U.S. patent number 3,776,249 [Application Number 05/272,012] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-04 for pipeline flow control system and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to M & J Valve Company. Invention is credited to Sidney Allan Ottenstein, Rodney A. Wailes.
United States Patent |
3,776,249 |
Wailes , et al. |
December 4, 1973 |
PIPELINE FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD
Abstract
A piping system and method having a plurality of power operated
valves located substantial distance apart. The method continuously
monitors pressure conditions at each valve and senses abnormal
pressure conditions indicative of a line break. When such abnormal
pressure conditions occur, valves on opposite sides of the break
automatically close. Pressure sensing continues and if after
closing certain predetermined pressure requirements are met, the
valves are automatically opened. Where the system includes looped
or parallel branch lines connected at their ends to upstream and
downstream portions of the main lines, valves in both branch lines
and also adjacent valves in the main line may close, after which
all of the valves will be automatically opened, except the valves
that isolate the break. Also apparatus for carrying out the method,
including means for monitoring pressure conditions and means for
effecting automatic closing and opening of the valve responsive to
predetermined pressure conditions.
Inventors: |
Wailes; Rodney A. (Houston,
TX), Ottenstein; Sidney Allan (Spring, TX) |
Assignee: |
M & J Valve Company
(Houston, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
23038027 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/272,012 |
Filed: |
July 14, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
137/14; 137/486;
137/487.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17D
5/06 (20130101); G05D 7/005 (20130101); Y10T
137/0396 (20150401); Y10T 137/7761 (20150401); Y10T
137/7759 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
F17D
5/06 (20060101); F17D 5/00 (20060101); G05D
16/20 (20060101); F16k 031/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;137/12,14,487.5,10,2,486 ;235/151.34 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Klinksiek; Henry T.
Assistant Examiner: Miller; Robert J.
Claims
We claim:
1. In a method for controlling the flow of fluid in a pipeline
having a normally open flow control valve provided with power
operating means to close and open the same, the steps of energizing
the power operating means to close the valve when the static
pressure in the line near the valve decreases more rapidly than a
predetermined rate, sensing the pressure conditions in the line at
that side of the valve of lower static pressure, and reopening the
valve a predetermined time interval after it is closed when
predetermined pressure requirements at said lower pressure side are
met.
2. A method as in claim 1 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the presence of static static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined
minimum.
3. A method as in claim 1 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined maximum
value.
4. A method as in claim 1 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements includes the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum
and the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure
side that is greater than a predetermined maximum value.
5. In a pipeline system comprising piping for conveying fluid flow
under pressure, at least one valve connected in the line, power
operated means for operating the valve between open and closed
conditions and means for energizing said power operated means
responsive to line pressure conditions, said last means including
means responsive to a drop in static pressure in the line near the
valve at a rate greater than a predetermined rate to energize the
operating means to close the valve and means responsive to a
predetermined pressure condition in the line at that side of the
valve where the pressure is lower for energizing said operating
means to open the valve.
6. A system as in claim 5 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum.
7. A system as in claim 5 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined maximum
value.
8. A system as in claim 5 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum and the
absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure side that
is greater than a predetermined maximum value.
9. A system as in claim 5 together with a fluid pressure sensing
line and a fluid pressure operated device connected to said line
and having fluid connections with the pipeline on opposite sides of
the valve, said device serving to stablish fluid pressure
communication between said sensing line and that side of the valve
that is at a lower static pressure, and means for controlling the
actuation of the power operating means to close and open the valve,
said controlling means being pressure conditions in said sensing
line.
10. A system as in claim 5 together with timing means for ensuring
maintenance of the valve in closed condition for a predetermined
time interval before opening of the same.
