cavity 34 and circumvent the anode 15, with its sidewall
being perforated to permit egress of the heated water. We therefore
desire herein to cover all such modifications as fall within the
true spirit and scope of our invention.
In this application we have disclosed exemplary apparatus that now
appears useful in conjunction with the practical implementation of
the oil-recovery process we invented. To the extent this ancillary
apparatus includes novel and nonobvious features such features are
not themselves part of our present joint invention, and patent
applications thereon may be filed in the name or names of those
persons who were the original and first inventors thereof.
* * * * *