U.S. patent number 3,776,297 [Application Number 05/235,340] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-04 for method for producing continuous lengths of metal matrix fiber reinforced composites.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Battelle Development Corporation. Invention is credited to James P. Pilger, John F. Williford.
United States Patent |
3,776,297 |
Williford , et al. |
December 4, 1973 |
METHOD FOR PRODUCING CONTINUOUS LENGTHS OF METAL MATRIX FIBER
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Abstract
A method for producing metal matrix fiber reinforced tape by
directing a plurality of arranged fibers through a stable meniscus
of molten metal and effecting rapid solidification of the molten
metal through the use of moving heat extracting members so as to
retain the desired mechanical properties of the composite material
by minimizing the exposure of the fibers to high temperature molten
metal.
Inventors: |
Williford; John F. (Richland,
WA), Pilger; James P. (Richland, WA) |
Assignee: |
Battelle Development
Corporation (Columbus, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
22885084 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/235,340 |
Filed: |
March 16, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
164/461;
118/DIG.19; 164/419; 427/434.6; 118/401; 427/434.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C23C
6/00 (20130101); C23C 2/38 (20130101); Y10S
118/19 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C23C
2/38 (20060101); C23C 6/00 (20060101); C23C
2/36 (20060101); B22d 011/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;164/4,86,156,275,276
;118/401,420,DIG.19 ;117/115 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Annear; R. Spencer
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of producing a metal matrix fiber reinforced composite
member comprising the steps of:
a. supplying a stable meniscus of molten metal protruding from an
orifice;
b. moving a heat-extracting surface in contact with said
meniscus;
c. introducing a plurality of prearranged fibers to said meniscus
in a direction substantially tangent to said heat-extracting
surface;
d. solidifying said molten metal containing said fibers into a
metal matrix fiber reinforced composite member; and
e. removing said member from said heat-extracting surface.
2. The method of claim 1 where said heat-extracting member is
cylindrical and possesses sufficient thermal capacity to solidify
said molten metal.
3. The method of claim 2 where a cylindrical roll bears on the
exposed surface of said composite member at a point prior to
removal of said member from said heat-extracting surface.
4. The method of claim 1 where said fibers pass through a means for
arranging said fibers into a preferred spacing prior to the
introduction of said fibers to said molten metal meniscus.
5. The method of claim 4 where said fibers are supplied to said
means for arranging said fibers from a supply of said fibers having
a means to control the tension in said fibers supplied to said
molten metal meniscus.
6. The method of claim 1 where said heat-extracting surface
comprises an endless belt-like member rotating on two cylindrical
rolls with said belt-like member disposed to solidify said molten
metal without imparting curvature to said composite member.
7. The method of claim 6 where said belt-like member having
insufficient intrinsic thermal capacity to solidify said molten
metal is provided a means for cooling the surface of said belt-like
member opposite the surface on which said molten metal is
introduced.
8. The method of claim 6 where a cylindrical roll bears on the
exposed surface of said composite member at a point prior to
removal of said member from said heat-extracting surface.
9. The method of claim 6 where said fibers pass through a means for
arranging said fibers into a preferred spacing prior to the
introduction of said fibers to said molten metal meniscus.
10. The method of claim 6 where said fibers are supplied to said
means for arranging said fibers from a supply of said fibers having
a means to control the tension in said fibers supplied to said
molten metal meniscus.
11. The method of claim 1 where said prearranged fibers are
supplied to said meniscus in the form of a woven structure.
12. The method of claim 1 where said prearranged fibers are
supplied to said meniscus in the form of a felt-like structure.
13. A method of producing a metal matrix fiber reinforced composite
member comprising the steps of:
a. supplying a stable meniscus of molten metal protruding from an
orifice;
b. introducing a plurality of prearranged fibers to said meniscus
so as to completely infiltrate said fibers with molten metal so as
to form a fully dense composite member; and
c. withdrawing said member from said meniscus by the action of two
opposed drive rolls with the engagement of said rolls with said
composite member being in substantially a straight line with said
composite member and said prearranged fibers.
14. The method of claim 13 where said fibers are maintained at a
predetermined tension between said drive rolls and the means of
supplying said fibers.
15. The method of claim 13 where said prearranged fibers are
supplied to said meniscus in the form of a woven structure.
16. The method of claim 13 where said prearranged fibers are
supplied to said meniscus in the form of a felt-like structure.
17. A method of producing a metal matrix fiber reinforced composite
member comprising the steps of:
a. supplying a stable meniscus of molten metal protruding from an
orifice;
b. moving a solid member in relation to said meniscus having at
least one surface of said member in contact with said meniscus;
c. providing a heat-extracting surface in contact with said member
moving at substantially the same velocity as said member in
relation to said meniscus;
d. introducing a plurality of prearranged fibers to said meniscus
prior to the solidification of said molten metal; and
e. removing the resulting member from said heat-extracting
surface.
