U.S. patent number 3,779,726 [Application Number 04/805,207] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-18 for a method of making a metal impregnated grinding tool.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Norton Company. Invention is credited to Edgar B. Carver, Reginald C. Fisk.
United States Patent |
3,779,726 |
Fisk , et al. |
December 18, 1973 |
A METHOD OF MAKING A METAL IMPREGNATED GRINDING TOOL
Abstract
Metal bonded abrasive tools are manufactured in which the
abrasive grits are uniformly spaced and distributed throughout the
tool, by encapsulating one or several abrasive grits in a porous
layer of powdered metallic material and preferably sintering the
layer, thereby forming individual abrasive grit containing
particles which are then placed in a mold and the spaces between
the particles filled with a conventional metallic bonding agent.
Heat, and in some instances heat and pressure, is applied which
permanently binds the mixture together in the desired form. The
process is particularly well suited for the fabrication of metal
bonded diamond wheels where the metal-bond to diamond-grit volume
ratio is relatively high.
Inventors: |
Fisk; Reginald C. (West
Boylston, MA), Carver; Edgar B. (Whitinsville, MA) |
Assignee: |
Norton Company (Worcester,
MA)
|
Family
ID: |
25190950 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/805,207 |
Filed: |
March 7, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
51/295;
51/309 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24D
7/00 (20130101); A63H 33/04 (20130101); B24D
18/00 (20130101); B24D 3/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63H
33/04 (20060101); B24D 3/08 (20060101); B24D
18/00 (20060101); B24D 7/00 (20060101); B24D
3/04 (20060101); B24d 003/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;51/295,296,293,309 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Arnold; Donald J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of fabricating metal bonded grinding tools comprising
the steps of:
affixing to abrasive grits, a porous encapsulating layer of a
powdered metallic material by mixing the abrasive grits and
powdered metallic material with sufficient temporary binder to
dampen the mix, pushing the damp mix through a screen with openings
larger than the abrasive grits thereby forming a plurality of
irregular shaped abrasive grit containing composite particles, and
heat treating the plurality of said particles to devoid them of
temporary binder and to sinter the powdered metallic material;
placing said abrasive grit containing particles in a mold cavity of
appropriate configuration;
filling the interstices between said particles with a metallic
bonding agent; and
permanently uniting said particles and said metallic bonding agent
by the application of heat and pressure.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of metal bonded abrasive tools.
More particularly it relates to a method for fabricating abrasive
shapes wherein the abrasive particles are relatively widely spaced
from each other.
Prior to the instant invention, metal bonded abrasive tools have
been manufactured by several processes. Among such methods the
"cold press and sinter" technique is probably the most widely used
primarily because of economic factors. Simply, this method consists
of coating abrasive particles with a pick-up agent, or temporary
binder as it is called, followed by addition of a powdered metallic
bond. The temporary binder serves to cause a quantity of the
powdered metallic binder to adhere to or be picked up on the
abrasive particles. This mixture is then placed in a mold of the
desired configuration and pressed at for example 35 tons per square
inch. The pressed tool is then fired in a furnace for a time and at
a temperature sufficient to cause sintering of the particles of the
metal bond; the firing is preferably done in an inert or
nonoxidizing atmosphere. Such a process and the resulting product
are amply described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,737,454 to J. C. Danec.
Another technique for fabricating such abrasive articles is that of
hot pressing. In this method a mixture of abrasive particles e.g.
diamonds grits, are mixed with a temporary binder and a metallic
bonding agent in the same manner as for the method described above.
The mixture is then placed in a mold which is capable of
withstanding high temperatures and pressures; these are preferably
thick walled graphite molds. The abrasive-metal bond containing
mold is then placed in a heating press and pressed at a pressure
and temperature sufficient to densify the mix to almost theoretical
density and to cause the metallic bonding agent to sinter. When the
mold and its contents have cooled, an abrasive tool with a
permanent configuration results. The use of this process is not as
wide spread as the cold press-sinter technique primarily due to the
higher cost of hot pressing particularly with respect to equipment
cost. The higher cost of the hot process is justified by its
capability of producing somewhat more intricate shaped grinding
tools than is possible with the aforedescribed cold press-sinter
process. However, even with hot pressing the degree of complexity
of the grinding tool is somewhat limited.
