U.S. patent number 3,778,221 [Application Number 05/181,504] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-11 for annealing furnace and method for its operation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc.. Invention is credited to William M. Bloom.
United States Patent |
3,778,221 |
Bloom |
December 11, 1973 |
ANNEALING FURNACE AND METHOD FOR ITS OPERATION
Abstract
A furnace, and method of furnace operation, for annealing whole
coils of steel, particularly silicon steel. The furnace includes a
welded gas-tight shell lined with varying thicknesses of refractory
material defining a plurality of independently controllable heating
and cooling zones and in which a vacuum is maintained at the entry
section and a hydrogen atmosphere in all other sections. The
furnace additionally includes vacuum-purged vestibules at both ends
to accommodate the entrance and exit of coils from the interior
atmosphere of the furnace.
Inventors: |
Bloom; William M. (Pittsburgh,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Allegheny Ludlum Industries
Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
26877232 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/181,504 |
Filed: |
September 17, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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802548 |
Feb 26, 1969 |
3606289 |
Sep 20, 1971 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
432/11; 266/252;
432/18; 432/128; 266/250; 266/259; 432/122; 432/260 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C21D
1/74 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C21D
1/74 (20060101); F27b 009/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;263/28,36,7,52 ;266/5
;432/11,18,82,122,128,260,241 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Camby; John J.
Assistant Examiner: Yuen; Henry C.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application
Ser. No. 802,548, filed Feb. 26, 1969 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,606,289.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In the method for heat treating strip material in coil form by
the steps of positioning a coil in vestibule means at the entrance
end of a furnace having successive heating and cooling zones
between entrance and exit ends, sealing said vestibule means and
purging the same of gaseous contaminants, thereafter transferring
the coil from the vestibule means to the furnace and moving said
coil from the entrance end of the furnace through successive
heating and cooling zones of the furnace while circulating through
said furnace a non-oxidizing gas, and finally removing the coil
from the exit end of said furnace; the improvement in said method
which comprises:
1. initially evacuating said vestibule means to purge it of gaseous
contaminants,
2. then filling said vestibule means with a non-oxidizing gas,
and
3. again evacuating said vestibule means to purge it of said gas
before the coil is transferred from said vestibule means to said
furnace.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said non-oxidizing gas and the
non-oxidizing gas with which said vestibule means is filled
comprises hydrogen.
3. The method of claim 1 including the step of transferring the
coil from the exit end of said furnace to second vestibule means
and purging the last-mentioned vestibule means of said
non-oxidizing gas prior to discharge of the coil from the
last-mentioned vestibule means into the atmosphere.
4. The method of claim 1 including the step of initially heating
said coil within said furnace while evacuating the space around it
before said coil is subjected to said non-oxidizing gas within the
furnace, whereby water of hydration will be removed from the
surfaces of said strip material.
5. The method of claim 4 including the step of closing door means
at both ends of said vestibule means during evacuation of the
vestibule means, opening door means between the vestibule means and
an initial furnace section while closing door means at the other
end of said initial furnace section and moving a coil from said
vestibule means to said initial furnace section, and then closing
the first-mentioned door means while evacuating said initial
furnace section.
6. In the method for heat treating strip material in coil form by
the steps of moving said coil through successive heating and
cooling zones of a furnace while circulating through said furnace a
non-oxidizing gas, the improvement which comprises:
initially heating said coil in an evacuated chamber prior to its
passage through said furnace containing a non-oxidizing atmosphere
to remove from the surfaces of said coil any water vapor.
7. The method of claim 6 which includes placing said coil in a
vestibule chamber at the entry end of said evacuated chamber, then
creating a sub-atmospheric pressure in said vestibule chamber, and
then moving said coil into said evacuated chamber.
8. The method of claim 6 in which said evacuated chamber includes a
heating section, a transfer section at the exit end of the heating
section and a sealing door at each end of the transfer section,
said initial heating being done in said heating section, said
method including moving said coil into said transfer section while
the exit door is closed, and then introducing non-oxidizing gas
into said transfer section.
9. Apparatus for heat treating strip material in coil form
comprising a furnace structure, means for dividing said furnace
structure into a plurality of independently controllable heating
zones and a plurality of independently controllable cooling zones,
means for supporting and advancing coils through said furnace
structure, door means sealing the heating zone at the entrance end
of said furnace structure from the rest of the furnace structure to
provide a sealable chamber, means for generating heat within said
sealable chamber, means for creating a sub-atmospheric pressure in
said sealable chamber while a coil of heated strip material is
present therein, and means for circulating a non-oxidizing gas
through the rest of said heating and cooling zones.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 in which said sealable chamber
includes a heating section, a transfer section at the exit end of
the heating section, and said door means including a sealing door
at each end of the heating section.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10 including means for creating
sub-atmospheric pressure in said transfer section while said doors
are closed and means for filling said transfer section with
non-oxidizing gas while said doors are closed.