18. The method of claim 17 where said solid member is a composite
having the same matrix material as is supplied to said meniscus.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed toward a method of making a metal
matrix fiber reinforced structure by passing a plurality of
indeterminate length fibers through a stable meniscus and effecting
a solidification of the metal at a rate that would prevent the
molten metal fiber thermokinetic interaction from seriously
degrading the properties of the resultant composite product.
Methods in the prior art for producing fully dense metal matrix
fiber reinforced materials may be broadly divided between those
which involve solid state diffusion processes at some point in the
sequence and those methods based on casting. Examples of the former
category include plasma spraying of metallic powders into the
interstices of a filament-wound array of fibers backed with metal
foil and direct consolidation of fibers and metal foils or powders
by static or dynamic hot pressing methods. However, only the
casting methods are germane to the present invention and discussion
will be limited to this category of prior art.
Two methods have been used in prior art to produce metal matrix
fiber reinforced composites by casting. One is a batch process
based on vacuum injection casting of molten metal into the
interstices of a pre-arranged array of fibers. The other is a
continuous process, based on drawing one or more fibers through a
pot of molten metal.
The vacuum injection casting method is limited to very small pieces
due to the thermokinetic problems which exist with most composite
systems of interest. Chemical interactions between fibers and
molten metal degrade the engineering properties of the composite.
In order to insure complete infiltration of closely spaced fiber
arrays, the metal must be superheated to have sufficiently low
viscosity. Kinetic difficulties can thus be controlled only by
rapid cooling; a condition which is inconsistent with end product
sizes of practical interest.
There are three basic problems with prior art in continuous casting
of metal matrix fiber reinforced composites. The first problem is
one of thermokinetics, since the fiber is drawn through an
appreciable path length of molten metal in the crucible. Chemical
interaction between the fiber and molten matrix material remains a
problem with these path lengths unless protective coatings are
placed on the fibers, thereby increasing the cost of the end
product. The second problem with prior art continuous casting is
that the lower limit on fiber volume fraction is controlled by the
surface tension of the molten metal and the relative surface
energies of the two constituents. Accordingly, the lower threshold
of fiber loading for a continuous product made by prior art casting
is on the order of 60 to 70 volume percent. Below this threshold,
the product tends to be a plurality of individual coated fibers
rather than a continuous composite product. The high volume percent
fiber loadings resulting from prior art continuous casting
processes exceed the critical limit on fiber loading for most
systems of practical interest, yielding a brittle material of
limited structural value. Finally, maintaining critical fiber
spacing through a significant path of molten metal presents some
difficulty. In prior art this problem is either solved by drawing a
closely packed array of filaments through a shape-defining orifice,
depending thereby on nearest-neighbor fiber interactions for
self-spacing, or by applying a significant tensile load on the
collimated array as it passes through the crucible. In the former
case, the spacing is effective only because of an impractically
high fiber volume fraction. Applying effectively high tensile loads
to the moving fiber array as it passes through the melt and
handling apparatus increases the probability of fracturing the
brittle filaments used in systems of interest.
The present invention has numerous advantages over these prior art
methods. The advantages over injection casting lie principally in
the capability of making a continuous product while minimizing
thermokinetic interaction between the constituents. Advantages over
prior art continuous casting methods lie in minimizing time at
temperature and hence chemical interaction, applicability to fiber
loading fractions of engineering interest and ease of maintaining
fiber collimation. These advantages are attained through use of a
stable meniscus of molten metal as a matrix supply and the
incorporation of moving heat extracting members as an integral part
of the casting process.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a method of producing a metal matrix
composite structure of an indeterminate length. This is
accomplished by passing a plurality of fibers arranged so as to
have a desired spacing and density through a stable meniscus of
molten metal. The molten metal infiltrates the arranged fibers and
the entire structure is subjected to rolling contact with a moving
heat-extracting surface disposed both to draw the structure from
the meniscus and to extract heat from the molten metal matrix at a
sufficiently high rate that the heat from the matrix does not
detrimentally affect the properties of the resultant product.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus employing the present
invention with the molten metal meniscus in contact with a rotating
cylindrical heat-extracting member. FIG. 2 is a schematic view of
an appratus having a belt-like heat-extracting member.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an apparatus employing the present
invention where the heat-extracting surface is separated from the
molten metal meniscus.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an apparatus disposed to produce a
composite member by solidifying an additional layer of composite
material on the surface of a previously formed composite
member.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is directed to the embodiment of the present invention where
the molten metal meniscus is in direct contact with the
heat-extracting surface at the point where the fibers are
introduced to the molten metal matrix. The form of the apparatus
shown with the exception of the means to introduce the fibers is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,605,863, Derek King. The apparatus as
used in the present invention utilizes a supply of molten metal 1
fed through a nozzle or orifice 2 with the orifice and the rate of
supply controlled to produce a meniscus 3 of molten metal
protruding from the orifice 2. Directly adjacent to the orifice 2
and separated therefrom is a heat-extracting member 5 which has the
capability of moving in relation to the orifice 2. As shown in FIG.