A major contribution to the art of manufacturing metal bonded
abrasive tools was described, more recently, in U.S. Pat. No.
3,316,073 to J. G. Kelso. The Kelso invention was a major stride in
overcoming one of the most serious shortcomings of both the cold
press-sinter and the hot press processes, namely, the difficulty of
uniformly distributing abrasive grits throughout the metal bond
when the volume ratio of the latter to the former is relatively
high, that is about 1:1 or greater. Kelso discovered that if he
carefully tumbled abrasive grits in the presence of a finely
divided powdered metal bonding agent, e.g. WC/Co, while
simultaneously spraying controlled amounts of a dampening agent or
a so-called temporary binder such as water, or a solution of
shellac, dextrin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, or the like, each
abrasive grit became singularly coated with a spherical jacket of
powdered WC/Co. The thickness of the jacket or coating can be built
up to any dimension desired, depending on the intended spacing or
distribution of the abrasive grits in the final product. These
jacketed abrasive grits, or pellets as they are called in the Kelso
patent, are then placed in a mold and either cold pressed and
sintered, or hot pressed in an inert atmosphere. Thus, the extreme
difficulty of uniformly mixing relatively coarse abrasive grits
with finely divided metal powders was essentially overcome by
mechanically attaching all of said metal powder to the abrasive
grits prior to placing of the mix in the mold for pressing. The
resultant abrasive tool is then vastly improved with respect to
uniformity of distribution of the abrasive grits. Although
processes based on the combination of the Kelso invention with cold
pressing and sintering, or hot pressing constitute a major
advancement in the art, such methods do have shortcomings. Among
these the most serious are, the abrasive grit size in the Kelso
patent of about 60 grit or coarser, and the fact that although more
complex abrasive tools can be fabricated by hot pressing, the
degree of complexity is limited.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Essentially the invention is a process for making abrasive tools
wherein abrasive grits, such as diamond, silicon carbide, boron
carbide, boron nitride, aluminum oxide, alumina-zirconia,
zirconia-spinel, and the like, are first encapsulated or jacketed
in a porous layer of a powdered metallic material, which is
initially attached to the abrasive grits with the aid of a
temporary binder. The encapsulating layer may literally be built up
to any thickness ranging from a single grain coating of the
powdered metal material which can be as thin as one micron or even
less if the powdered metallic material has a grain size finer than
1 micron, to a thickness of one-eighth inch or greater if the
abrasive grit size, grinding tool dimensions, and desired spacing
of abrasive grits warrants such a thick coating. The encapsulated
abrasive grit particles are then preferably heated to decompose
and/or evaporate the temporary binder and sinter the grains of the
powdered metallic material making up the encapsulating layer. If
the abrasive grit being used is about 60 grit or coarser, the
preferable method of affixing to the grits the porous encapsulating
layer of powdered metallic material is that described in the Kelso
patent. On the other hand, if the abrasive grit size is finer than
60 grit, especially if it is as fine as 200 grit and finer, the
preferred method is that of mixing the fine grits with sufficient
temporary binder and powdered metallic material to provide a mix
ranging in consistency from damp to pasty, thereby facilitating the
uniform distribution of the grits in the powdered metallic
material; otherwise, if the mix is the conventional relatively dry
type, the grits tend to separate from the grains of the metallic
powdered material. The mix is then screened through for example, a
60 grit screen forming discrete particles which may contain one or
several abrasive grits, followed by sintering of this screened
particulate mixture and finally, gently breaking up the sintered
agglomerate of particles. The screening step, however, is not
absolutely essential. The damp mix may be sintered, without prior
screening, followed by breaking up of the sintered mass which is
then screened.
