U.S. patent number 3,777,251 [Application Number 05/294,723] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-04 for constant current regulating circuit.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Motorola, Inc.. Invention is credited to James B. Cecil, Walter R. Davis.
United States Patent |
3,777,251 |
Cecil , et al. |
December 4, 1973 |
CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATING CIRCUIT
Abstract
Circuitry for providing a constant current to a load includes a
source of current and a regulating circuit interposed between the
current source and the load. The regulating circuit includes a
current shunting transistor coupled to the output of the current
source and a feedback transistor also coupled to the output of the
current source and to the base of the current shunting transistor.
A diode connected between the current shunting transistor and the
current source is chosen to have a dynamic admittance substantially
equal to the transconductance of the current shunting transistor to
provide the latter with unity voltage gain. A variation in current
output of the source is accommodated by the current shunting
transistor so that a substantially constant voltage at the output
thereof is maintained. An output circuit including a transistor,
coupled to the output of the current shunting transistor and to the
load, and controlled by the output voltage, provides a
substantially constant current to the load despite current
variations from the current source.
Inventors: |
Cecil; James B. (Mesa, AZ),
Davis; Walter R. (Tempe, AZ) |
Assignee: |
Motorola, Inc. (Franklin Park,
IL)
|
Family
ID: |
23134653 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/294,723 |
Filed: |
October 3, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
323/316 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05F
3/227 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G05F
3/08 (20060101); G05F 3/22 (20060101); G05f
003/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;323/4,9,22T,1
;307/296,297 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goldberg; Gerald
Claims
We claim:
1. Circuitry for regulating the output current of a current source
to provide a substantially constant current to a load, the current
source being connected to a reference potential, the improvement
comprising:
a. a junction point;
b. a P-N semiconductive junction device, connected to the current
source, and oriented to pass current to the junction point;
c. a current shunting semiconductive device having a first main
electrode connected to the junction point, a second main electrode
connected to a common reference point, and a control electrode, the
dynamic electrical characteristics of the current shunting
semiconductor device and the P-N junction semiconductive device
being equal for providing the former with unity gain;
d. feedback circuit means connected to the connection between the
current source and the P-N junction semiconductive device and the
control electrode of the current shunting semiconductive device for
providing the latter with signals representative of changes in
current supplied by the current source for maintaining the junction
point at a constant voltage; and
e. output circuit means connected to the load and to the junction
point, responsive to the voltage at the junction point, for
providing constant current to the load.
2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the feedback circuit means
further comprise a semiconductive device having a first main
electrode connected to the reference potential, a control electrode
connected to the connection between the current source and the
semiconductive junction device, and a second main electrode
connected to the control electrode of the current shunting
semiconductive device.
3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein the output circuit means further
comprises a semiconductive device having a first main electrode
connected to the load, a second main electrode electrically coupled
to the common reference point and a control electrode electrically
connected to the junction point.
4. The regulating circuitry of claim 1 wherein the current shunting
semiconductive device is a transistor, the collector and emitter
thereof being the first and second main electrodes and the base
being the control electrode, and wherein the P-N junction
semiconductive device is a diode whose dynamic admittance is
substantially equal to the transconductance of the current shunting
transistor.
5. The regulating circuitry of claim 2 wherein the feedback
semiconductive device is a transistor whose collector and emitter
are the first and second main electrodes and whose base is the
control electrode.
6. The regulating circuitry of claim 3 wherein the output circuit
semiconductive device is a transistor whose collector and emitter
are the first and second main electrodes and whose base is the
control electrode.
7. The regulating circuitry of claim 4 wherein the feedback
semiconductive device is a transistor whose collector and emitter
are the first and second main electrodes and whose base is the
control electrode.
8. The regulating circuitry of claim 5 wherein the output circuit
semiconductive device is a transistor whose collector and emitter
are the first and second main electrodes and whose base is the
control electrode.
9. Circuitry of the type claimed in claim 8 wherein said constant
current source comprises a field effect transistor connected to
provide a relatively constant current output.
Description
BACKGROUND
This invention relates generally to circuitry for providing a
constant current output and more particularly to circuitry for
regulating such constant current producing circuitry.
Often when it is required to provide a constant reference or the
like current to a load, such as, for example, an operational
amplifier, the current from the constant current source varies,
sometimes because of a variation in the voltage powering the
constant current source. When the latter occurs, the operation of
the load can be greatly affected. This is especially true when the
current produced is being used for biasing circuitry in the
operational amplifier.
Regulating circuits which attempt to maintain the current to the
load constant are known in the prior art. These circuits, however,
are often sensitive to changes in the constant current source and
therefore introduce such things as poor power supply sensitivity
which in turn affects the current to the load.
SUMMARY
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide
new and improved circuitry which maintains a constant current
output for a load.
It is another object of the present invention to provide new and
improved circuitry for regulating the current output from a
"constant current source" to maintain the current substantially
constant to a load.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide
circuitry of the above described type which is easily adaptable to
integrated circuit techniques.
