U.S. patent number 3,778,758 [Application Number 05/292,045] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-11 for transducer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to David L. Carson.
United States Patent |
3,778,758 |
Carson |
December 11, 1973 |
TRANSDUCER
Abstract
A high energy level acoustic transducer employs a reentrant tail
mass strure. Dimensions and placement of the reentrant portion of
the tail piece eliminate lateral or rocking vibration modes of the
transducer in the operative bandpass.
Inventors: |
Carson; David L. (San Diego,
CA) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
23122945 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/292,045 |
Filed: |
September 25, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/322; 367/158;
310/325; 367/162 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B06B
1/0655 (20130101); B06B 1/0618 (20130101); G10K
11/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B06B
1/06 (20060101); G10K 11/00 (20060101); G10K
11/04 (20060101); H04b 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/8,9,10,12,13,14
;310/8.2,8.7 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Borchelt; Benjamin A.
Assistant Examiner: Tudor; H. J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electroacoustic transducer comprising:
a resonant piezoelectric cylinder;
a head mass in contact with the resonant piezoelectric cylinder and
configured to transfer acoustic energy therefrom to a suitable
acoustic load;
an external tail mass in contact with the resonant piezoelectric
cylinder;
biasing means joining the head mass and the external tail mass for
holding the head mass, external tail mass, and resonant
piezoelectric cylinder in a unitary assembly, and;
means effectively joined to the external tail mass and reentrantly
extending within the center of the resonant piezoelectric cylinder
concentric with and spaced from said biasing means for controlling
lateral and rocking resonances of the unitary assembly.
2. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 1 in which the
biasing means is a resilient rod extending between the head and
external tail masses.
3. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 2 in which said
reentrant controlling means comprises an integrally formed
extension of said external tail mass.
4. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 3 in which said
extension is of nonuniform cross section throughout its length.
5. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 3 in which said
extension is cylindrical.
6. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 5 in which said
cylindrical extension is joined to the aforesaid external tail mass
by a cylindrical neck of smaller diameter than the cylindrical
extension.
7. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 3 further
including clamping means connected between said extension and the
aforesaid biasing means for additional control of rocking or
lateral oscillations of said extension.
8. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 7 in which said
clamping means includes:
attachment means secured to the end of said extension for providing
a mounting thereon;
a collar attached to the aforesaid resilient rod; and
flexible means connected to the attaching means and to the collar
for permitting axial motion of the aforesaid reentrant means while
restraining the lateral or rocking motion thereof.
9. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 8 where said
attachment means includes an annular ring.
10. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 8 wherein said
attachment means includes a plurality of spaced blocks.
11. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 8 wherein said
flexible means includes an annular diaphragm.
12. An electroacoustic transducer according to claim 8 wherein said
flexible means includes a plurality of radially spaced strips.
Description
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention pertains to the field of electro-acoustics. More
particularly, this invention pertains to the generation of
compressional wave energy by electrical signals. In still greater
particularity, this invention pertains to the design and
utilization of high energy electroacoustic transducers. By way of
further characterization, but not by way of limitation thereto, the
invention pertains to the design of high energy electroacoustic
transducers for use in multi-element arrays.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
There are many applications in prior art where a relatively
directional acoustic pattern is desired to be generated. For
example, in active sonar systems and underwater communications
systems it is desirable to have a highly directive pattern of
acoustic energy. A well understood method of obtaining directivity
or acoustic generation employs the use of a plurality of discreet
electroacoustic transducers physically spaced at critical positions
with respect to one another and driven with electrical signals
which have a predetermined phase and amplitude relationship to the
signals supplied to other transducers in the array.
One prior art transducer configuration, which has been
long-recognized for its directivity and electro-acoustic
efficiency, employs an assembly of piezoelectric ceramic rings
which are stacked, one upon another, to form a cylindrical ceramic
stack. This ceramic stack, in conjunction with other components
such as head and tail masses, is known as a longitudinal transducer
element. This particular construction has a preferred mode of
vibration in the longitudinal direction. Too, this arrangement has
particularly good frequency response and efficiency characteristics
that make it desirable for use in arrays.
A problem sometimes arises, however, when such individual
transducer elements are incorporated in a multielement transducer
array. That is, the directivity of the array varies to a marked
degree from the theoretical or calculated values. One example of
this departure from the predicted or calculated characteristics is
particularly evident when such an array is electrically steered
toward the end fire direction.
It has been observed that this departure from the predicted
characteristics is due, in part, to a nonlongitudinal mode
associated with a rocking resonance of the individual transducer
element.