The particles, whether they be the spherical particles of the Kelso
invention or the irregular shaped particles formed as described
above, are placed in a mold of the desired configuration and the
interstices between the particles are filled with a metallic
bonding agent. Basically, this may be accomplished in two ways.
Preferably, a casting mold is constructed, which consists of the
mold chamber proper which is connected by a channel or runner to a
reservoir. With the mold cavity filled with abrasive grit
containing particles, the reservoir is filled with a metallic
bonding agent and the entire mold is assembled and placed in a
furnace heated to a temperature above the melting point of the
metallic bonding agent. The metallic bonding agent becomes fluid
and, because the reservoir is located higher than the mold cavity
proper, the gravitational force of the heat of molten metallic
bonding agent causes the liquid to flow through the runners into
the mold cavity and up through the particles filling the
interstices between them. Of course one need not rely on the
gravitational force of the molten metal; an external force may be
applied to the liquid e.g. in the manner of injection molding.
In an alternate method, either type of abrasive grit containing
particles are placed in a conventional mold, for example, one made
of graphite, along with a sufficient quantity of powdered metallic
bonding agent to fill the interstices between the particles. This
mixture then may be cold pressed and heat treated to sinter or melt
the metallic materials in the conventional manner, or it may be hot
pressed applying sufficient heat and pressure simultaneously, to
bring about sintering or melting of the metallic bonding agent and
in the case where the encapsulating layer about the abrasive grits
is the same material as the bonding agent it, too, will sinter or
melt.
Although it is not a strict requirement the heating phases of the
process should preferably be carried out in an inert or
nonoxidizing atmosphere such as an atmosphere of nitrogen,
hydrogen, argon or the like, to prevent oxidation of the metallic
materials used to form the encapsulating layer and the principal
bond. Further, an inert atmosphere is especially desirable when the
abrasive grit is diamond in order to prevent oxidative
decomposition of the diamond at elevated temperatures.
Increasingly wider spacing between the abrasive grits can be
accomplished by building up very thick encapsulating layers of
grains of powdered metallic material on the grits, but as a
manufacturing expedience the same end may be accomplished by
applying a moderately thick encapsulating layer and increasing the
spacing between these by mixing them with particles made up of only
sintered grains of powdered metallic material sans abrasive grit or
even containing a secondary abrasive or filler such as grits of
boron nitride, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, aluminum oxide,
boron carbide, alumina-zirconia, zirconia-spinel, or mixtures of
these. This is a device which produces a harder, stronger, bond
than when such secondary abrasives or fillers are omitted.
The embodiment of the invention wherein a molten metallic bonding
agent is cast into a formed bed of particles is of particular value
and utility when the metallic bonding agent is one of the commonly
used bronzes or silver solders. Because such bonds do not wet
diamond, ordinary manufacturing techniques result in poorly bonded
diamond grits. When, however, the grits are first encapsulated in a
porous powdered metallic material and a molten metallic bonding
agent is cast into the interstices between such encapsulated grits,
the molten metal actually impregnates the encapsulating layer
thereby permanently uniting the particles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a side elevation of a lens beveling grinding wheel
showing the complex face of the grinding portion 14.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a graphite mold for fabricating
complexly shaped abrasive tools such as that of FIG. 1, by the
method of casting a molten metallic bonding agent into and around
encapsulated abrasive grits.
FIG. 3 is a section through the irregular shaped encapsulated
abrasive grit particle produced by the screening technique
described above.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a graphite mold for simultaneously
fabricating the core or abrasive supporting section and the
abrasive containing section of an abrasive tool.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The invention is concerned with abrasive tools containing about 1
percent or more abrasive by volume; with reference to the diamond
abrasive tool segment of the art, this would be known as "4
concentration" or more.
For the successful practice of the instant invention certain
restrictions should be observed with respect to what powdered
metallic encapsulating material is combined with which metallic
bonding agent; they may be the same metallic composition or they
must be different, depending on which particular embodiment of the
invention is used.
