U.S. patent number 3,779,212 [Application Number 05/252,706] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-18 for non-polluting steam generator system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Rockwell International Corporation. Invention is credited to William R. Wagner.
United States Patent |
3,779,212 |
Wagner |
December 18, 1973 |
NON-POLLUTING STEAM GENERATOR SYSTEM
Abstract
A steam generating system comprising burning fuel which contains
no sulphur or nitrogen in an atmosphere of pure oxygen to heat
water in a heat exchanger for converting water to steam.
Preferably, the fuel and oxygen are provided in liquid or gaseous
form and are supplied under pressure to the combustion chamber, to
provide more rapid combustion, and additional oxygen may be added
to the burning gases as they are passed to the heat exchanger to
further increase the temperature of the flame. In addition, the
water to be converted into steam is maintained isolated from the
products of combustion. Both method and apparatus are
disclosed.
Inventors: |
Wagner; William R. (Los
Angeles, CA) |
Assignee: |
Rockwell International
Corporation (El Segundo, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
22957171 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/252,706 |
Filed: |
May 12, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
122/23; 110/345;
431/10 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F22B
31/00 (20130101); Y02E 20/34 (20130101); Y02E
20/344 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F22B
31/00 (20060101); F22b 031/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;122/23,479
;110/1J,1H,1P ;431/8,9,10,11,12 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sprague; Kenneth W.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A steam generating system comprising:
a source of an oxidizer containing no nitrogen,
a source of fuel containing no appreciable sulfur or nitrogen,
a combustion chamber,
a closed delivery system connected to deliver said oxidizer and
said fuel to said combustion chamber under pressure,
a heat exchanger connected to receive heat from said combustion
chamber on one side of a heat exchanger wall,
a source of water connected to supply water to an opposite side of
said heat exchanger wall in heat exchanging relation to said
combustion chamber heat, said heat exchanger having a ratio of the
gas passage length to the hydraulic diameter on the gas side
greater than 100, and
output means for delivering steam resultant from vaporization of
said water from said heat exchanger to a utilizing device.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said oxidizer is oxygen.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein said oxidizer is stored in said
source in liquid form.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein said fuel is a hydrocarbon
fuel.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein said fuel is stored in said source
in liquid form.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein said fuel is natural gas.
7. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
delivery means connected to deliver additional oxidizer adjacent
said one side of the heat exchanger wall, together with combustion
products from said combustion chamber.
8. The method of generating steam comprising the steps of:
burning a fuel containing no appreciable sulfur or nitrogen in a
pressurized oxidizing atmosphere containing no nitrogen to produce
heat, and
passing said heat in heat exchanging relation with water to convert
said water to steam while maintaining said water isolated from the
products of combustion and maintaining the ratio of the gas passage
length to the hydraulic diameter on the gas side greater than
100.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to steam generators and is particularly
directed to compact, non-polluting steam generators which can be
retrofit to replace conventional steam generators.
2. Prior Art
Steam generators have long been used to produce steam for heating,
driving turbines and generators, providing motive power for
locomotives and automobiles, and other purposes. However, the steam
generators of the prior art have generally employed combustion
chambers wherein fuel was burned in air at relatively low pressures
of the order of 10 to 20 psia, and have required relatively massive
heat exchange units or boilers, often 40 to 60 feet in length and
20 to 60 feet in diameter, to produce steam. However, steam
generators often provide incomplete combustion of the fuel-air
mixture and the products of such incomplete combustion have
conventionally been released to pollute the atmosphere. Moreover,
it has been customary, heretofore, to employ fuels which contain
sulphur and nitrogen and to burn these fuels in air, which also
contains nitrogen, with the result that the products of combustion
have included noxious gases which were released to further pollute
the atmosphere.
In recent years, such pollution has reached serious, and even
dangerous proportions and it has been recognized that steps must be
taken to reduce or eliminate such pollution. Numerous techniques
have been proposed heretofore to reduce or eliminate this problem.
However, none of the prior art techniques have been entirely
satisfactory. Various types of filters, scrubbers, and the like
have been employed for removing or neutralizing the noxious
products and products of incomplete combustion. In addition,
numerous techniques have been proposed for improving the efficiency
of the combustion. However, the prior art devices and techniques
have been only partially effective, at best, and add to the expense
of the steam generator while decreasing its efficiency.
In submarines and the like, these problems have been overcome by
employing a system wherein a hydrocarbon fuel is burned in an
oxygen atmosphere and the products of combustion are used directly
to drive a turbine or the like. However, these products of
combustion include carbonic acid and other generally
non-condensible gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon
dioxide, which, in gaseous form, are less efficient than steam in
driving the turbine, tend to attack and corrode the turbine blades,
and which cannot be recycled, as in the case of pure steam.
BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF INVENTION
These disadvantages of the prior art are overcome with the present
invention and a steam generator is provided which is completely
pollution-free, yet provides full efficiency, avoids turbine
corrosion, and foreign gas condensation or disposal. In addition,
the steam generator of the present invention is extremely compact
and highly efficient. Moreover, the compact steam generator of the
present invention requires little or no maintenance and minimizes
down time and servicing costs. Furthermore, the steam generator of
the present invention is compatible with conventional electrical
generating system and, hence, can be retrofit into existing system
with burned out or obsolete boilers.
The advantages of the present invention are preferably attained by
providing a steam generator which employs separate heat producing
and steam producing systems. In the heat producing system, air is
excluded and liquid or gaseous oxygen is employed as an oxidizer
for a fuel containing no sulphur or nitrogen, such as liquid
natural gas. The liquid oxygen and fuel are raised to high pressure
and vaporized into a gaseous state prior to combustion. The hot
products of complete combustion are passed through a heat exchanger
to convert water to steam in the separate steam producing system
and may, then, be exhausted into the atmosphere without pollution.
The products of this combustion will contain only water, carbon
dioxide and carbonic acid, which quickly dissociates into water and
carbon dioxide. Hence, the exhaust contains no pollutant material.
At the same time, the separate water of the steam producing system
is isolated from the carbonic acid and non-condensibles. Thus, the
efficiency of the steam is preserved and the turbines are protected
against corrosion. Moreover, the oxygen and fuel may be mixed and
burned at pressures of up to several thousand pounds per square
inch. This produces extremely rapid combustion which converts water
to steam much more quickly and permits the size of the heat
exchange unit to be vastly reduced which, in turn, greatly
simplifies servicing and installation.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an
improved steam generator.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved
method of operating steam generators.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a steam
generator which will not discharge pollutants into the atmosphere
and yet will protect turbines, condensers, and the like against
corrosion and non-condensibles.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide a steam
generator which is extremely compact.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a steam
generator which is simple to install and service.
A specific object of the present invention is to provide a steam
generator comprising a source of an oxidizer containing no
nitrogen, a source of fuel containing no sulphur or nitrogen, a
combustion chamber, a closed system for deliverying said oxidizer
and said fuel to said combustion chamber, a source of water
connected to supply water to said heat exchanger, and output means
for delivering steam from said heat exchanger to a utilizing
device.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will
be apparent from the following detailed description, taken with
reference to the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the drawing:
The FIGURE is a diagrammatic representation of a steam generating
system embodying the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENT
In that form of the present invention chosen for purposes of
illustration in the drawing, the FIGURE shows a steam generator,
indicated generally at 2, having a combustion chamber 4 and a heat
exchanger 6. A pair of storage tanks 8 and 10 are provided and tank
8 is filled with a liquid oxidizer, such as oxygen (O, O.sub.2,
O.sub.3) or hydrogen peroxide, while tank 10 is filled with fuel.
Virtually any type of fuel may be employed However, it is
imperative that the fuel contains no sulphur or nitrogen. Thus,
liquefied methane natural gas is a preferred fuel, although other
fuels such as hydrogen, ethane, propane, alcohol, etc., may be
used. From the storage tanks 8 and 10, the oxygen and fuel are
conducted to the combustion chamber 4 by a delivery system
indicated generally at 12, which is closed to prevent air from
contaminating the fuel or oxygen. Thus, the liquid oxygen is drawn
from the storage tank 8, through a suitable flow control device 14,
by a pump 16 and is passed to a vaporizer 18, where the liquid
oxygen is expanded to a gaseous state. The gaseous oxygen is then
conducted through conduit 20 and flow control device 22 to a
pressure regulator 24 and is passed through an additional flow
control device 26, such as a sonic or cavitating fluid venturi
nozzle, to the combustion chamber 4. Similarly, the liquid fuel is
drawn from storage tank 10, through a suitable flow control device
28, by pump 30 and is passed to vaporizer 32, where it is expanded
to a gaseous state. The gaseous fuel is then conducted through
conduit 34 and flow control device 36 to a temperature controller
38 and is passed through an additional flow control device 40 to
the combustion chamber 4. Preferably, pressure sensing transducers
42 and 44 are connected to the respective conduits; as shown, and
supply signals, indicative of the respective pressures, to a
differential pressure controller 46 which compares these signals
and serves to control the pressure regulator 24 to automatically
maintain the desired pressure ratio between the fuel and
oxygen.
Within the pre-combustion chamber 4 or the main combustion chamber
58 the oxygen and fuel are ignited by a suitable igniter, as seen
at 48, and the burning gases are passed through the central
circular tube or other geometric gas passage 50 of heat exchanger
6. If desired, additional oxygen may be passed through conduit 52,
flow control device 54, and manifold 56, and introduced to the
burning gases at 58, adjacent the entry to tube or passage 50 of
the heat exchanger 6 to increase the temperature of the gases.