1, the heat-extracting surface is a rotating cylindrical drum
having an axis of rotation perpendicular to the axis of the orifice
2.
A source 8 of individual fibers 10 is disposed to supply a
plurality of fibers to the meniscus 3 with the source 8 having
means 12 to adjust the position of the fibers 10 as they enter the
meniscus. The source 8 may also include means of controlling the
tension in the fiber supplied. Between the source of the fibers and
the meniscus 3, there may be a means for arranging the fibers into
the configuration desired to be introduced to the molten metal
meniscus with the means hereinafter called a collimator 20. The
collimator 20 may also have the capability of adjusting the
position of the fibers 10 relative to the heat-extracting surface
6. The collimator 20 has the principle function of arranging the
fibers 10 into a configuration that will yield the desired fiber
spacing and density in the final product where the fiber bundle is
composed of an array from a supply of individual fibers.
The present invention may also be utilized with fibers already in
the desired density and spacing as for example an open woven or
felt-like structure that would allow the matrix material to
infiltrate the pores in the structure. With this type of fiber
supplied to the meniscus, a collimator would not be required.
The process is best illustrated by example using a configuration of
elements as shown in FIG. 1. In initiating the process, the
heat-extracting member 5 would be disposed a distance from the
meniscus 3 so as not to be in contact with the meniscus. A
collimator 20 and the source 8 of a plurality of single fibers as
well as the adjusting means 12 could be arranged to move with the
heat-extracting member 5 thereby maintaining a constant geometric
relationship between the fibers 10 and the heat-extracting surface
6. When the collimator 20 has been made to direct the fibers into
the proper arrangement and density, and the position of the
collimator 20 and the adjusting means 12 are correct in relation
the the heat-extracting surface 6, then the fibers may be passed
through the collimator and attached temporarily (as for instance
with adhesive tape) to the stationary heat-extracting surface 6.
The source of molten metal would then be made to deliver a stable
meniscus 3 of the metal at the orifice 2. When the molten metal
meniscus protrudes from the orifice 2, the heat-extracting member 5
would then be rotated and the surface 6 of the member 5 having the
fibers 10 arranged thereon would be brought into contact with the
meniscus 3. The heat-extracting surface 6 would solidify a portion
of the molten metal meniscus 3 around the fibers 10 and move the
resulting composite structure 11 out of contact with the meniscus.
Upn the production of a sufficient length of the composite
structure 11, the temporary attachment of the fibers 10 to the
heat-extracting surface could be removed and the fiber 10 would be
drawn from the fiber source 8 and arranging means 12 through the
collimator 20 and into the meniscus 3 by the movement of the
preceding fiber 10 now within the structure 11.
After the process has been initiated, then the collimator 20 and
fiber adjusting means 12 can be further adjusted to present the
fibers 10 to the meniscus at the optimum geometric relationship.
The distance from the heat-extracting surface 6 to the orifice 2
may be changed to alter the shape or behavior of the meniscus 3.
The temperature of the molten metal may be altered during the
process to affect both the process and the properties of the final
product.
Irrespective of the configuration of the heat-extracting surface,
the present invention has the advantage over the prior art due to
the very short exposure of the fibers to the heat and chemical
effects of the molten metal. The fibers enter the meniscus in an
arranged pattern either from the collimator 20 or as a structure of
arranged fibers and are free to remain so arranged while the molten
metal infiltrates the spaced fibers. The contact with the
heat-extracting surface 6 promotes rapid solidification, and,
therefore, the fibers maintain the desired properties substantially
unaffected by the momentary encounter with the molten metal.
Additionally, use of the heat-extracting surface 6 allows
preparation of lower volume percent fiber end products than would
be possible otherwise.
The process is inherently simple so as to lend itself to variations
on the process. Some of these variations are inherent in the means
to supply the molten metal to the meniscus such as the orifice
size, wettability of the orifice, and the flow rate of the molten
metal. The previously cited King patent uses simply the removal of
material from the meniscus by solidification on the heat-extracting
surface to control flow. While this means of controlling flow makes
operation simple, the subject invention may also be used where the
metal is induced to flow through the orifice by other means. The
elevation of the molten metal supply in relation to the orifice or
gas pressurization of the molten metal supply could be used to
induce flow to the orifice.
