U.S. patent number 3,777,214 [Application Number 05/202,373] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-04 for method and apparatus for electrostatically charging particles for printing or coating.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Continental Can Company, Inc.. Invention is credited to William A. Chambers, James R. A. Taylor.
United States Patent |
3,777,214 |
Taylor , et al. |
December 4, 1973 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROSTATICALLY CHARGING PARTICLES FOR
PRINTING OR COATING
Abstract
Provisions for electrostatically charging particles, as in an
electrostatic printing operation, include a corona source for
providing ionization in a predetermined region, a plate electrode
spaced from the corona source, a grid electrode adjacent the corona
source and spaced from the plate electrode and a nozzle for
directing a flow of the finely divided particles intermediate the
plate and grid electrodes. The grid electrode draws ions from the
corona source into the region intermediate the plate and grid
electrodes. A rotatable drum may be provided proximate the region
of electrostatic charging of the particles to receive the particles
on the surface thereof for transportation to a printing or
application zone. Alternatively, a stencil screen may be provided
proximate the region of charging of the particles to direct passage
of the particles therethrough to define a desired image upon a
substrate proximate the stencil screen.
Inventors: |
Taylor; James R. A. (Chicago,
IL), Chambers; William A. (Harvey, IL) |
Assignee: |
Continental Can Company, Inc.
(New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
26897608 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/202,373 |
Filed: |
November 26, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
787977 |
Dec 30, 1968 |
3635157 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
361/227;
101/DIG.37; 101/114; 361/230 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/02 (20130101); B41F 15/00 (20130101); G03G
15/0291 (20130101); B41F 17/00 (20130101); Y10S
101/37 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41F
17/00 (20060101); B41F 15/00 (20060101); G03G
15/02 (20060101); B41f 009/00 (); B05b
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/49.5ZC ;317/4,262
;101/DIG.13 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Burr; Edgar S.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of Ser. No. 787,977, filed Dec. 30, 1968 and now
U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,157.
Claims
We claim:
1. Electrostatic apparatus for charging a plurality of finely
divided particles including corona source means for the production
of ions, a plate electrode having a first potential and spaced from
said corona source means, a grid electrode having the same
potential of like polarity with respect to said plate electrode and
adjacent said corona source means and spaced from said plate
electrode for drawing ions from said corona source means for
passage to the region between said grid electrode and said plate
electrode and for maintaining ions in said region, said corona
source means being a direct current source, and means directing
finely divided particles between said grid electrode and plate
electrode for charging said particles in said region
therebetween.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said means for directing
finely divided particles between said grid electrode and plate
electrode comprises a nozzle opening into said area for directing a
cloud of particles therethrough.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said corona source means
comprises ionizing electrode means having a relatively high
potential of the same polarity and higher than the potential of the
grid electrode and the plate electrode, said grid electrode
comprising a metallic screen, whereby ions are drawn through said
screen and into the region between said grid electrode and said
plate electrode.
4. The method of applying a charge to finely divided particles
including the steps of providing a direct current corona source,
locating a plate electrode spaced from the corona source, locating
a grid electrode between the corona source and the plate electrode
and spaced from the plate electrode, energizing the corona source
for producing ions of a predetermined polarity, applying eual
potentials of the predetermined polarity to the grid and plate
electrodes for maintaining the produced ions therebetween, and
directing a flow of particles intermediate the plate electrode and
grid electrode for charging said particles by the produced
ions.
5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the step of providing a
corona source includes providing at least one corona needle and
said step of energizing the corona source includes applying a
potential to the at least one needle higher than and of the same
polarity as the potentials applied to the grid and plate electrodes
for drawing the produced ions through the grid electrodes into the
region intermediate the grid and plate electrodes.
6. The method according to claim 4 further including the steps of
locating a further member in the path of flow of particles and
outside the region between the grid and plate electrodes, and
applying to said further member a potential to aid withdrawal of
charged particles from the region intermediate the grid and plate
electrodes.
Description
This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for
electrostatically charging particles and more specifically to
methods and apparatus for electrostatically charging particles of
printing medium for employment in an electrostatic printing or
coating operation.