When the cold-press and sinter approach is used, then the
encapsulating material and the bonding agent may be the same, for
example, tungsten carbide, or they may be different, for example,
bronze and tungsten carbide respectively, as long as both are
sinterable at an attainable processing temperature.
When the approach is used that incorporates the simultaneous
application of heat and pressure, the two materials may be the same
or may differ. If they are the same in composition the only
requirement is that the material selected is fusible or sinterable
at the available hot pressing temperatures. On the other hand, if
the two materials are different, the metallic bonding agent should
desirably sinter or melt at a temperature below the melting
temperature of the encapsulating material.
Using the third and preferable embodiment, the choice of materials
for the encapsulating layer and the bond is more limited. An
important part of this approach is that the porous encapsulating
layer about the abrasive grits becomes impregnated with the metal
bonding agent. In order for this to occur the metallic bonding
agent must become molten or fluid significantly below the softening
temperature of the encapsulating material. With the interstices
between the particles filled with the relatively low melting
bonding agent, as well as the pores within the encapsulating layer
itself, a strong, dense, high quality abrasive tool results. This
method provides a means of inexpensively and reliably manufacturing
wheels with grinding faces of any degree of complexity, such as
those used in form grinding of carbide cutting tools; any abrasive
wheel or tool configuration can now be made that one can make a
mold for. For example, a grinding wheel with a configuration that
is difficult to make by conventional means is the beveling wheel
shown in FIG. 1. This wheel has a solid core 10 with an arbor hole
12 in its center and the grinding section 14 containing the
abrasive is attached on the periphery of the core 10. A simple mold
design for casting wheels of complex configuration such as that of
FIG. 1, is shown in section in FIG. 2. The cavity of the mold is
defined by the graphite cup 16 split at 18 and containing the
depression 17, the bottom of the cylindrical graphite sleeve 20,
and the graphite reservior 22. The reservior 22 is constructed in a
manner to provide a nodule 24 which serves as a means of centering
the reservior 22 within the graphite cup 16 when the nodule 24 is
mated with the depression 17 in the center of the graphite cup 16.
Passing through the bottom of the reservior 22 and concentrically
adjacent to the nodule 24 is a series of holes 26 to allow passage
of the molten metallic material 40 to pass into the channel 28 and
finally into the forming or mold cavity 30. The reservior forms the
inside wall of the mold cavity 30 and with the inside bottom face
of the cup 16, forms the channel 28.
To use such a mold, the parts 16' and 16" of the cup 16 are
fastened together, e.g., by a steel strap, and the reservior 22 is
centered therein by mating the nodule 24 with the depression 17 in
the cup 16. A precalculated volume of encapsulated abrasive grits
32 is poured down into the mold cavity 30 thereby filling the
cavity. The sleeve 20 is then put in place, the reservior 22 filled
with metallic bonding agent and the entire assembly heated to a
temperature above the melting point of the bonding agent. The force
exerted by the head of molten metallic bonding agent 40 forces the
liquid into the mold cavity 30 where it fills the interstices 38
between the encapsulated particles 32 and impregnates the pores of
the encapsulating layer 36 about the grits 34. The complete mold
setup is allowed to cool, readily disassembled and the formed
abrasive ring easily removed.
A further advantage of the casting embodiment of the invention is
that the core or abrasive section supporting member can be made
simultaneously with the grit containing section of the wheel. This
produces a complete wheel in one operation, thereby eliminating the
step of brazing or otherwise attaching the grit containing section
to a core. To accomplish this, a mold assembly such as that shown
in FIG. 4, may be used. This mold assembly is similar to that in
FIG. 3 in that the graphite mold cup 16, split at 18, is the same,
being made up of parts 16' and 16" and, containing part of the
abrasive section forming cavity 30 and the depression 17 in the
inner bottom surface of the cup. The remainder of this type of mold
is made up of a plug 46 containing therein the T shaped channel 48
connecting with the abrasive section supporting member portion of
the mold cavity 50 and the lower portion of the reservoir 52. The
reservoir 52 is shaped so as to fit snugly into the cup 16 and to
mate by way of a hole 54, with the plug 46 thus forming the
complete mold cavity made up of that portion 50 for forming the
abrasive section supporting member and that portion 30 of the
cavity forming the abrasive section.
