U.S. patent number 3,777,393 [Application Number 05/234,122] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-11 for construction toy.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Operations Analysis Inc.. Invention is credited to Stephen C. Baer.
United States Patent |
3,777,393 |
Baer |
December 11, 1973 |
CONSTRUCTION TOY
Abstract
An educational toy for constructing three dimensional, geometric
figures by combining together numerous unitary planar construction
members each having an array of holes and array of pins. Each
construction member has two wing-shaped elements joined by a hinge
at the longitudinal axis of the member and two hinges in each end
of the member. The hinges permit the member to be deformed into the
edges and corner of various polyhedra. The arrays of holes and pins
have a circular symmetry about each end of the member. The
construction members mate together by attaching the portion of the
member containing pins to a corresponding portion on another member
containing holes. The circular symmetry of the arrays of holes and
pins permits the members to mesh together in selectable angular
relationships.
Inventors: |
Baer; Stephen C. (Corrales,
NM) |
Assignee: |
Operations Analysis Inc.
(Worcester, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
22880025 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/234,122 |
Filed: |
March 13, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
446/109;
16/DIG.40; 16/380; 16/386; 446/128 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63H
33/088 (20130101); Y10T 16/553 (20150115); Y10T
16/557 (20150115); Y10S 16/40 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63H
33/08 (20060101); A63H 33/04 (20060101); A63h
033/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;46/31,25,24,26,30 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mancene; Louis G.
Assistant Examiner: Lever; J. Q.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A construction member comprising: two opposing, generally
semi-circular, exterior opening planar ends joined by a coplanar
web, each of said ends having an array of angularly spaced apart
pins thereon for releasably mating one member to another member;
and a longitudinal hinge through said ends and web and disposed
along the axis connecting the radial centers of the semi-circular
ends.
2. The construction member of claim 1 further including two hinges
in each semi-circular end,
said hinges being radially disposed from the radial center of each
end.
3. A construction member comprising:
two opposing, generally semi-circular, exterior opening, planar
ends joined by a coplanar web, each of said semi-circular ends
having an array of angularly spaced-apart holes and an array of
angularly spaced-apart pins thereon;
a longitudinal hinge through said ends and web and disposed along
the axis connecting the radial centers of semi-circular ends;
and
hinges in each semi-circular end radially disposed from the radial
center of each end.
4. The construction member of claim 3 wherein the array of the
angularly spaced-apart holes is disposed on one quandrant of said
semi-circular end and the array of angularly spaced-apart pins is
disposed on the other quandrant of said semi-circular end.
5. The construction member of claim 4 wherein the surface of the
quadrant containing the angularly spaced-apart pins is recessed
relative to the quadrant containing the angularly spaced-apart
holes so that meshing of the pins and holes of multiple
construction members results in a substantially planar
structure.
6. The construction member of claim 3 wherein the array of
angularly spaced-apart holes comprises an array of irregularly
spaced holes and wherein the array of angularly spaced-apart pins
comprises an array of irregularly spaced pins, said irregular
spacing of pins and holes preventing meshing of multiple
construction members other than to form regular polyhedra.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to mechanical toys and, more particularly,
to toys having unitary construction members.
2. Summary of the Invention
The construction toy, which I call a polyhinge, is a planar
construction member which can be joined to other similar members to
form numerous three dimensional, geometric figures. Each
construction member has two semi-circular, outward opening ends
that are joined by a co-planar web. The silhouette of the member is
generally butterfly-shpaed. On one portion of each semi-circular
end is an array of holes, and on the other portion is an array of
pins. The arrays of pins and holes have a generally circular
symmetry about the radial center of each semi-circular end. The
pins and holes are separated by angular intervals of 3.degree. of
arc or multiples thereof because the interior angles of all regular
polyhedra have such multiples. The complementary angular arrays of
holes and pins permit one construction member to releasably mesh
with other similar construction members in selectable angular
relationships. In addition, each construction member has a
longitudinal hinge connecting the radial centers of each
semi-circular end and two radial hinges in each semi-circular end.
The hinges permit the construction member to bend and to flex in
order to produce the corners and intersections of the surfaces of
the polyhedra.
The primary object of this invention is to provide an educational
toy having the capability of constructing numerous, diverse
polyhedra. This toy is intended to provide basic training in the
principles of planes and solid geometry. The members can fasten
together to form a straight line, a triangle, a square, pentagon,
hexagon, octagon, decagon, etc. In addition, the five hinges on
each polyhinge permit the member to be bent in order to form three
dimensional geometric shapes analogous to the aforementioned plane
figures.