12. Apparatus according to claim 10 including a sealable vestibule
for receiving coils of strip material to be heat treated in said
furnace structure, door means between said vestibule and said
heating section, means providing a sub-atmospheric pressure in said
vestibule after a coil to be heat treated in placed therein and
while said vestibule door means is closed, and means for thereafter
introducing said non-oxidizing gas into said vestibule while said
vestibule door means is still closed.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 including back-up purging means for
purging said vestibule with nitrogen gas.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 including a second sealable vestibule
at the exit end of said furnace structure, door means between said
second vestibule and the interior of the furnace structure, door
means between said second vestibule and the atmosphere, means for
evacuating said second vestibule, and back-up means for purging
said second vestibule with nitrogen.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In copending application Ser. No. 802,548, filed Feb. 26, 1969, a
coil annealing furnace is disclosed for annealing whole coils of
steel on a continuous basis. The coils are individually placed on
cars and moved into the furnace through a vestibule from which they
are pushed into and through an elongated heating chamber comprising
sections of increasingly higher temperature to produce a
predetermined controlled heating rate for the coils. Following the
heating chamber is a soaking chamber comprising sections of
substantially the same controlled temperature. Finally, the coils
pass through a cooling zone comprising sections of decreasingly
lower temperature to provide a predetermined controlled cooling
rate for the coils. With the furnace of the aforesaid copending
application, any section in the heating and soaking chambers may be
used for heating or soaking except the first section which is for
heating only and the last section which is for soaking only. Thus,
a multiplicity of heating and soaking cycles can be obtained to
accommodate a variety of time and temperature cycles.
In the furnace disclosed in the aforesaid copending application
Ser. No. 802,548, a coil is initially pushed into a vestibule at
the entrance end of the furnace and doors on opposite sides of the
vestibule closed; whereupon the vestibule is purged of air by
forcing an inert gas such as nitrogen into the vestibule.
Thereafter, the nitrogen gas is purged with hydrogen, which is the
same atmosphere used within the furnace proper. Following this
purge, the door between the vestibule and the furnace is opened and
a coil to be heat treated is pushed into the furnace; following
which the door between the vestibule and furnace is again closed.
The operation at the exit end of the furnace is the same, requiring
purging of a vestibule with nitrogen.
The use of nitrogen as a purging gas in the aforesaid copending
application Ser. No. 802,548 was used to prevent admixing of the
oxygen in the air with hydrogen, an obviously highly explosive
mixture. The necessity for a nitrogen purge, however, increases the
overall cost of the annealing operation.
Further, while the apparatus shown in the aforesaid copending
application Ser. No. 802,548 is entirely satisfactory for its
intended purpose, the coils, as they leave the aforesaid entrance
vestibule, are immediately introduced into the hydrogen atmosphere
of the furnace. The furnace of the invention is particularly
adapted for use in annealing silicon steel strip coated with
magnesium oxide which acts to protect the surface of the strip and
also acts as an insulator between successive laminations of the
silicon strip material when used, for example, in a transformer or
other electrical device. The coating used on such strip material,
because of its nature, forms a certain amount of water of
hydration. Furthermore, when a silicon steel coil having a
magnesium oxide coating of this type enters the initial heating
section of the furnace, the water of hydration vaporizes and tends
to form a discoloration and possible oxidation of the strip
material. This discoloration and/or slight oxidation can be
tolerated; however it is desirable to eliminate it.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, an annealing furnace of
the type described above is provided wherein the vestibule means
which the coil enters at the entrance end of the furnace is
evacuated to remove gaseous impurities within the coil wraps and
furnace car prior to charging the coil into the furnace. At the
exit end of the furnace, the vestibule means is again evacuated
without the introduction of an inert gas to remove hydrogen from
the vestibule prior to discharge of the coils into the atmosphere.
This eliminates, but for the hydrogen flushing gas requirement, all
vestibule purge gases such as inert gases and reduces the overall
cost of the annealing operation. Furthermore, by initially
evacuating the vestibule at the entrance to the furnace, then
charging with hydrogen, and again evacuating, a more complete
elimination of gaseous contaminants from between the coil wraps is
achieved.
Further, in accordance with the invention, the initial heating
section of the furnace, instead of containing hydrogen as in prior
devices, is evacuated and separated from the remainder of the
hydrogen-filled furnace by a transfer station having sealable doors
on either side thereof. In this manner, the water of hydration
formed in the initial heating section is carried away by the vacuum
pumps connected to this section and does not form the undesirable
discoloration and/or possible formation of oxide experienced in
prior art furnaces.
Still another features of the invention resides in the provision of
a back-up nitrogen purging system for the vestibule at the entrance
and exit to the furnace in the event that the vacuum system
normally used should fail.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will
become apparent from the following detailed description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this
specification, and in which:
FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are broken sections showing the profile of one
embodiment of the furnace of the invention including the heating,
soaking and cooling chambers;
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of the initial heating and
soaking sections taken along line II--II of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of the final heat and final soak
sections of the furnace of the invention taken substantially along
line III--III of FIG. 1B;
FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view taken along line IV--IV of FIG.
1A showing the jack arch dividing the various heating and soaking
sections of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view showing the initial cooling
section taken along line V--V of FIG. 1B;
FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of the second cooling section of
the furnace of the invention taken substantially along line VI--VI
of FIG. 1B;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken along line VII--VII of FIG. 1B
showing the third cooling section of the furnace of the
invention;
FIG. 8 is a partial sectional view of the fourth cooling section of
the furnace of the invention taken along line VIII--VIII of FIG.
1C;
FIG. 9 is an end view of the coil supporting car of the invention
including a partial section through the center of said car;
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view taken along line IXA--IXA of FIG.
9 showing the radiation tunnels of the coil supporting car of the
invention;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the coil supporting car of the
invention taken substantially along line X--X of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the vacuum system,
reconditioning system, and nitrogen and hydrogen supply for the
atmosphere of the furnace of the invention; and
FIG. 12 is a plot of internal coil temperature of a coil processed
in the furnace of the invention versus time within the heating,
soaking and first cooling sections of the furnace.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings in general and FIGS. 1A-1C in
particular, reference numeral 2 indicates a semicontinuous coil
annealing furnace having an entry door 3 serving vestibule 4
providing access to door 6. Furnace door 6 isolates vestibule 4
from the furnace initial heating section 8. The initial heating
section 8 terminates at door 167 which leads into transfer station
180 located between the initial heating section 8 and initial soak
section 10. Transfer station door 168 isolates the initial soak
section 10 from the transfer station 180, and door 167 isolates the
initial heating section 8 from transfer station 180. All doors are
sealed with suitable gaskets 9.