11. A system as in claim 5 wherein the means for energizing the
power operated means includes means for producing an electrical
signal corresponding to the static pressure in the line on that
side of the valve where the pressure is lower, electronic circuit
means responsive to the electrical signal for producing an alarm
signal when said static pressure is either below the predetermined
level or decreasing more rapidly than the predetermined rate, means
for sensing the conditions of the valve, timing means responsive to
the last named means for delivering a control signal to the power
operated means for opening the valve a predetermined time after the
valve is closed, and logic gate means connected for receiving
inputs from the circuit means and the means for sensing the
condition of the valve, said gate means being adapted for
delivering a control signal to the power operated means for closing
the valve in response to an alarm signal occurring when said valve
is open and for delivering a signal to the timing means to inhibit
the delivery of the control signal for opening the valve in
response to an alarm signal occurring when the valve is closed.
12. In a method for controlling the flow of fluid under pressure in
a pipeline having at least two flow control valves located at
remote points along the line, the steps of monitoring the pressure
conditions in the pipeline near each of the valves, closing both of
the valves when the monitored pressure in the line decreases more
rapidly than a predetermined rate, sensing the pressure at the
lower pressure side of each of the closed valves, and reopening a
closed valve a predetermined time interval after closing of the
same when predetermined pressure requirements are met at the lower
pressure side of said valve.
13. A method as in claim 12 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined
minimum.
14. A method as in claim 12 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined maximum
value.
15. A method as in claim 12 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements includes the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum
and the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure
side that is greater than a predetermined maximum value.
16. In a method for controlling the operation of a plurality of
valves located at spaced points along two parallel flow lines of a
pipeline system, the corresponding ends of the parallel lines being
connected to upstream and downstream portions of a main flow line
conveying fluid under pressure, each parallel line having at least
two valves located at remote points along the same and each main
line portion having a main line valve, the flow of fluid being
through both the parallel flow lines or through one of said lines,
depending upon the condition of the valves controlling flow through
the same, each valve being provided with a power operator serving
to close or open the same when energized; the method starting with
the valves in open position with fluid flow occurring through both
parallel lines, comprising closing all of the valves in the system
when the static pressure in the system decreases more rapidly than
a predetermined rate, sensing the static pressure at that side of
each valve of lower static pressure and reopening each valve a
predetermined time interval after closing of the same when the
sensed pressure meets predetermined requirements whereby in the
event a line break occurs between two valves in one of the parallel
lines of the system, said two valves remain closed and the other
valves are reopened to continue flow through the other parallel
line.
17. A method as in claim 16 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined
minimum.
18. A method as in claim 16 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined maximum
value.
19. A method as in claim 16 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements include the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum
and the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure
side that is greater than a predetermined maximum value.
20. In a pipeline system having piping for conveying fluid under
pressure, at least two valves connected in the line for controlling
the flow of the fluid, power operated means for operating each
valve between open and closed conditions, and means for energizing
said power operated means in response to line pressure conditions,
said last means including means responsive to a drop in static
pressure in the line at a rate greater than a predetermined rate to
energize the operating means to close the valve and means
responsive to a predetermined pressure condition in the line on
that side of the valve where the pressure is lower for energizing
said operating means to open the valve.
21. A system as in claim 20 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum.
22. A system as in claim 21 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than the predetermined maximum
value.
23. A system as in claim 20 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than the predetermined minimum and
the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure side
that is greater than the predetermined maximum value.
24. A system as in claim 20 together with a fluid pressure sensing
line and a fluid pressure operated device connected to said line
and having fluid connections with the pipeline on opposite sides of
the valve, said device serving to establish fluid pressure
communication between said sensing line and that side of the valve
that is at a lower static pressure, and means for controlling the
actuation of the power operating means to close and open the valve,
said controlling means being pressure conditions in said sensing
line.
25. A system as in claim 20 together with timing means for ensuring
maintenance of the valve in closed condition for a predetermined
time interval before opening of the same.
26. A system as in claim 20 wherein the means for energizing the
power operated means includes means for producing an electrical
signal corresponding to the static pressure in the line on that
side of the valve where the pressure is lower, electronic circuit
means responsive to the electrical signal for producing an alarm
signal when said static pressure is either below the predetermined
level or decreasing more rapidly than the predetermined rate, means
for sensing the condition of the valve, timing means responsive to
the last named means for delivering a control signal to the power
operated means for opening the valve a predetermined time after the
valve is closed, and logic gate means connected for receiving
inputs from the circuit means and the means for sensing the
condition of the valve, said gate means being adapted for
delivering a control signal to the power operated means for closing
the valve in response to an alarm signal occurring when said valve
is open and for delivering a signal to the timing means to inhibit
the delivery of the control signal for opening the valve in
response to an alarm signal occurring when the valve is closed.