Previously, the elimination of rocking resonances has been
accomplished by employing a particular electrode structure with
suitable electrical drives. This arrangement, called the split foil
transducer, controls but a single rocking axis. Because of its
complexity, this type of transducer is expensive to fabricate and
increases the likelihood of electrical failures.
The foregoing is not intended as an exhaustive analysis of the
prior art pertaining to electroacoustic transducers, but merely an
indication of the prior art constructions having a recognizable
similarity in purpose to this invention. The design of
electroacoustic transducers remains a somewhat imperical art and a
great many ostensible promising constructions have been proposed,
tried, and abandoned. Most require combinations of electrode
structure and electrical driving arrangements to achieve a moderate
degree of success and are fragile and difficult to make, install,
and operate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention employs a reconfigured tail mass which is configured
such as to place any rocking resonant modes of oscillation outside
the desired frequency bands through which the transducer array is
to be operated while leaving the longitudinal resonance
undisturbed. This is accomplished by properly shaping the tail mass
such that a portion thereof extends into the central enclosure of
the ceramic element. In another arrangement, the tail mass is
fabricated such that the portion extending into the center of the
piezoelectric cavity is of a larger diameter than the supporting
neck which connects it to the conventionally shaped tail piece. In
other forms according to the invention, a stabilizing clamping
means is connected to the tail piece and to a suitable support
structure to further adjust rocking resonance in the transducer
assembly.
STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTS OF INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a primary object of this invention to provide an
improved longitudinal electroacoustic transducer.
A further object of this invention is to provide a transducer
having the rocking resonant frequencies adjusted outside the
operating band.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a
longitudinal electroacoustic transducer having an improved tail
mass construction.
Another object of the invention is to provide a transducer having
an improved characteristic when used in an array with similar
units.
Another object is to provide a low-cost, high-efficient
electroacoustic transducer having improved resonant frequency
characteristics.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved
tail mass for longitudinal electroacoustic transducers which avoids
rocking modes of oscillation in the operating band of the
transducer.
These and other objects of the invention will become more readily
apparent from the ensuing specification when taken with the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a prior art construction
arrangement;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of an electroacoustic
transducer according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of another electroacoustic
transducer according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view of a vibration suppressing
arrangement according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is an end elevation view of the vibrations suppressing
arrangement shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an end elevation view of another vibration suppressing
element according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1, the longitudinal sectional view of a typical
construction according to the prior art is shown. A cylindrical
piezoelectrical element 11 is retained between a tail mass 12 and a
suitable dimensioned head mass 13. The assembly is helped into a
unitary construction by means of a biasing rod 14, threadibly
received in head mass 16 and extending through tail mass 12 where
it is secured by a suitable retaining nut 15.
It will be observed that head mass 13 has a generally trapezoidal
shape as seen in a longitudinal sectional view. The radiating face
16 of head mass 13 is of a larger dimension than the face coupling
directly to piezoelectric element 11. This configuration is
conventional in the art and is useful for an optimum transfer of
the longitudinal vibrations of piezoelectric element 11 to the
selected acoustic load. As will be understood, the acoustic load is
most generally the ambient fluid in which the transducer is
immersed.
It will, of course, be recognized the arrangement shown in FIG. 1
is conventionally mounted within a suitable housing such as to
protect piezoelectric element 11 from the presence of the
environment in which the device is operated. It is deemed
unnecessary to show the particular details of such housings and
enclosures since a wide variety of satisfactory arrangements exist
in the prior art and are, in themselves, separate fields of
invention.
Likewise, it will be recognized by those versed in the
electroacoustic art that piezoelecttic element 11 may be comprised
of a plurality of individual elements which are small, annular
members and are held in a cylindrical stack by surface
configurations on mating edges and by a compressional force exerted
by biasing rod 14. Likewise, the interconnecting circuitry used to
provide piezoelectric element 11 with a suitable electrical driving
signal has been omitted for purposes of brevity and clarity of
illustration. However, for purposes of completeness, it should be
noted that the circuit arrangement shown in the U.S. Pat. No.
3,068,446 to S. L. Ehrlich et al issued on Dec. 11, 1962 for
"Tubular Electrostatic Transducers with Spaced Electrodes and
Loading Masses" may be employed, if desired.
Referring to FIG. 2, where like reference numerals indicate similar
constructions, the device of the invention will be described. It
will be observed that in place of tail mass 12, the invention uses
a smaller external mass 17 and an integral reentrant mass 18, which
extends into the cavity formed by piezoelectric element 11
concentric with, but spaced from rod 14. Since reentrant mass 18 is
formed integrally with external mass 17, it presents essentially
the same mass loading to piezoelectric element 11 relative to
longitudinal behavior as would be afforded by tail mass 12.