Continuing through furnace 2 are initial soak section 10, final
heat section 12, final soak section 14, first cooling section 16,
second cooling section 26, third cooling section 28, fourth cooling
section 30 and fifth cooling section 31 which terminates at exit
vestibule 20. Extending to and throughout furnace 2 are tracks 38
on which cars 40 travel carrying coils C. Located adjacent
vestibule 4 and aligned with the heating section 8 is a hydraulic
cylinder 42, such as Anker-Holth Hydraulic Cylinder Series 100
Model 12C, having a piston rod 44 adapted to extend into vestibule
4. Located adjacent transfer station 180 are similar hydraulic
cylinders 42' having rams 44' adapted to engage cars 40 in section
8 to push them one-by-one into transfer station 180, and to engage
cars 40 in station 180 to push them into the remainder of the
furnace.
Referring now to FIG. 2 which is a cross section of the initial
heating section 8 and the initial soaking section 10, reference
numeral 50 indicates the gas-tight welded steel tunnel shell
through which cars 40 and coil C transit furnace 2. The tunnel has
internal walls 51 and roof 53 lined with refractory brick 52 to a
predetermined thickness (e.g., about 9 inches) on both sides and
overhead and backed up further by insulation such as a second
refractory 54, also of predetermined thickness (e.g., about 3
inches) and a third refractory 56 such as vermiculite. Heating
elements 58 which are preferably 1/4 inch diameter molybdenum rods
available from General Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio, are
mounted on the walls 51 of tunnel 50. In the vicinity of car 40,
the walls 51 have a protruding portion 60 approaching car 40 and
contain slots 62 which cooperate with a protrusion 64 on car 40 to
form a radiation shield between the coil area of tunnel shell 50
and the car understructure 66. Below the protruding portion 60, the
tunnel shell 50 is cut back at 65 to the vicinity of the car
understructure 66 and is unlined.
FIG. 3 represents a cross section of the final heat section 12 and
the final soaking section 14 of tunnel furnace 2 showing the
additional layers of refractory that are contained within this
section. The section structure is basically the same as that of the
initial heating and soaking sections 8 and 10, respectively, shown
in FIG. 2. Reference numeral 50 indicates the welded steel tunnel
shell having tunnel walls 51 with first refractory 52 and second
refractory 54 and third refractory 56 of materials specified in the
paragraph relating to FIG. 2. In addition to the foregoing
structure, a face refractory brick 52', e.g., about 11 inches in
front of the first refractory brick 52 and a backup refractory
brick 54' such as 3 inches of thermobestos, is placed along the
interior of tunnel shell 50 between the shell and the
previously-mentioned second refractory 54.
Referring now to FIG. 4, reference numeral 70 indicates a modified
jack arch lowering the roof 53 and separating furnace sections 10
and 12 and sections 14 and 16 to provide isolation between the
initial soaking section 10 and the final heating and soaking
sections 12 and 14 and the first cooling section 16. The jack arch
70 is also used in conjunction with doors 6, 167 and 168 (FIG. 1)
to isolate vestibule 4, furnace section 8 and transfer station 180
from the initial heat section 8 and the initial soak section 10
when the doors are open. The jack arch 70 is formed by laying
additional courses 72 of refractory brick below the tunnel roof 53.
The additional courses 72 are built down to limit tunnel area 50 so
that it will just pass coil C as the coil transits the furnace 2.
Similarly, walls 51 are extended outward to further isolate the
adjacent sections by additional refractory brick 72.
FIG. 5 shows a cross section of the first cooling section 16 of the
furnace 2 having a gas-tight tunnel shell 50, walls 51 and roof 53
of which are formed with a first refractory brick 52 similar to
preceding sections, a second refractory 54 and a third refractory
56 also similar to preceding sections. It is to be noted that the
tunnel walls 51 in section 16 also include slots 62 accommodating
car protrusion 64 establishing the radiation shield and the shell
50 is cut back at 65 in the vicinity of the understructure 66 at
FIG. 2. It is to be further noted that the refractory thickness of
walls 52 varies from section-to-section, the reasons for which will
be described below in conjunction with furnace operation. Located
on the center line of furnace 2 and at the center of the coil
positions are cooling jets 74 connected to piping 76.
FIG. 6 is a cross section of the second cooling section identified
by reference numeral 26 in FIG. 1. The overall construction of the
second cooling section 26 is similar to the first cooling section
16 described in FIG. 5 wherein a welded steel shell 50 surrounds
and defines the furnace cavity which is lined with three refractory
materials, a first refractory 52 which may be about 4 inches thick,
a second refractory material which may be about 3 inches, and a
third refractory material 56 such as 3 inches or more of
vermiculite. Within the furnace roof 53 are cooling jets 74
connected to pipe 76 which directs the cooling gases into the
center hole of coil C. The figure also shows a built-out portion 60
in tunnel wall 51 including a slot 62 which cooperates with a
protrusion 64 on car 40.