27. In a pipeline system, a main flow line for conveying fluid
under pressure, said line having upstream and downstream portions,
a plurality of parallel lines connected at their ends to the
upstream and downstream portions of the main flow line, a main line
valve connected in each main line portion for controlling the flow
therein, at least two valves located at remote points along each of
the parallel lines for controlling the flow of fluid therein, power
operator means at each valve for closing or opening the valve when
energized, and means for energizing the power operated means in
response to line pressure conditions, said last means including
means responsive to a drop in static pressure near the valve at a
rate greater than a predetermined rate to energize the power
operated means to close the valve and means response to a
predetermined pressure condition in the line at that side of the
valve where the pressure is lower for energizing said operator
means to open the valve.
28. A system as in claim 27 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum.
29. A system as in claim 27 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than the predetermined maximum
value.
30. A system as in claim 27 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than the predetermined minimum and
the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure side
that is greater than the predetermined maximum value.
31. A system as in claim 27 together with a fluid pressure sensing
line and a fluid pressure operated device connected to said line
and having fluid connections with the pipeline on opposite sides of
the valve, said device serving to establish fluid pressure
communication between said sensing line and that side of the valve
that is at a lower static pressure, and means for controlling the
actuation of the power operating means to close and open the valve,
said controlling means being pressure conditions in said sensing
line.
32. A system as in claim 27 together with timing means for ensuring
maintenance of the valve in closed condition for a predetermined
time interval before opening of the same.
33. A system as in claim 27 wherein the means for energizing the
power operated means includes means for producing an electrical
signal corresponding to the static pressure in the line on that
side of the valve where the pressure is lower, electronic circuit
means responsive to the electrical signal for producing an alarm
signal when said static pressure is either below the predetermined
level or decreasing more rapidly than the predetermined rate, means
for sensing the condition of the valve, timing means responsive to
the last named means for delivering a control signal to the power
operated means for opening the valve a predetermined time after the
valve is closed, and logic gate means connected for receiving
inputs from the circuit means and the means for sensing the
condition of the valve, said gate means being adapted for
delivering a control signal to the power operated means for closing
the valve in response to an alarm signal occurring when said valve
is open and for delivering a signal to the timing means to inhibit
the delivery of the control signal for opening the valve in
response to an alarm signal occurring when the valve is closed.
34. In a method for controlling the operation of valves in a
pipeline system having two parallel flow lines provided with line
valves located at remote points along each line and crossover
valves connected between the lines, said valves being movable
between open and closed conditions for directing the flow of fluid
through one or both of the lines, each valve being provided with a
power operator for moving the valve between its open and closed
conditions; the method, starting with the valves in their open
position with fluid flow occurring through both parallel lines,
comprising closing all of the valves when the static pressure in
the system decreases more rapidly than a predetermined rate,
sensing the static pressure at the side of each closed valve where
the pressure is lower, and reopening each valve a predetermined
time after the closing of the same when the sensed pressure meets
predetermined requirements whereby in the event of a break in one
of the lines, the valves adjacent to the break remain closed and
the other valves are reopened to continue flow through the
remainder of the system.
35. A system as in claim 34 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements includes the presence of a static pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined
minimum.
36. A system as in claim 34 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements includes the absence of a rate of pressure drop at
said lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined
maximum value.
37. A system as in claim 34 in which the predetermined pressure
requirements includes the presence of a tatic pressure at said
lower pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum
and the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure
side that is greater than a predetermined maximum value.