This educational toy also teaches motor coordination and spacial
perception because the polyhedra are constructed by mating the
members together and the mating angles differ throughout the
construction. In one embodiment of the invention the members are
manufactured with numerical indicia identifying each hole and pin.
During construction the user can learn the various angular
relationships of the members comprising the structure by consulting
these indicia.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a
construction toy utilizing a single unitary element. In this
invention there is one piece which is joined with other identical
pieces to form numerous two dimensional and three dimensional
geometric shapes. All of the members are interchangeable so there
is little confusion and the size and shape of the possible
constructions is limited only by the number of members
available.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an
inexpensive toy having substantial flexiblity. In one embodiment of
the present invention, a single, planar, polypropylene plate with
integral silhouette is used. Because the manufacturing process
variously construct these polyhinges is simple, the cost of
producing a set having a large number of members is quite
butterfly-shaped Thus, with the variety of constructions limited
only by the quantity of available members and the price of each
member quite nominal, the user has the capability of constructing
polyhedra having hundreds of planes. A rhombicosidodecahedron
having 180 edges was constructed using the polypropylene
embodiment.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide a
construction member that can combine various polyhedra together in
order to form bigger and more complex geometrical structures. The
polyhinges can form geometrical figures which can be easily joined
to other similar geometrical figures to provide groups of such
figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the polyhinge showing the arrays of pins,
holes and hinges;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the reverse side of the polyhinge of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the polyhinge in section taken along line
3--3 of FIG. 1 showing the pins, holes and hinges and the raised
portion of the semi-circular end;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the polyhinge in section taken along line
4--4 of FIG. 1 showing the pins, holes and hinges on the polyhinge
and the raised portion of the semi-circular end portion; and
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of two polyhinges mated together
showing the inter-relationship of the arrays of holes and pins on
corresponding members.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring more particularly to the drawings, in FIG. 1, reference
numeral 12 generally indicates the unitary construction member
which I call a polyhinge. The construction member consists of a
semi-circular end 14, another semi-circular end 16 and a web 18
joining the ends.
The semi-circular ends 14, 16 open outward, away from the web 18.
In this embodiment the semi-circlar ends are generally semi-annular
in shape because of a central circular hole indcated by reference
numeral 19. The ends 14, 16 also have end tips 20 and 21 which
extend beyond the geometrical boundaries of a true semi-circle.
The radial center of each semi-circualr end is indicated by
reference numeral 22. It is about this point that all distances and
arcs are measured for the member. The silhouette of the
construction member can be variously described as two wing-shaped
elements joined along the longitudinal axis of the member between
points 22 or as a butterfly-shaped element having two opposed wings
that are the ends 14 and 16.
The construction member includes a longitudinal hinge 24 that
extends for the length of the member. The axis of the longitudinal
hinge connects the radial centers 22 of the semi-circular end 14
and the semi-circular end 16. The longitudinal hinge permits the
construction member to be bent or to be folded in order to form the
inter-face between adjacent planes of three dimensional geometric
constructions. In one embodiment of the present invention, the
hinge was manufactured by forming a channel in the member and
having the apex of the channel penetrate the reverse side of the
member at selected points. The hinge 24 in FIG. 2 incorporates this
channel and the points of penetration are shown in FIG. 1. The axis
of the longitudinal hinge is the zero degree point for angles
measured with respect to the radial centers 22. The longitudinal
hinge also separates the ends 14 and 16 into two portions A and B
hereinafter described.
The construction member 12 is axially symmetric about an orthogonal
axis at the geometrical center 25 of the construction member. In
other words, if the construction member 12 were cut in half
transversely through the web 18 and the semi-circular end 16 were
rotated 180.degree. about the orthogonal axis at 25 the
semi-circular end 14 would be reproduced. Thus, although in FIGS. 1
and 2 portion A in end 14 is diametrically opposed across the
geometrical center 25 to the other portion A in end 16, as are the
B portions, the respective A and B portions on each end are
physically and functionally identical. Hence, only the
semi-circular end 14 need be described in detail. It is to be
understood, however, that any description of the semi-circular end
of 14 also applies to the semi-circular end 16.