Referring now to FIG. 7 which shows a cross-sectional view of third
cooling section 28, reference numeral 50 indicates the welded steel
wall of the furnace tunnel which is lined with a first refractory
brick 52 (e.g., about 41/2 inches thick) and a refractory 56 such
as 3 inches or more of vermiculite forming roof 53. As in previous
figures showing sections of the furnace, there is a built-out
portion 60 having a slot 62 which cooperates with a
similarly-shaped structure 64 of car 40.
Fourth cooling section 30 is shown in FIG. 8 and has a welded steel
shell 50 lined with refractory material 56 such as about 3 inches
of suitable refractory on both side walls 52 and roof 53. A fifth
cooling section 32 comprises an unlined steel shell 50.
Referring now to FIG. 9, reference numeral 40 indicates a coil
supporting car having an understructure 66 including wheels 67,
bearings 68 and axles 69 which support the car upper-structure 78.
Car upperstructure 78 includes a frame 80 supporting refractory
material 82 to insulate the frame and the understructure 66. A
second refractory material may be used for additional protection
against higher temperatures as necessary. On the top of the
refractory material are radiation tunnels 86 (FIG. 9A) formed by
walls of a first quality firebrick 87, such as UFALA brick. These
tunnels are located to cooperate in part with heating elements 58
located on tunnel walls 51. This is done so that a portion of the
heat developed in the heating element 58 may be radiated into the
tunnel to facilitate coil heating. Forming the top of the radiation
tunnels are heating tiles 90 formed of a high conductivity, yet
strong material such as Oxynitride-bonded silicon carbide plate as
available from the Norton Company, Worcester, Mass. Providing a
resting pad for coil C on the car structure 78 is a hearth plate 92
of low carbon steel having, for example, a 1/16 inch coating of
alumina. Hearth plate 92 contains a center hole 94 communicating
with the center radiation tunnel 86. Also communicating with the
center radiation tunnel 86 is a tube 95 carrying a thermocouple
conductor 96 which extends to a plug-in receptacle 97 in an area
adjacent the car understructure 66. Within the refractory portion
82 of car 40 is a protrusion 64 which cooperates with slot 62
within the furnace tunnel wall 51 forming a radiation shield
between the portion of the tunnel containing the coil and the car
understructure 66 area as previously described. This protrusion may
be formed by stepping a course of the utilized refractory or a
specially formed brick as shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10 shows a side view of coil car 40, the trailing edge of
which includes a slot 98 in the refractory portion. The leading
edge of car 40 includes a protrusion 100 in the refractory portion
82. The slot 98 and the protrusion 100 are adapted to cooperate
with similarly shaped protrusions and slots in adjacent cars. The
cooperating slots and protrusions form radiation shields between
the cars, further isolating car understructure 66.
The details of the atmosphere recirculation system are shown in the
schematic of FIG. 11 wherein a reconditioner 110 receives the
contaminated atmosphere from the entry end of initial soak section
10 as collected by a header 112 located on tunnel walls 51 above
the level of the car hearth 90 and transported through conduit 114.
The reconditioner preferably includes several purifying and cooling
devices to recondition the atmosphere for recirculation through the
furnace. Useful devices for the foregoing are V.D. Anderson Hi-EF
Purifier, Model LBS-4-10-304, a spiral heat exchanger type I-V by
the American Heat Reclaiming Corporation, an adjustable
Roots-Connersville Rotary Gas Blower Type XA and an Engelhard Deoxo
Tower Model D-3000-1 by the Engelhard Industries, Incorporated and
a B-1500-SP Lectrodryer by the McGraw Edison Company. The
reconditioner 110 may also include a carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide conversion tower such as Engelhard Industries "Selectoxo".
The reconditioned atmosphere is returned to furnace 2 from
reconditioner 110 through a conduit 116 to a manifold 118
containing cooling jets 120. In the example disclosed there are
five jets 120 located on the bottom of the tunnel at the coil exit
end of furnace 2 adjacent vestibule 20 and ten on the sides of the
tunnel 50 at the coil exit end, five of these jets being disposed
on each of the two sides of the furnace. First cooling section 16
and second cooling section 26 are supplied additional hydrogen gas
for cooling. The additional gas for cooling in the second cooling
section 26 is collected at header 121 located in the lower side
walls 51 above the level of the car hearth 90 in the furnace tunnel
area 2, circulated through a cooler 122 such as a fin tube cooler
available from Brown Fin Tube Company, and then supplied through
conduit 123 to manifold 76 which supplies cooling jets 74 located
in the roof 53 of the cooling section 26. The additional cooling
gas for the first cooling section 16 is collected in a similar
header 125 and supplied to a cooler 126 which, in turn, supplies a
manifold 76 from conduit 127 supplying gas jets 74 also located on
the external center line of the roof 53 of the first cooling
section 16. The cooling jet 74 is located along the center line of
the tunnel roof immediately above the center of the coils in the
coil stations of cooling sections 16 and 26. The atmosphere flowing
through the initial soak section 10 can be bypassed around the
transfer station 180 to the initial heat section 8 in event of
vacuum system failure by opening valve 181 in conduit 132 and
by-pass valve 182 and closing valve 183 in conduit 114 and valve
162 in conduit 188 to vacuum pumps 160. In a similar manner, the
furnace atmosphere can be altered to provide a vacuum-hydrogen
combination, all hydrogen, or all vacuum.