The employment of a corona source for electrostatically charging
toner or printing medium particles in an electrostatic printing or
coating operation has previously been known. However, previously
known methods and apparatus for charging particles through the
employment of a corona source have often been characterized by a
failure to apply a consistent charge upon a predetermined quantity
of particles, resulting in the production of an insufficient charge
upon a portion of the quantity of particles intended for use in a
printing or coating operation. Similarly, previously known methods
and apparatus have failed to provide a precisely determined region
of ionization, allowing the charging of particles in that region to
provide a known, controlled and uniform electrostatic charge upon
particles passing through such region.
In view of the foregoing, it is a primary object of this invention
to provide improved methods and apparatus for electrostatically
charging finely divided particles through the employment of a
corona source.
Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus for
electrostatically charging finely divided particles including a
corona source, a plate electrode and a grid electrode, wherein the
plate and grid electrodes define an a region therebetween into
which ions are drawn and maintained.
A further object of this invention is to provide apparatus in
accordance with the immediately foregoing object of this invention
wherein the grid electrode has applied thereto a potential chosen
to draw produced ions into the region between the plate and grid
electrodes and wherein a potential is applied to the plate
electrode preventing passage of ions therepast.
Additionally, it is an object of this invention to provide methods
and apparatus for consistently charging a quantity of finely
divided particles of printing medium for application to aprinting
drum having an image-producing intaglio surface thereon and for
withdrawing charge particles from the drum to effect production of
a predetermined image upon a substrate.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide methods and
apparatus for uniformly charging a quantity of finely divided
particles of printing medium and for directing passage of such
particles through a stencil screen and onto a substrate proximate
the screen, the stencil screen limiting passage of such particles
to define a predetermined image upon the substrate.
These and further objects of this invention will be more clearly
understood by reference to the following written description, the
attached drawings referred to therein and the appended claims.
IN THE DRAWINGS:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of printing or coating
apparatus formed in accordance with this invention and illustrates
provisions for the application of an electrostatic charge to toner
particles in transit therethrough, a rotatable printing drum for
receiving charged toner particles and for transporting the charged
particles to an application or printing area.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged diagrammatic illustration of the provisions
of FIG. 1 for electrostatically charging toner particles and shows
a corona source proximate a grid electrode for drawing produced
ions therepast and a plate electrode, cooperating with the grid
electrode to maintain ions intermediate the plate and grid
electrode during passage of toner particles intermediate such
electrodes.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a further embodiment of
this invention and shows a corona source, a grid electrode and a
plate electrode similar to those shown in FIG. 2 and a stencil
screen electrode masked to define a desired image to be produced
upon a proximate substrate .
Referring to the drawings in detail, there is illustrated in FIG. 1
an electrostatic printing or coating apparatus, generally referred
to by the numeral 10, including a rotatable printing wheel or drum
11, mounted for rotation by a centrally provided shaft 12. Rotation
of the drum 11 may be provided by the employment of a number of
suitable or conventional and known driving provisions (not shown).
The drum 11 includes a metallic peripheral surface 13 which may be
provided by a relatively thin printing plate 14, relieved in the
fashion of an intaglio printing plate to provide etched or engraved
areas defining a desired image.
Mounted adjacent the peripheral surface 13 of the drum 11 is a
nozzle 15 terminating a supply line 16 communicating with a source
of toner or printing medium particles, not separately shown. The
supply line 16 and nozzle 15 provide a flow of fluidized or aerated
toner particles toward the metallic peripheral surface 13 of the
drum 11. The nozzle 15, terminating the line 16, is spaced slightly
from the peripheral surface 13 of the drum 11 allowing free passage
of a flow of toner 17 through an a region 18 intermediate the
nozzle 16 and surface 13.
Particle charging provisions, generally referred to by the numeral
20 are provided adjacent the peripheral surace 13 of the drum 11
for the production of an electrostatic charge upon the toner or
printing medium particles in transit through the region 18. The
particle charging provisions 20 include a corona source 21 defined
by a conductive plate 22 having affixed thereto a pluraltiy of pin
electrodes 23. Additionally, a plate electrode 24 and a grid
electrode 25, best illustrated in FIG. 2, form a part of the
particle charging provisions 20 and the plate electrode 24 is
spaced from the corona source 21 on the opposite side of the flow
of toner 17 in the area 18. The grid electrode 25 is located
adjacent the corona source 21 and spaced from the plate electrode
24 to define between the plate electrode 24 and the grid electrode
25 the region 18 in which charging of the printing medium or toner
particles is effected.