Alternatively, if desired, the initial combustion of the
oxygen-fuel mixture may occur at 58. To produce steam, secondary
fluid, such as water from a suitable source, not shown, is supplied
through pipe 60 and inlet manifold 62 to the jacket 64 of the heat
exchanger 6 and is conducted in heat exchanging relation with hot
gases in the central gas passage 50, the water being converted into
steam by the time it passes out through outlet manifold 66. Steam
then passes through conduit 68 to a utilizing device, not shown,
such as a turbine other suitable means. Preferably, the water
supplied to pipe 60 is first passed through an exhaust condenser 70
from inlet 61 in heat exchanging relation with the exhaust gases
from the central tube 50 of the heat exchanger 6. This serves,
simultaneously to cool the exhaust gases from the heat exchanger 6,
to improve efficiency, and to preheat the water supplied to the
pipe 60. With this arrangement, it is found that the overall
recovery of combustion gas enthalpy can be of the order of 4,000
Btu per pound, or greater.
The combustion chamber 4 and heat exchanger 6 may be formed of
conventional high temperature metals, such as steel alloyed with
nickel, chromium, cobalt, or nickel or copper alloys such as BeCu,
Cu, Ag-Cu, or a combination of these, or can be lined with a
conventional refractory material, such as molybdenum, tungsten,
tantalum, or the like, for high steam temperatures. In addition,
the configuration and relationship of the combustion chamber 4 and
heat exchanger 6 may be made substantially as desired, provided
that the ratio of the combustion gas passage length to the
hydraulic diameter (gas flow area to wetted perimeter rates,
multiplied by four) is large, preferably greater than 100 and less
than 1000, on the gas side. Similarly, the flow direction of the
secondary fluid may be substantially as desired and will be
determined by the specific use of each installation.
In use, the liquid fuel and oxygen, from storage tanks 8 and 10,
are raised to high pressure states and are supplied to the
combustion chamber 4, where they are ignited at 48, or at 58.
Preferably, the gaseous fuel and oxygen are supplied to the
combustion chamber 4 under pressure since it has been found that
this results in more rapid combustion when the gases are ignited.
This provides for more efficient conversion of water to steam, and,
hence, permits the size of the heat exchanger to be reduced.
Obviously, the greater the pressure of the gases at ignition, the
more this result will be obtained. After ignition, the burning
gases are passed through the heat exchanger 6 and additional oxygen
can be added to further increase the temperature of the flame.
As an example, it has been found that when the gaseous fuel (1.97
lb./sec.) and oxygen (7.89 lb./sec.) are supplied to the combustion
chamber 4 at a pressure of approximately 460 psi, ignition of the
gases will produce a flame having a temperature of the order of
1,200.degree.F. Pressures within the combustion chamber may range
from 150 psia to 400 psia. Moreover, when additional oxygen is
added at point 58, as the flame enters the heat exchanger 6, the
temperature of the flame in the central tube 50 of heat exchanger 6
will be increased to approximately 6000.degree. F. With these
temperatures, the water in the jacket 64 of the heat exchanger 6,
flowing at a rate of 36.6 lb./sec., is rapidly converted to 36.6
lb./sec. steam at 375 psi and 600.degree. F, with 160.degree. F
superheat, and it is found that the size of the heat exchanger can
be significantly reduced. In fact, it has been found that, with the
aforementioned pressures and temperatures, a heat exchanger unit
having a combustion gas length of about 100 inches and a fluid
hydraulic diameter of approximately one-half inch is entirely
adequate to convert the water to steam. It will be seen that a heat
exchanger of this length can be moved for servicing by a fork-lift,
or even manually, whereas it has been necessary heretofore to
employ heavy duty cranes or special equipment for moving
conventional heat exchangers Furthermore, the compact size and
non-polluting character of the steam generating system of the
present invention make possible use of the system for aircraft
power plants and weapons, on ships, busses, and in mines, and even
in portable power plants.
As noted above, the fuel must not contain sulphur or nitrogen, as
it is these elements which combine with other elements in the
exhaust to produce pollutants. Moreover, by using pure oxygen with
this fuel in a closed delivery system, the nitrogen contained in
atmospheric air is excluded. As a result, the exhaust from the
steam generating system of the present invention will consist only
of water, carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, which rapidly
dissociates into water and carbon dioxide. At the same time, by
keeping the water of the steam producing systems isolated from the
products of combustion of the heat producing system, the efficiency
of the steam is preserved and the carbonic acid and non-condensible
carbon dioxide are kept out of the steam and, hence, cannot attack
and corrode turbine blades and the like.
Obviously, if desired, the fuel and oxygen could be stored in
gaseous, rather than liquid form. Moreover, solid fuels could be
employed, provided they contain no sulphur or nitrogen and are
stored and delivered to the combustion chamber in a manner which
excludes air. Furthermore, where desired, other secondary heat
exchanging fluids, such as liquid metal, organic fluid, carbon
dioxide, mercury, or the like, may be employed as intermediate heat
exchanging fluids between the hot combustion gases and the water.
In addition, numerous other variations and modifications may be
made without departing from the present invention described above
and shown in the accompanying drawing, which is illustrative only
and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
* * * * *