To simultaneously cast the core and abrasive section, the two parts
16' and 16" of the cup 16 are strapped together and the plug 46
inserted in the depression 17. A thin walled shallow cylinder shown
as 56 is then centered in the mold and the proper volume of
encapsulated grits 32 are poured between the cylinder 56 and the
abrasive section portion 30 of the mold cavity. Porous metallic
particles 58, which may or may not contain secondary abrasive or
filler, are then placed in the core portion 50 of the mold cavity.
The thin walled cylinder 56 is then removed. The reservoir 52 is
put in place completing the formation of the mold cavity. The
reservoir is then filled with solid metallic bonding agent and the
entire assembly heated to the melting point of the metallic bonding
agent 40 causing it to liquify and pass through the channel 48 and
into the mold cavity thereby filling the interstices between the
particles contained in both portions 50 and 30, of the mold cavity.
The mold assembly is cooled, disassembled and the complete wheel,
core and abrasive section, is removed.
If the tool being fabricated is of relatively simple configuration,
the abrasive or grit containing portion and the core of the tool
can be made by filling the interstices between the particles with
powdered metallic bonding agent, followed by cold-pressing and
sintering, or hot-pressing as described above.
The encapsulated spherical particles 32 shown in FIG. 2 could be
substituted for by the irregular shaped particles formed by the
method described above and shown in FIG. 3. In such particles as
these the porous encapsulating coating 42 has an irregular shape
and contains one or several abrasive grits 44. This particular
configuration becomes almost essential when the abrasive grit size
is much finer than 60 grit.
The abrasive products made by this process are distinguishable from
those made by prior art processes, in that under microscopic
examination of a section through a product of the instant
invention, the encapsulated particles are disccernable because they
can be seen contrasted against the metallic bonding agent. This is
conspicuously so when the casting approach is employed. This is
also true when the cold press-sinter or the hot press techniques
are used if the encapsulating metal material differs in particle
size or chemical composition from the metallic bonding agent. When
the two metallic materials are the same with respect to particle
size and chemical composition the encapsulated particles are not as
easily discernable from the metallic bonding agent.
The following examples will further elucidate the novel concept of
this invention.
EXAMPLE I
A metal bonded diamond grit section of cylindrical shape, to be
attached to a driving means thereby forming what is known as a core
drill, was made by first calculating the volume of the diamond
section and then the amount of diamond needed in that volume to
result in a diamond concentration of 100 (25 volume percent; they
were respectively 10 cubic centimeters and 2.5 cubic centimeters
(8.775 grams). The 8.775 grams of 46 grit diamond was encapsulated
in a layer of powder made up of 90 weight percent of tungsten
carbide and 10 weight percent of cobalt following the teachings of
the Kelso patent; the WC/Co layer built up to such a thickness as
to result in a volume of WC/C. approximately equal in Volume to the
abrasive grit. The encapsulated abrasive grits then had a true
volume of 5 cc. A quantity, 20 cc, of abrasive grit free WC/Co
particles of approximately the same size as the grit containing
particles, was prepared in the same manner. A sufficient amount of
these particles was mixed with the diamond grit containing
particles to provide a total loose packed volume of 10 cc. There
were then heat treated at 350.degree.C for 30 minutes in nitrogen
to remove the temporary binder, followed by heating at 950.degree.C
in nitrogen causing the powdered WC/Co to sinter. Some minor amount
of sintering between the particles themselves occurred but the
agglomerations were easily broken up with the fingers. A mold
basically like that of FIG. 2, except that the mold cavity was a
simple straight walled cylinder instead of the complex cavity 30 of
FIG. 2, was partially assembled and the 10 cc mold cavity was
filled with the 10 cc loose packed volume of encapsulated diamond
grit and WC/Co particles, and the mold assembling completed. The
reservoir was filled with a bronze powder made up of 20 percent tin
and 80 percent copper by weight. The entire assembly was placed in
a furnace and heated at 1,050.degree.C in a hydrogen atmosphere for
30 minutes. During the heating step the bronze powder melted and
because it was located higher than the cavity it flowed into the
mold cavity filling the interstices between the particles and
impregnated the porous encapsulating layer of WC/Co around the
diamond grits and the WC/Co particles. The mold set-up was removed
from the furnace, cooled, disassembled and the diamond section
removed. The latter was then brazed, by means of a silver solder
and flux, to a suitable steel tube fitted with an adapter, forming
a core drill attachable to a driving means.