Application of an electrostatic charge to the toner particles in
transit to the peripheral surface 13 of the wheel or drum 11 is
effected by application of a potential to the corona source 21 from
a high-voltage D.C. power supply 26, via a conductor 27 and current
limiting resistor 28 to produce ionization in the area adjacent the
corona pin electrodes 23. The plate and grid electrodes 24 and 25,
respectively, are energized from a further high-voltage D.C. power
supply 30 via a pair of conductors 31 and 32. The potential at
which the electrodes 24 and 25 are energized is of the same
polarity but less than the potential at which the corona source 21
is energized. Accordingly, an electric field is produced
intermediate the corona source 21 and the grid electrode 25,
drawing produced ions toward and through the grid electrode 25. The
grid electrode 25 preferably is formed of metallic screen or mesh
as illustrated in FIG. 2 and allows the free passage of ions
therethrough into the area 18 intermediate the plate electrode 24
and the grid 25. Energization of the plate electrode 24 at a
potential equal to the potential applied to the grid electrode
prevents passage of a substantial portion of the produced ions
therepast, thus maintaining substantial ionization in the region 18
intermediate the two spaced electrodes 24 and 25.
The metallic peripheral surface 13 of the drum 11 is energized from
a further D.C. power supply 33 via a conductor 34 and a brush or
other suitably selected connector 35 as best seen in FIG. 1. The
potential applied to the drum 11 is of the same polarity as the
potentials applied to the corona source 21 and the electrodes 24
and 25. The potential applied to the drum 11 is, however, less than
the potential applied to the electrodes 24 and 25, thus developing
a further electric field between the electrodes 24 and 25 and the
peripheral surface 13 of the drum 11. The polarity of the charge
electrostatically applied to the toner particles in the region 18
will, of course, correspond to the polarity of the ions produced by
the corona source 21 and the polarity of energization of that
source. Accordingly, energization of the peripheral surface 13 of
the drum 11 at a potential lower than the potential applied to the
electrodes 24 and 25 urges movement of the relatively highly
charged toner particles into engagement with the intaglio printing
surface provided upon the drum 11.
Rotation of the drum 11 in the direction of the unnumbered arrow
shown in FIG. 1 effects movement of the applied charged particles
toward a printing zone or area 36. A metallic doctor blade 37
engages the peripheral surface 13, scraping the uppermost surfaces
of the intaglio surface to remove charged toner particles
therefrom. The doctor blade 37 is energized from the power supply
33 at a potential equal to the potential applied to the drum 11,
thus minimizing decay of the charge on the toner particles upon the
drum 11 through contact of the drum 11 and the doctor blade 37.
An auxiliary corona source 38 is mounted proximate the surface 13
of the drum 11 and is circumferentially spaced from the doctor
blade 37 in the direction of rotation of the drum. The auxiliary
corona source may include a wire 40, energized at a relatively high
potential from an additional D.C. power supply 41 via a conductor
42. The auxiliary corona source 38 replenishes the charge on the
toner particles deposited upon the peripheral surface 13 of the
drum 11 prior to movement of the charged particles into the
printing or application area 36.
Spaced from the drum 11 in the printing area 36 is a space
grounding corona source generally indicated by the numeral 43. The
space grounding corona source 43 includes a mesh or screen
electrode 44 which is grounded with respect to the potential
applied to the surface 13 of the drum 11 as indicated at 45. In the
printing area 36, charged particles carried on the surface of the
drum 11 will be drawn toward the grounded screen electrode 44 to
produce a desired image upon a substrate 46 located intermediate
the screen electrode 44 and the surface of the drum 11.