As will be familiar to those versed in the mechanical engineering
arts, the rocking resonance of the transducer assembly of FIG. 2
will be markedly different than that of the transducer element
illustrated in FIG. 1 even though external mass 17 and reentrant
mass 18 are equivalent in weight to tail mass 12. This is due, of
course, to the different mass distribution along the combined
length of external mass 17 and reentrant mass 18 as compared to the
arrangement shown in FIG. 1. By suitably dimensioning the
longitudinal length of external mass 17 and reentrant mass 18, the
particular rocking resonance may be altered to place the rocking
resonant frequency outside the range of electroacoustic
interest.
Referring to FIG. 3, it will be observed that reentrant mass 18
need not be of uniform dimensions throughout its length. That is,
if desired, the entrant mass 18 may be returned by a narrower neck
position 19. Such an arrangement permits a greater latitude in
control of the mechanical rocking resonance. Thus, a longitudinal
length of external mass 17 the length of neck 19 and the length of
reentrant mass 18, as well as their respective diameters may be
chosen to produce a transducer assembly which has a minimum of
rocking or lateral resonant modes in the range of electroacoustic
operation of piezoelectric element 11.
As will be understood by those familar with modern mechanical
engineering arts, the computation of such resonance frequencies is
a routine calculation especially when performed in conjunction with
a modern mathematical computer aid. In the present state of the
art, mathematical synthesis of physical phenomena permits the
design of reentrant masses 18 having a wide variety of cross
section shapes. The particular shape used will be a compromise
between the desired resonance control and fabrication costs.
As will be apparent from the inspection of the figures, the
construction according to the invention using a reentrant mass is
noticeably more compact than the arrangements of the prior art
having equivalent tail mass weights. This compactness is of
particular utility in many arrangements where a large number of
elements must be used within a limited space.
As described above, a reentrant mass 18 comprises a means whereby
the rocking resonance of the transducer assembly may be effectively
controlled. Additional control is also possible in accordance with
the invention by a clamping means which couples the reentrant means
to a relatively rigid support structure. In the illustrated
arrangement the support used is biasing rod 14. Such an arrangement
is illustrated in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 4, it may be seen that reentrant mass 18 is
coupled to biasing rod 14 by a clamping means. The clamping means
includes an annular ring 21 which is secured to reentrant mass 18
by suitable means, such as threaded fasteners 22. A resilient,
annular diaphragm 23 is attached to annular ring 21 and is
supported on biasing rod 14 by means of a collar 24 which may be,
for example, threadibly attached thereto. An end elevation view of
this arrangement is shown in FIG. 5.
Annular diaphragm 23 permits reentrant mass 18 to move
longitudinally with respect to biasing rod 14. The longitudinal
movement is, of course, occasioned by the longitudinal expansion
and contraction of piezoelectric element 11 as it is driven by the
electrical signals applied thereto. However, annular diaphragm 23
resists any transverse or rocking motions of reentrant mass 18 with
respect to rod 14 which might tend to damage piezoelectric element
11.
Referring to FIG. 6, a light-weight arrangement for accomplishing
the same result is illustrated. As will be apparent, angular ring
21 is replaced by a plurality of spaced blocks 25 and diaphragm 23
is replaced by a plurality of resilient strips 26. In the
illustrated example, four strips 26 and four blocks 25 are used. Of
course, a larger or smaller number may be employed if desired. If
desired, strips 26 may be used with annular ring 21 and blocks 25
may be used with annular diaphragm 23. Likewise, the method of
attachment of the clamping means to reentrant mass 18 and rod 14
may be chosen among the wide variety of mechanical fasteners
available without departing from the spirit or scope of the
invention.
in the foregoing example, no mention has been made of the
particular materials of construction, however it should be
recognized that conventional materials are employed throughout and
the choice between conventional materials is within the scope of
one versed in the transducer arts. Thus, piezoelectric element 11
may be of barium titanate, for example, and head mass 13 may be of
a suitable lightweight metal such as aluminum. Likewise
conventional materials, such as steel, are used for the external
mass 17 and reentrant mass 18.
The foregoing description taken together with the appended claims
constitute a disclosure such as to enable a person skilled in the
electroacoustic and mechanical engineering arts and having the
benefit of the teachings contained therein to make and use the
invention. Further, the structure herein described meets the
objects of invention, and generally constitutes a meritorious
advance in the art which is unobvious to such skilled workers not
having the benefit of these teachings.
* * * * *