Although WC/Co was used other carbides are equally suitable such as
W.sub.2 C, B.sub.4 C, or the like or any of the many
iron-nickel-carbon alloys; it is only necessary that the metallic
material used to encapsulate the grits and to form the grit free
particles, have a melting point above that of the metallic bonding
agent. By the same token, a bronze was used as the bonding agent
but other metallic materials such as silver solder, brass, and the
like can be, and in fact, have been used.
EXAMPLE II
A diamond edge beveling wheel was made in the same manner as
described in Example I except that in this case the abrasive was
100 grit diamond, the shape of the diamond bearing section was that
of 14 in FIG. 1, and the method of producing the WC/Co encapsulated
grit containing particles and the grit free WC/Co particles was
that of the mixing and screening described above. The diamond
containing particles were prepared by thorough mixing together
equal parts by true volume of diamond grit and the powdered WC/Co
with about 5 percent by weight of a 10 weight percent solution of
paraffin in 1,1,1-trichloroethane. This made a damp mix which was
then screened through a 60 mesh screen creating a small mass of
discrete, irregular shaped particles, such as that shown in FIG. 3.
The particles were heat treated as in Example I and the agglomerate
was gently broken up. A quantity of grit free WC/Co particles were
made in the same manner as the encapsulated diamond grit particles.
All of diamond containing particles was mixed with a sufficient
quantity of grit free particles to bring the total apparent volume
to 10 cc. and the mixture placed in a mold like that of FIG. 2. The
remainder of the process was the same as in Example I. The
intricately shaped diamond section was silver soldered to an
appropriately sized steel disc forming a wheel like that shown in
FIG. 1 which was then used to grind the edges of ceramic plates and
other artifacts.
EXAMPLE III
A diamond core drill bonded entirely with WC/Co but with the
configuration of the core drill of Example I is made by first
preparing diamond containing and diamond free particles in the
exact quantities and in the manner of Example I. Instead of placing
the total 10 cc of grit and non-grit containing particles in a
casting mold, the particles are mixed with about 14 grams of a
powdered 75:25 weight percent WC/Co mixture and placed in a
graphite mold of conventional configuration. The mold assembly is
then hot-pressed at 1,200.degree.C under a pressure of 3 tons per
square inch for about 15 minutes.
In this case the 14 grams of sintered powdered WC/Co fills the
interstices between the particles, instead of the molten bronze in
Examples I and II.
EXAMPLE IV
A diamond core drill with the configuration and composition of that
in Example I is made by encapsulating the diamond grits in WC/Co
and preparing non-grit containing particles in the manner described
in Example II, mixing the 10 cc of grit containing and non-grit
containing particles with 8.6 grams of an 80:20 weight percent
mixture of Cu/Sn, placing this mixture in a steel mold of
conventional design, pressing the mix under 35 tons per square
inch, and finally sintering the cold pressed diamond section by
heating it at 900.degree.C for 30 minutes.
In this modification of the invention, the 8.6 grams of sintered
bronze powder fills the interstices between the particles instead
of the sintered WC/Co of Example III.
* * * * *