The surface of the heat-extracting member must have sufficient
adherence to the solidified product to draw the product, and hence
the fiber, through the meniscus. Where the surface of a desirable
heat-extracting member is not sufficiently adherent, then an
additional drive roll 35 may be provided having its surface
velocity equal that of the heat-extracting surface with the
composite product disposed therebetween and driven by the combined
action of the opposing surfaces. This additional roll may also
serve to improve the surface finish of the side of the product
otherwise solidifying in contact only with the surrounding
atmosphere. The placement of such a roll can be selected to engage
the product at any point where it is supported on its opposite
side, and with the roll located close to the meniscus the
temperature of the product may be elevated an amount to allow
substantial reduction in cross section of the composite product if
such a treatment is desired.
It it is desired that the composite structure not undergo any
bending or deformation associated with production on a curved
heat-extracting surface, then the heat-extracting member may be of
the configuration shown in FIG. 2. The heat-extracting member is
comprised of an outer belt-like member 50 rotating on at least two
cylindrical members 51 and 52. The cylindrical member 51 may also
act as a heat-extracting member if molten metal is directed onto 50
at a point on 50 that is close to 51. The molten metal supplying
orifice 60 may direct the metal to any portion of the member 50;
however, if the composite product 11 is to be formed and removed
with minimal bending, then molten metal would be introduced to the
surface of the member 50 at a point between the centers of members
51 and 52. The member 50 may be constructed of a material having
sufficient thermal capacity to completely solidify the molten metal
in contact with the member 50. The member 50 not having sufficient
thermal capacity may be cooled by a spray of coolant 60 or
equivalent means on the side opposite the heat-extracting surface
55 of the member 50. The collimator 20 and the fiber supply 8 with
the adjusting means 12 could then provide the fiber 10 to molten
metal meniscus 30 in the same line as the final form of the
composite product 11.
A process of this type has the advantage of exposing the fiber to
an environment of molten metal for a minimal time. Where the molten
metal is known to chemically degrade the fiber, an appropriate
coating on the fiber may be utilized with the performance of the
coating less critical than that required of the prior art due to
the nonabrasive exposure of the fiber to molten metal.
Where the solidification rate of the metal need not be accelerated
by an immediately adjacent heat-extracting member, a fiber
reinforced composite structure may be formed in the manner shown in
FIG. 3. In this embodiment the fibers are arranged in the desired
spacing and density and then passed through a protruding stable
meniscus 30 of molten metal. The fibers are passed through the
meniscus at a rate that will allow the molten metal to infiltrate
the array of fibers 10. The composite product 11 is then drawn
between two rolls 41 and 42 disposed both to drive the product 11
(and hence the fibers 10) as well as impart an improved surface
finish to the product 11. In this embodiment, the most desirable
configuration would have the fiber supply 8, the fiber adjusting
means 12, the collimator 20 if required, and the two rolls 41 and
42 constructed to move as a unit, separate from the molten metal
supply 1. In this way the process is easily initiated by passing
the fibers through the collimator 20 (if required) to the rolls 41
and 42 without contacting the molten metal meniscus 30. The
production of the structure 11 is begun by placing the moving
fibers 10 in contact with the molten metal meniscus 30. The
relative position of the fibers 10 within the meniscus 30 may vary
by moving the aforementioned unit consisting of the drive rolls 41
and 42, the collimator 20, and the fiber adjusting means 12.
The present invention may also be used to produce thick sections of
composite material by reintroducing a formed composite product to a
molten meniscus and introducing additional arranged fibers to the
meniscus. In this manner a thin composite product could be
successively thickened by several additional layers of matrix
material containing the arranged fibers.
FIG. 4 illustrates one possible method of carrying out the
reintroduction of the composite member to the molten meniscus and
forming an additional layer of composite material on one surface.
An apparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 2 may be used with the
previously formed composite member 11 introduced tangentially to
the surface 55 of the belt-like heat-extracting member 50. A molten
meniscus of matrix material 3 is introduced to the side of the
initial composite 11 opposite the surface 55. In this embodiment a
woven structure of arranged fibers 10' is introduced to the
meniscus 3 to be infiltrated by the matrix material and therefore a
collimator is not required since the woven structure has the fibers
in the desired arrangement. The molten matrix material in the
meniscus 3 infiltrates the fibers 10' and solidifies. With proper
control of the temperature of the molten matrix material and the
surface of the member 11 in contact with the meniscus 3, the new
composite structure should bond to the member 11 forming a thicker
composite member 11'. The process may be repeated until the member
11' reaches the desired thickness or until the thermal properties
of the member 11 prevent effective heat removal from the meniscus 3
so as to affect solidification or the properties of the composite
member so produced.
The above description of the preferred embodiments of the present
invention does not confine the invention to those specific
embodiments and those skilled in the art may make alterations,
modifications, or combinations of those embodiments and remain
within the scope of the specification and the appended claims.
* * * * *