Reconditioner 110 is also connected to a hydrogen supply 138
through conduit 140 in order to provide make-up hydrogen for that
lost through leakage from the system. A Stokes vacuum pumping
system 190 is connected to the vestibule 4 by suction conduit 161
and control valve 186 to evacuate all gaseous impurities from the
vestibule after a coil and car are placed therein and doors 3 and 6
are closed. In normal operation, the vestibule is evacuated to less
than 1,000 microns pressure, then backfilled with pure dry hydrogen
from conduit 142 and discharge manifold 144 which refills the
evacuated voids between the wraps of the strip in the coil and
voids in the car refractories. The vestibule is again evacuated by
pumps 190 to less than 1,000 microns to flush out residual gases
from the car and coil prior to opening door 6 and entry to the
initial heating section 8. A standby gaseous purge system described
hereinafter is provided to backup the vacuum purge system in event
of failure of the vacuum pumps. Although the entry purge utilizes a
hydrogen flush of residual impurities for best results, this step
could be eliminated without serious detriment to coil quality.
The exit vestibule 20 is similarly evacuated to remove a car and
coil from the furnace, except that the vestibule 20 is evacuated
only once, then backfilled with nitrogen or air prior to opening of
exit door 18. A conduit 142 extends from reconditioner 110 to a
discharge manifold 144 located in vestibules 4 and 20 to provide
hydrogen atmosphere to the vestibules for use as a backflushing gas
during the vacuum purge and as a purge gas for use with the standby
gaseous purge system prior to opening door 6. A nitrogen supply
146, used with the standby gaseous vestibule purge system, is also
connected to vestibules 4 and 20 through conduit 148 and discharge
manifolds 150 to provide a nitrogen purge of the vestibule 4 to
clear the air from it prior to hydrogen purge and opening door 6,
to clear the hydrogen atmosphere from vestibules 4 and 20 prior to
opening doors 3 and 18 which allows air to enter the vestibules,
and as a backfill gas after a vacuum purge of vestibule 20. Headers
152, also used with the back-up purge system, located high and low
in vestibules 4 and 20 are vented to the outside to facilitate
purging the existing atmosphere of vestibules 4 and 20 by a lighter
(hydrogen) or heavier (nitrogen) gas to prepare the vestibule for
opening to the furnace 2 or to the air environment outside the
furnace 2. In the illustrated example, the hydrogen and nitrogen
discharge manifolds are equipped with suitable laminar flow nozzles
to minimize mixing of the gases during purging. The nitrogen supply
line 148 and the hydrogen supply line 144 include pressure
regulators 154 which receive their pressure impulse from the
vestibule internal pressure. The vestibule outlet lines have outlet
flow pressure regulators 154 with their pressure impulse from the
vestibule internal pressure.
FURNACE OPERATION
In the description which follows, it will be assumed that the
initial heating section 8 is evacuated to remove the water of
hydration as explained above. The furnace 2 of this invention is
constructed with a welded, gas-tight shell designed to maintain a
clean, purified reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen or a vacuum,
within the furnace. A vacuum gas-tight gasket 9 at doors 3, 6, 167,
168, 7 and 18, and purgible vertibules 4 and 20 allow charge and
discharge of coils into the vestibules 4 and 20 and then into and
out of the furnace 2 without any contamination of the furnace
atmosphere. Coil C to be annealed is placed on a coil-supporting
car 40 with the coil C resting on one of its ends. The cars 40 have
refractory portions 82 and 84 and a steel frame 80 supported on
wheels 67, bearings 68, and axle 69 and are moved along rails 38
into and through the furnace 2. The coil C in the example is
silicon steel to be annealed for grain orientation and is set on
the hearth plate 92 which is supported by the hearth tiles 90 set
over tunnels 86 which run radially outward from the center hole 94
of car 40. The car 40 carrying coil C is pushed into the entry
vestibule 4 through door 3 by any suitable means, such as a
hydraulic cylinder ram. The outer door 3 is closed and the air in
the vestibule 4 is purged out of the vestibule through conduit 161
by the vacuum pumping system 190 until vestibule internal pressure
drops to the 50 to 100 microns range. Hydrogen is backfilled into
vestibule 4 through manifold 144 to refill the evacuated space
between the individual layers of strip in the coil as well as car
refractories and components to dilute the remaining gaseous
impurities within vestibule 4. Vestibule 4 is again purged by the
vacuum pumping system 190, after which door 6 will be open to the
initial heat section 8. A standby alternate vestibule purge system
is provided in event of the vacuum system 190 failure. In the
standby purge system, the outer door 3 is closed and the air in the
vestibule 4 is purged out of the top of the vestibule through
header 152 by nitrogen gas which enters the vestibule 4 through
manifold 150 from the bottom of the vestibule 4. Upon completion of
the air purge, hydrogen gas is then introduced into the top of the
vestibule 4 to purge out the nitrogen gas through the vestibule
bottom after which the internal pressure of the vestibule is
lowered by by-passing hydrogen around door 6 (not shown) so that
door 6 will open into the furnace initial heat section 8, the
atmosphere of which is open to the furnace through opening 32, and
is evacuated by the initial heat section vacuum pumps 160 through
manifold 170. When the furnace door 6 is opened, the car 40 and
coil C are pushed into the initial heat section 8 by hydraulic ram
44 powered by cylinder 42, locating it at coil station 1 within the
first heating section 8 of furnace 2. The door 6 is then closed and
sealed against gasket 9 isolating the first heating section
atmosphere from the vestibule 4. The cars proceed through the
furnace 2 by being pushed to the new coil stations by subsequent
cars being introduced into the furnace and assuming coil station 1.