The ends 14 and 16 and the web 18 are generally coplanar; however,
within portion B a recess 26 is provided. The recess has a
longitudinal boundary 28 which is parallel with the longitudinal
hinge 24. The recess includes all of the B portion of the
semi-circular end between the recess boundary 28 and the end tip
21. In FIG. 1 the recess 26 lies below and parallel with the
overall plane of the web 18 and portion A of the ends. Referring to
FIG. 3, the depth of the recess 26 is equal to the uniform
thickness of the member itself. In FIG. 2, the recess 26 on the B
portion of the end is shown from the reverse side of the member in
FIG. 1 and hence the recess 26 is raised above the plane of the
web. In FIG. 2 the recess boundary is indicated by reference
numeral 30. The purpose of the recess is to provide a location
within which other construction members may mate with this member
and form a neat interfacial joint. The recess permits the B portion
of the end of this member, when mated to another member, to overlap
the other member. Recess 26 forms a plane on to which the
semi-circular end of another member can be received.
The semi-circular ends 14, 16 each have two radial hinges extending
outward from the radial center 22. Reference numeral 32 indicates a
hinge located in portion B at an angle of 60.degree. measured from
the longitudinal axis of the member. Reference numeral 34 indicates
a hinge located in portion A at an angle of 48.degree. measured
from the longitudinal axis of the member. In one embodiment of the
present invention, the hinges 32, 34 were each manufactured by
forming a channel in the member and having the apex of the channel
almost penetrate through the member. In FIG. 1 the channel for the
60.degree. hinge in portion B is shown. In FIG. 2 the channel for
the 48.degree. hinge in portion A is shown. Thus, the channels
forming the hinges 32, 34 open outward on opposite sides of the
member. These radial hinges are provided to fold the end tips 20,
21 out of the way when the members are mated together to form the
corners in three-dimensional polyhedra or to form intersecting
planes in polyhedra having small interior angles.
Referring to FIG. 1, on the B portion of the semi-circular end
having the lowered recess 26 is an array of pins. Each pin in the
array is uniform in shape and has a height roughly equal to the
thickness of the member. Referring to FIG. 3, the top surface of
the pins on the B portion of the end is coplanar with the A portion
of the same end. In this embodiment of the invention the pins were
circular in cross-section. The array of pins in portion B has a
generally radial symmetry about the radial center 22. In this
embodiment of the present invention, the array of pins included
pins having equal radial distances from point 22 located at the
following angular points, measured from the longitudinal axis of
the member; 45.degree., 54.degree., 90.degree., and 105.degree.. In
addition, there is a 30.degree. pin disposed at substantially
smaller radial position than the other pins in the array. In FIG.
2, the portions of the semi-circular ends having the raised
recesses 26 contain no pins and are perfectly flat.
On the A portion of each semi-circular end is located an array of
holes. In this embodiment the holes in the array were circular in
shape and penetrated completely through the member. The holes are
dimensioned to receive the similarly shaped pins located in the
array on the B portion of the member. The array of holes has a
generally circular symmetry about the radial center 22 of the
semi-circular end. In this embodiment the holes, having the same
radial displacement from point 22 as the outer, more numerous array
of pins, were located at the following angular positions measured
about the radial center 22 from the longitudinal axis of the
member; 6.degree. , 15.degree. , 30.degree. , 36.degree. ,
39.degree. , 45.degree. , 54.degree. , 63.degree. , 66.degree. ,
75.degree. , 81.degree., and 90.degree.. In addition, there is an
inner array of holes also having circular symmetry and having a
smaller radial displacement measured from the radial center 22. The
holes comprising the inner array are located at 30.degree. ,
60.degree., and 78.degree. and 90.degree.. The radial displacement
of this inner array of holes is equal to the radius to the
30.degree. pin hereinbefore described in portion B. In order to
include the hole at 90.degree., the remote boundary of end tip 20
is located at 93.degree. and to include the pin at 105.degree., the
remote boundary of end tip 21 of portion B is located at
108.degree.. Thus, the end tips 20, 21 on the semi-circular ends
extend beyond the geometrical boundaries of a true semi-circle.
Both the arrays of holes and the arrays of pins are distributed at
angularly spaced increments having an integral multiple of
3.degree.. Thus, any combination of regular geometric figures is
possible. It is to be understood that the arrays of pins and holes
can be varied both in radial and angular location in order to
accommodate different constructions. In the embodiment hereinbefore
described neither every pin nor every hole capable of being placed
on the member at locations having integral multiples of 3.degree.
was described. The hereinbefore described arrays have been found to
be the most practical arrangement to encompass the largest number
of polyhedra. However, it is to be understood that any radial or
angular distribution of both holes and pins is intended.