Briefly, a preferred embodiment of the constant current regulating
circuitry according to the invention comprises a first transistor
coupled at the collector thereof to the cathode of a diode and a
feedback arrangement including a second transistor, the base of
which is coupled to the anode of the diode. The emitter of the
second transistor is coupled to the base of the first-mentioned
transistor. The dynamic admittance of the diode is substantially
equal to the transconductance of the first transistor so that the
voltage amplification of the latter is one. The output electrode
(collector) of the first-mentioned transistor is coupled to the
base of a third transistor which provides the regulated, constant
reference current to a load.
A known "constant current source," such as, for example, a field
effect transistor (FET) appropriately connected, is coupled to the
anode of the diode and base of the second (feedback) transistor.
Any variation in the current through the FET, due to variations in
the power supply powering the latter or due to fabrication
variations which may cause the FET current to vary from unit to
unit, are compensated for by the action of the current regulating
circuitry. In operation, the first-mentioned transistor shunts
varying amounts of current, and maintains a substantially constant
voltage at the output thereof, to in turn maintain a substantially
constant current flow through the third transistor to the load.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The single FIGURE of the drawing is a schematic diagram of a
preferred embodiment of the constant current regulating circuitry
according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the single FIGURE of the drawing in greater
detail, there is illustrated therein current regulating circuitry
according to the invention, designated generally by the numeral 10
and outlined in dotted lines. The current regulating circuitry 10
is coupled at the input 12 thereof to the output 13 of a commonly
used "constant current source" 14, herein taking the form of a
field effect transistor (FET) connected to produce a constant
current output. The FET is powered from a first voltage source or
power supply (not shown) connected at point 16. While a "constant
current source" has been illustrated herein and is preferred, the
current regulating circuit 10 according to the invention is
operable also wherein the FET is replaced by a resistor or like
component.
The output 18 of the current regulating circuit 10 is coupled via
lead 22 to a load 20. The load is also connected to a voltage
source at point 24, normally different than that powering the
FET.
The current regulating circuitry 10 includes a diode 26, the anode
or input electrode 28 of which is coupled to the constant current
source (FET) 14. The cathode 30 of the diode is connected to the
collector 32 of a transistor 34. A second transistor 36 forming a
feedback stage, is connected at the base 38 thereof to the output
13 of the FET circuit source and to the anode of diode 26. The
collector 40 of transistor 36 is connected via lead 39 to the
junction 16 and the power supply (not shown) supplying the constant
current source 14. The emitter 42 of transistor 36 is connected
over lead 44 to the base 46 of transistor 34, as well as to ground
through a resistor 48. The emitter 50 of transistor 34 is grounded
as well.
An output stage 52 of the current regulating circuit includes a
transistor 54, the base 56 of which is connected to the output
(collector) 32 of transistor 34. The collector or output electrode
58 of the transistor 54 is connected to the load 20 at junction 18
and the emitter 60 of the transistor 54 is connected to ground
through a resistor 62.
The dynamic admittance of the diode 26 is substantially equal to
the transconductance of transistor 34. It should be noted that the
gain of a transistor is equal to the transconductance thereof
multiplied by the load resistance or the transconductance divided
by the admittance of the load. The transistor thus exhibits a
voltage amplification of one or unity gain when the admittance of
the diode is equal to the transconductance of the transistor. In
operation, ragardless of the current flowing from the current
source FET 14, the voltage supplied to the base of transistor 54 is
maintained substantially constant.
Transistor 36, in the feedback path, adjusts the current shunted by
transistor 34 thereby maintaining the voltage at junction 64
substantially constant regardless of changes in the supply voltage
or variations in the FET. The voltage at point 64, however, may
vary with temperature and/or resistor variations. This variation in
voltage at junction 64 due to temperature, however, compensates for
changes in the base-emitter voltage of transistor 54, thus
producing a constant current at collector 58 thereof.
For explanatory purposes, it will be assumed that load 20 comprises
circuitry in an operational amplifier, requiring biasing with a
constant reference current. With the regulating circuitry 10 of the
invention, the latter is insured. Any variation in the current
derived from the constant current source 14 is compensated for by
the regulating circuitry, as described, to maintain the current at
lead 22 substantially constant.
For example, assuming the current emanating from source 14
increases, the latter flows through diode 26 as well as through
base 38 of transistor 36. The increased current in base 38 causes
an increase in the current flow through emitter 42 of transistor
36. The last-mentioned current increase also increases the current
flow through resistor 48 and base 46 of transistor 34. This
increased base current causes an increase in the collector current
of transistor 34, thereby shunting excess current through diode 26
to ground and thus maintaining the voltage to the base of
transistor 54 substantially constant.
Looking at the above from a voltage consideration, an increase in
current from the FET 14 causes a corresponding voltage increase at
junction 66. The latter however, due to the feedback transistor 36,
also causes the voltage at the base of transistor 34 to increase by
a like amount. Since transistor 34 has unity gain, the voltage at
the collector thereof will be reduced by the increase in voltage at
the base to maintain the voltage at junction 64 constant, thus not
affecting the current flow to the load 20. In addition, the
regulating circuitry 10 which includes only three transistors and a
diode, can be easily fabricated as an integrated circuit.
While a particular embodiment of the invention has been shown and
described, it should be understood that the invention is not
limited thereto since many modifications may be made. It is
therefore contemplated to cover by the present application any and
all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of
the appended claims.
* * * * *