When there are cars in the furnace filling all of the coil stations
in the initial heating section 8, the introduction of subsequent
cars into the furnace will require that cars be exited through door
167 into transfer station 180 after which door 167 is closed and
sealed against its gasket 9. In the disclosed example, the transfer
station 180 has insulated walls to surround the coil and car on
three sides and the top so that the interior of the transfer
station 180 is shielded from heat radiation from the coil. This
shield further assists in maintaining constant heating rates for
the coils. When the car 40 is positioned within transfer station
180 and entry door 167 is closed, hydrogen is backfilled into the
station 180 through conduit 119 and valve 187. The hydraulic ram
44' and cylinder 42' push the car 40 and coil into the initial soak
section 10 through the opening at door 168 into the first coil
position in the initial soak section 10. When the coil and car 40
are in position, the ram 44' is retracted and door 168 is closed
against gasket 9 isolating the atmosphere of the initial soak
section 10 from the transfer station 180. Transfer station 180 is
evacuated and held ready to receive a coil on the next push. The
coils C are advanced through furnace 2 as they were in the initial
heat section 8 by being pushed into subsequent coil positions by
additional cars being introduced into the initial soak section 10.
When all of the coil stations in the furnace are filled, the
introduction of an additional car 40 and coil C into the furnace
will cause a car and coil to be exited through a door opening 7
into vestibule 20. That coil will be removed from the vestibule 20
via door 18 after a purge of the vestibule 20 of hydrogen by
evacuation or by introduction of nitrogen as explained above. To
insure a proper temperature history on the coils, each coil may
have a thermocouple embedded in it which by leads 96 in tube 95
terminate in a plug-in receptacle 97 in the car understructure. The
furnace 2 has access doors (not shown) at each coil station to
reach the receptacle 97 to attach leads by which external recording
equipment (not shown) may read the temperatures.
RECIRCULATION ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM
The atmosphere system includes circulation through the final
heating and entire soaking and cooling sections of the furnace. Its
purpose is to serve as a heat and contaminant transport to protect
the steel coil as it is heated and cooled. As the atmosphere is
circulated through the furnace it picks up heat and contaminants
from the coil surfaces and coil coatings and is withdrawn and
cleaned. The flow of the atmosphere acts to flush back toward the
more contaminated coils, the off gases extracted by the dry,
reducing atmosphere. In the flush back operation, the atmosphere
containing some contaminants extracted from the hotter coils washes
the relatively more contaminated, cooler coils enhancing the
atmosphere's ability as a transport of the off gases and minimizing
its potential as a carrier of pollutants. During the cleaning
process, the atmosphere is cooled and then is reintroduced into the
furnace so that the only makeup gas required is for that which
leaks out on the various seals on the furnace and that which is
vacuum purged in the transfer station. The atmosphere is introduced
into the furnace 2 at the discharge end through manifold 118 and
jets 120 which are located on the bottom and the side walls 51 of
the furnace. The atmosphere is circulated against the coil travel
and toward transfer station 180 at predetermined rate such as about
30,000 SCFH. SInce a portion of the cool hydrogen is injected in
the car understructure 66 area, it travels toward transfer station
180 below the radiation shields 62-64 and 98-100 serving to cool
that area.
This flow rate of the atmosphere provides adequate dryness in the
atmosphere throughout the circulation and constant rate heating and
cooling for the temperatures involved in the system in conjunction
with heat input from the elements 58 and the heat dissipated
through cooling jets 74 and through the cooling section walls.
Changing the parameters of the system, such as the coil charge
interval, rate of coil heating or cooling, temperatures, etc. could
call for a change in rate of atmosphere flow. At the entry end of
the initial soak section 10, the gas (atmosphere) is picked up by
header 112 and returned to the reconditioner 110 through conduit
114. As the relatively cooler hydrogen atmosphere is flushed back
through the cooling sections, it settles around the successive
coils above the hearth plate 92. The gradual heating of the
hydrogen and cooling of the coils produces a smooth transfer of
heat and the flow of atmosphere cools the coils at a constant rate.
At the second cooling section 26 of the furnace, a collecting
header 121 collects a portion of the atmosphere circulating it
through cooler 122 which reduces the temperature of the atmosphere
from about 1,700.degree.F to about 150.degree.F, forwards it to
manifold 123 and distributes it through to jets 74 located on the
roof portion 53 of tunnel 50. These jets 74 are located above the
center of the coil openings for a first group of coil stations
along second cooling section 26 and direct a cooling jet down into
the center of these cooling openings to provide additional cooling
over that passed through the furnace refractories 52, 54 and 56 and
by flow of the atmosphere to maintain the cooling rate set in the
other cooling sections. The last group of coil stations of first
cooling section 16 also are fitted with cooling jets 74 in the roof
53 of the tunneled portion 50. A portion of the atmosphere passing
coil station 44 is collected in headers 125 and directed to a
cooler 126 and further to a manifold 127 distributing the
atmosphere to jets 74. The atmosphere being introduced into the
furnace system at jets 120 is high purity hydrogen, e.g., 99.995
percent pure, at a temperature between 80.degree. and 100.degree. F
with a dew point of drier than -100.degree.F. As the atmosphere
transits the furnace 2 and reaches the entry portion of the second
cooling section 26, its temperature has been elevated to
approximately 1,800.degree.F by carrying heat away from the coils C
as it circulates past them. As the atmosphere flows through the
first cooling section 16 of the furnace, the temperature is raised
to 2,150.degree. F at the soak section 14 and is retained at that
temperature through this section. The heat gained by the atmosphere
system flowing through cooling sections 30, 28, 26 and 16 is gained
from the coils as the gas circulated around the coils. Heat is
added to the system from the molybdenum heating elements 58 located
along the walls 52 of the tunnel selected sections. The heat is
added to the furnace to make up heat losses through the
refractories of that section, all the while maintaining the
temperature constant. In a constant temperature section, the
atmosphere stabilizes the coil temperatures by transporting heat
from any coil above the soak temperature to any coil below that
soak temperature (2,150.degree.F for example). Similarly, heat may
be supplied to the atmosphere sections 12 and 10 by similar
molybdenum heating elements 58 located along the tunnel walls 51 to
supplement the heat given up to the coils. As the atmosphere
transits to the first soak section 10, its temperature is reduced
from 2,150.degree.F to approximately 1,200.degree.F at header 112.