The web 18 also contains an array of pins and holes. Referring to
FIG. 1, the web has two diametrically opposed pins located near the
A portions of the semi-circular end. In this embodiment the web
pins are located on only one side of the member. The web also
contains two diametrically opposed holes located near the B
portions of the semi-circular ends. The array of holes and pins on
the web has a rectangular symmetry about the geometrical center 25.
The cross-section of the pins and the shape of the holes may be of
any suitable shape provided that the pins on one web will be
received by the holes on the web of a different member. In this
embodiment the pins are circular in cross-section as are the holes.
In addition, to avoid confusion and cross-mating between the
members the diameter of the pins and holes in the web array are
substantially larger than the diameter of the holes and pins in the
arrays at the semi-circular ends. Thus, the semi-circular ends are
intended to mesh with complementary semi-circular ends, A portions
mating with B portions, and the arrays of holes and pins on the web
mate with complementary arrays on other webs.
In operation the construction members are mated together by
suitably joining the pins on the B portions of the members into the
holes that complementarily receive each other on the A portions of
other members. Referring to FIG. 5, two construction members have
been so mated. In one embodiment of this invention, the
construction member was fabricated with numerical indices
identifying the angular portions of each hole and pin on the
semi-circular ends. When joining the members together to achieve a
desired angle of intersection between the respective longitudinal
axes, the numerical indices are consulted. The desired angle of
mating can be achieved by combining a hole and a pin whose
numerical indices have no arithmatic sum equal to the desired
angle. For example, in FIG. 5, an intersection of 120.degree. is
shown. To achieve this configuration the pins in the B portion of
member 40 are fitted into the corresponding holes in the array of
portion A of member 42. To achieve the angle of 120.degree., the
45.degree. pin on member 40 is fitted into the 75.degree. hole on
member 42, the 54.degree. pin into the 66.degree. hole, the
90.degree. pin into the 30.degree. hole, and the 105.degree. pin
into the 15.degree. hole.
Hence, it can be seen that by suitably arranging the angular
relationship of the arrays of pins and holes, the construction
members can mesh together in any selectable angular relationship.
In essence, two construction members mate together much like
meshing gears, the equal radial displacements of both holes and
pins permitting the meshing together. There is an overlapping and
interlocking relationship between complementary elements at
preselected angular locations.
To form three dimensional figures, the construction members are
folded along the longitudinal hinges 24. When mated together the
members then become part of the intersecting planes of the
polyhedron. The axis of the hinge becomes an edge of the geometric
figure. If either end of the construction member blocks or
restricts the mating of another construction member, the remote end
tip 20, 21 can be folded out of the way merely by bending the end
tip along the 60.degree. hinge, 32, or the 48.degree. hinge, 34.
The end tips 20, 21 thus can be folded like flaps. The ability to
fold the semi-circular ends out of the way is especially useful
when constructing polyhedra and plain polygons having very small
interior angles. On very small polyhedra it may even be necessary
to cut off a segment of the flaps with a knife to provide suffient
clearance. The central hole 19 in each semi-circular end also
facilitates the mating of construction members both when small
interior angles are encountered and also when the member is folded
along the longitudinal hinge 24.
To form groups of two and three dimensional constructions by
joining two or more regular polyhedra together, the array of holes
and pins on the web is used. If the individual polyhedra are put
together with the pins on the webs extending outward, then grouping
is accomplished by joining the complementary pins and holes in one
geometric figure to similarly disposed holes and pins on the web
array on another geometric figure. The web array on each member
thus permits polyhedra to be joined together to form numerous
combinations of individual polyhedra.
If a single, smooth, regular polyhedron is desired with no outward
protruding web pins, the mating of the members is performed with
the web pins directed inward, toward the center of the polygon.
Although the resulting construction can not be joined to other
polyhedra, the geometric figure has smooth interfaces.
The individual construction member may be fabricated from any
suitable metallic or plastic material. In this embodiment of the
invention the polyhinge was constructed from polypropylene because
of this plastic's ability to be molded with integral hinges. In
addition, polypropylene can be molded with numerical indices on the
surfaces of the construction member identifying the holes and
pins.
Although only one embodiment of the present invention has been
shown and described, it is obvious that other adaptations and
modifications to this invention can be made without departing from
the true spirit and scope of the invention. Such modifications
could include varying both the radial and angular distribution of
the arrays of holes and pins in the semi-circular ends. In
addition, the overall silhouette of the construction member may be
varied to accomplish more efficient meshing of the complementary
portions of the member.
* * * * *