The space grounding corona source 43 includes a plurality of corona
pin electrodes 47 energized from a D.C. supply 48 via a conductor
50. The potential applied to the pin electrodes 47 is opposite in
polarity to the charge upon the toner particles applied to the
substrate 46 and upon deposition of charged toner particles upon
the undersurface of the substrate 46, ions produced adjacent the
pin electrodes 47 will be drawn through the screen electrode 44 to
the upper surface of the substrate 46, effectively neutralizing the
charge upon the substrate 46. This, then, prevents repulsion of
charged particles from the substrate 46 once the substrate is moved
from within the field extending between the grounded screen
electrode 44 and the positively energized surface 13 of the drum
11.
In an operative embodiment of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1,
a positive potential of 13 to 14 KV may be applied to the pin
electrodes 23 of the corona source 21 while a positive potential of
8 to 10 KV may be applied to each of the plate and grid electrodes
24 and 25, respectively. The metallic surface 13 of the printing
drum 11 may be energized at from 4 to 6 KV which is sufficiently
low to allow attraction of the charged particles in the region 18
while allowing withdrawal of the particles in the printing area 36,
under the influence of the grounded screen electrode 44. Attention
should be given to the potential at which the auxiliary corona
source 38 is energized as well as to the spacing of the source 38
from the periphery 13 of the printing drum 11 in order to assure
corona production without discharge to the surface of the drum,
while preventing attraction of charged particles to the wire 40 of
the auxiliary source 38. In the preferred arrangement discussed
herein a positive potential of 6 to 12 KV may be applied to the
wire 40 to effect replenishment of the toner particle charge.
Effective neutralization of the substrate 46 is effected by the
application of a negative potential of from 7.5 to 8.5 KV to the
pin electrodes 47 for the production of negative ions adjacent
thereto.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, complete cleansing of the peripheral
surface 13 of the drum 11 following a printing operation may be
provided by a rotary brush 51 driven in opposition to the movement
of the drum as indicated by the unnumbered arrow associated
therewith in FIG. 1. The brush 51 preferably contacts the
peripheral surface 13 at a point circumferentially spaced from the
printing area 36 to allow application of newly charged toner
particles to the surface 13 for further printing operations.
Whereas employment of the power supplies 26, 30, 33, 41 and 48 with
the polarities indicated in FIG. 1 provides successful charging and
printing with non-conductive toner or printing medium particles,
preferably the polarities illustrated are employed with powders of
materials having a known naturally positive charge balance for
consistent charging of the particles in the region 18 and where
powders known to have a naturally negative charge balance or
negative charging propensity are employed, complete reversal of the
polarities illustrated in FIG. 1 and discussed hereinabove is
preferred.
FIG. 3 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention employing
the charging provisions 20 discussed hereinabove with respect to
FIGS. 1 and 2 and including the corona source 21, the plate
electrode 24 and the grid electrode 25 in substantially the same
relationship as discussed hereinabove. Again the nozzle 15 and
supply line 16 open adjacent the area 18 intermediate the
electrodes 24 and 25 to provide a cloud-like flow 17 of finely
divided particles in the region 18. The corona source 21 is
energized from a D.C. supply 52, applying a positive potential to
the corona pin electrodes 23 and the electrodes 24 and 25 are
energized from a D.C. supply 53, applying a lesser positive
potential thereto. A stencil screen electrode 54 is negatively
energized from a D.C. supply 55, drawing postiively charged toner
or printing medium particles thereto and masking provisions 56,
defining a desired image are provided upon the stencil screen
electrode 54, limiting the passage of toner particles therethrough
for application to a substrate 57 to print thereon the desired
predetermined image. It will, of course, be apparent that the
establishment of an electric field in the region of the stencil
screen 54 and the substrate 57 to draw the charged particles toward
the substrate 57 may be effected in any convenient fashion and, of
course, space grounding corona provisions similar to those
provisions 43 illustrated in FIG. 1 may be provided adjacent the
substrate 57 to provide drawing of charged toner into contact with
the substrate 57 and to effectively neutralize the substrate 57
prior to its removal from the printing area in the embodiment
illustrated in FIG. 3.
While preferred methods and apparatus have been described
hereinabove, it will be readily apparent that variations may be
made therein without departure from the scope and spirit of the
invention embodied in such methods and apparatus.
* * * * *