This reduction in temperature of the atmosphere reflects the heat
given up to the coils C within the heating sections 12 and 10.
Additionally, heat is supplied to the atmosphere individually in
sections 12, 10 and 8 through molybdenum heating elements 58
located along the walls 52 of the tunnel 50 in such a manner to
maintain the heat transfer rate to the coils equal throughout the
sections.
In addition to the above-recited means for adding to or removing
heat from the atmosphere and coils within the atmosphere,
temperature control is achieved by varying the amount of refractory
material within the various furnace sections. It should be noted in
FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 that the cross sections of various
sections of the furnace are varied. In FIG. 2, for example, the
initial heating and soaking sections 8 and 10 of the furnace
utilize relatively thick refractory materials making up the side
walls 51. Comparing those heating sections with the final heating
and soaking sections shown in FIG. 3 viz sections 12 and 14,
wherein a great deal more heat is contained within the system, it
can be seen that the refractory walls in these sections are a great
deal thicker. The total amount of refractory material in the
sections 12 and 14 amounts to approximately 25 inches thick in an
effort to retain as much heat as possible within the system and
thus reduce the input requirements of the heating element 58.
Beginning with cooling section 16 wherein it is desirable to
dissipate some of the heat of the system and thus bring the
temperature of the coils down to a convenient temperature for
removal from the furnace, the thickness of the refractory walls
decreases. In section 16 shown in FIG. 4, the total thickness is
down to 15 inches and this area is provided with additional cooling
from above by cooling jet 74. Proceeding to the second cooling
section, section 26 shown in FIG. 6, it can be seen that the
refractory wall thickness is about 10 inches and subsequent FIGS. 7
and 8 show that in successive sections 28 and 30, the refractory
thickness decreases to about 7 inches and 3 inches, respectively.
In section 31, the heat is permitted to conduct directly through
the tunnel shell 50. By varying the overall thickness of the
furnace walls from section-to-section, particularly in the cooling
areas of the furnace, the dissipation of heat from the interior of
the furnace through the furnace refractory material to the
surrounding atmosphere is controlled to assist in maintaining a
constant cooling rate throughout the cooling sections 16, 26, 28,
30 and 31. In the example described, the heat loss in the cooling
sections is maintained at an average of 400 BTU's per square foot
per hour which produces a 40.degree.F/hr. cooling rate in the steel
coils. Throughout the initial heating and soaking sections, and in
the final heating and soaking sections 8, 10, 12 and 14, the
average heat loss is maintained at approximately 170 BTU's per
square foot per hour and the average coil heating rate of
43.degree.F/hr. is provided. The atmosphere exits the furnace at
header 112 and is returned to the reconditioner 110 laden with the
contaminants from the coil surfaces such as hydrogen sulfide,
water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen removed
in the coils. Within reconditioner 110, the atmosphere passes
through the spin-type drying filter previously mentioned where all
the dust particles larger than 10 microns fall out by impingement
and centrifugal action. Also within the reconditioner 110, the gas
enters the spiral-type water-cooled heat exchanger at 600.degree.F.
to be cooled to 89.degree. to 100.degree.F, the temperature at
which it is returned to the furnace system. Within the preferred
embodiment disclosed herein, the gas is then circulated through a
series of bag-type dry filters within the reconditioner 110 which
remove all dust particles one-half micron and larger from the
atmosphere system. The oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, air, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide and water vapor are then removed in the
Deoxo Tower and the Lectrodryer restoring the gas to its purity of
99.5 percent and the dew point of below about -100.degree.F. The
gas is then returned to the furnace system through jets 120.
In the operation of the standby purging system, used only on
failure of the vacuum system, the natural density of the various
gases within purging vestibule 4 is utilized to reduce the quantity
of the purge gas required. Gases of lighter weight, such as
hydrogen, are put into the top of vestibule 4 to purge heavier
gases out the bottom such as air or nitrogen, which exit through
headers 152 to the bottom of vestibule 4. Conversely, heavier gas,
such as nitrogen, is put into the bottom of the vestibule through
manifold 150 to purge lighter gas out of the top of the vestibule
through a second header 152" located at the top of vestibule 4. As
in the example, the gases may be injected into vestibule 4 through
a distribution manifold having laminar flow nozzles to minimize
mixing of the purging gas with the purged gas. Further, as in the
example, the supply flow rates are equated to the exhaust flow
rates. A purging chamber such as the vestibule 4 having laminar
flow nozzles and flow rate control of supply and exhaust provides a
complete purge with a volume purging gas equal to twice the volume
of the chamber. Conventional systems require five to eight chamber
volumes of purging gas. The exit vestibule 20 is similarly equipped
and operated.
The material heat treated in the example disclosed is silicon steel
strip in coil form which has been cold rolled and normalized and is
10 to 14 gauge. Prior to being rolled into coils, the material is
normalized with a bright shiny surface and electrolytically or
slurry coated with a magnesium hydroxide coating and dried. The
refractory coating and air gaps between wraps of the coil combine
to form an insulation against radial heat flow through the coil
from the outer wrap to the inner center section. The furnace
atmosphere is maintained reducing to the oxides on the wrapped
surfaces of the coils to keep surface emissivity low and minimize
the heat transfer radially through the coil wraps. The dew point is
maintained low, e.g., below -20.degree.F, in the initial soak
section of the furnace and below -45.degree.F in the final heating
section to promote the removal of water vapor from within the wraps
due to the difference in partial pressures between the furnace
atmosphere and gases within the wraps. A -45.degree.F dew point
hydrogen gas is equivalent to a 100-micron vacuum in its potential
to remove moisture from the coil wraps. However, silicon steel has
been heat treated in the furnace with minimal oxidation due to the
water vapor with dew points up to +10.degree.F. Water of hydration
released from the strip coating is removed by the vacuum in the
initial heating section of the furnace. Heat flow to and from the
coils is promoted through the coil ends by high conductivity hearth
plates supporting the coils and a flare cap on the exposed top
edges of the coil. Heating of the coil wraps through the ends
utilizing the high conductivity of the coil itself promotes the
uniform heating of the coil by providing heat input to each wrap.
By way of example, the vertical coil is supported by the high
conductivity hearth plate and encapped with the flare cap and is
heated at a rate of about 50.degree. per hour. A lower heating rate
could be chosen, however, this would lengthen the time required to
raise the coil to the heat treating temperature. Lengthening the
overall heating time would require either a longer heating chamber
or a longer interval prior to the introduction of the additional
coils into the furnace. The ability to promote the flow of heat
into the coil limits the practical maximum heating rate allowable
without coil deformation to about 100.degree.F per hour. The
heating rate can be increased by laying the coil on the side and
heating the ends of the coil by means of the heating elements 58
radiating directly on the ends of the coil. Such a method may
produce a heating rate of as high as 150.degree.F per hour,
however, some coil deformation may also be experienced. Further, it
would be necessary to provide adequate support in the center of the
coil to prevent the coil from collapsing as well as banding the
outside diameter of the coil to prevent unraveling.
In the furnace described, good grain growth and grain orientation
is achieved by annealing at 2,150.degree.F for a period of 21 hours
in a dry atmosphere having a dew point of -15.degree.F or below and
in an atmosphere flow rate of 30,000 s.c.f. per hour. The heat
treatment may be accomplished at lower temperatures such as
2,000.degree.F over a longer period of time or the annealing
temperatures may be increased to as high as 2,250.degree.F. for
shorter periods of time. Operation with the parameters selected in
the example minimizes coil deformation and maximizes coil yield by
minimizing radiant heat input to the coils from the heating
elements and by removing contaminants from the coil surfaces while
the coils are still relatively cool and the strip material is less
likely to react with the contaminants. The effectiveness of the
reducing atmosphere maintained within the furnace as a means of
suppressing radiant heat transfer to the coils is attested to by
the bright shiny surface of the coil wraps exiting the furnace. The
suppression of radiant heat transfer to the coil and the
effectiveness of the conductive heating through the hearth plate is
further confirmed by the minimum amount of coil deterioration
through deformation as well as the uniform heating and cooling rate
demonstrated in FIG. 12 showing the average coil temperature
through the heating, soaking and first cooling sections of the
furnace. Cooling of the coils is continued to a convenient
temperature for removal from the furnace, such as 100.degree.F in
the example. Coils may be removed from the furnace at a higher
temperature, up to approximately 800.degree.F, however, removal at
a temperature any higher than this could result in substantial
oxidation of the surface of the coil and in deterioration of
properties. The coils from the furnace herein disclosed are cooled
at a continuous rate of approximately 40.degree.F per hour. So long
as the coil is continually cooled, however, any rate conveniently
obtainable within the cooling sections may be used. The combined
effect of the various aspects of the invention is a furnace capable
of grain growth and grain orientation annealing of full coils of
silicon steel wherein the coils are heated at a more constant rate
than previously known, maintains the coils at a constant
temperature during soaking and then cools the coils at a rate
better controlled than any previously known.
Although the invention has been shown in connection with a certain
specific embodiment, it will be readily apparent to those skilled
in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts
may be made to suit requirements without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention. In this respect, it will be apparent
that while the embodiment of the invention shown herein comprises a
straight-through furnace with one long chamber having vestibules at
either end thereof, it could also be constructed on two levels with
a single inlet and outlet vestibule as shown, for example, in the
aforesaid copending application Ser. No. 802,548. In this latter
case, the coil passes through upper and lower reaches of the
furnace in a generally U-shaped pattern. The coil enters the
vestibule, is elevated to the upper reach of the furnace, passes
through the upper reach, is then lowered downwardly to the bottom
reach of the furnace which is directly below the upper reach, and
then traverses the lower reach back to the single vestibule.
Furthermore, the furnace can be constructed on a single level with
the reaches of the furnace side-by-side again using a single
vestibule, but replacing the elevators at opposite ends of the two
reaches of the furnace with sideward transfer devices. Since the
furnace has a plurality of chambers for heating and also for
cooling, heat treatments other than the grain growth and grain
orienting anneal of silicon steels may be performed therein.
Heating and cooling rates can be readily controlled to establish
predetermined desired values by controlling the input of heat by
element 58 and the cooling of the charge by the atmosphere, rate of
flow and by the input of cool atmosphere through jets 74 as well as
controlled heat loss or dissipation through the walls. The vacuum
chamber 10, in addition to facilitating removal of water of
hydration, facilitates a single coil position after the moisture
removal and initial heating where coils can be impregnated with
special gases such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, argon and the
like to aid in the development of magnetic properties of silicon
strip material
* * * * *