38. In a pipeline system having at least two parallel flow lines
for conveying fluid under pressure, line valves located at spaced
points along each of the lines and crossover valves connected
between the lines for directing the flow through one or both of the
parallel lines, power operated means at each valve for operating
said valve between open and closed conditions, and means for
energizing said powered operated means in response to line pressure
conditions, said last means including means responsive to a drop in
static pressure at a rate greater than a predetermined rate to
energize the power operated means to close the valves, and means
responsive to the predetermined pressure condition in the line at
the side of the valve where the pressure is lower for energizing
the power operated means to open the valve.
39. A system as in claim 38 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the presence of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than a predetermined minimum.
40. A system as in claim 38 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said
lower pressure side that is greater than the predetermined maximum
value.
41. A system as in claim 38 in which the predetermined pressure
condition includes the pressure of a static pressure at said lower
pressure side that is greater than the predetermined minimum and
the absence of a rate of pressure drop at said lower pressure side
that is greater than the predetermined maximum value.
42. A system as in claim 38 together with a fluid pressure sensing
line and a fluid pressure operated device connected to said line
and having fluid connections with the pipeline on opposite sides of
the valve, said device serving to establish fluid pressure
communicated between said sensing line and that side of the valve
that is at a lower static pressure, and means for controlling the
actuation of the power operating means to close and open the valve,
said controlling means being pressure conditions in said sensing
line.
43. A system as in claim 38 together with timing means for ensuring
maintenance of the valve in closed condition for a predetermined
time interval before opening of the same.
44. A system as in claim 38 wherein the means for energizing the
power operated means includes means for producing an electrical
signal corresponding to the static pressure in the line on that
side of the valve where the pressure is lower, electronic circuit
means responsive to the electrical signal for producing an alarm
signal when said static pressure is either below the predetermined
level or decreasing more rapidly than the predetermined rate, means
for sensing the condition of the valve, timing means responsive to
the last named means for delivering a control signal to the power
operated means for opening the valve a predetermined time after the
valve is closed, and logic gate means connected for receiving
inputs from the circuit means and the means for sensing the
condition of the valve, said gate means being adapted for
delivering a control signal to the power operated means for closing
the valve in response to an alarm signal occurring when said valve
is open and for delivering a signal to the timing means to inhibit
the delivery of the control signal for opening the valve in
response to an alarm signal occurring when the valve is closed.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This application pertains generally to pipelines and more
particularly to a system and method for controlling the flow of gas
in a pipeline in the event a line breakage occurs with loss of
gas.
Pipeline systems such as are used to convey natural gas and other
compressible gasses commonly include a plurality of spaced apart
valves, two or more of which can be closed in the event of a break
in the line, thereby isolating that portion of the line in which
the break occurs. U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,945, issued May 30, 1972 to
the assignee herein, described an electronic control system and
method for monitoring pressure conditions at a valve and effecting
automatic closing of the valve if the pressure drops rapidly as it
would in the event of a serious line break. Once closed, the valve
remains closed until it is reopened manually. This approach works
well in relatively simple systems, such as systems having only one
flow line connecting two remote points.
Many pipeline systems today have one or more portions that are
looped by a parallel line. In effect this provides two or more
parallel branch lines connected at their ends to upstream and
downstream portions of the main line. For example, such parallel
lines are provided at river crossings where damage is likely to
occur, to assure continued flow in the event that one of the lines
is carried away or otherwise damaged. Valves are generally provided
in both branch lines on the sides of the river, and also valves are
located in the upstream and downstream portions of the main line
near the junctions with the branch lines. The valves in the branch
lines can be selectively operated to direct flow through one branch
if the other branch is damaged. Other systems have two or more
lines connected in parallel, together with crossover valves which
permit the flow to be directed through one or more undamaged
portions of the system in the event that one of the lines is broken
or damaged. In systems as described above, it is necessary to have
means for detecting a line break whereby valves can be operated to
isolate the broken section.
The prior systems and methods described above have had a number of
disadvantages. If a line break is detected, it is customary to shut
down all of the valves in that part of the system affected, either
by manual operation of the power operator at each valve, or by
signals from a remote control station. The system then remains shut
down until the break has been located and certain of the valves
opened to bypass the break. This is time consuming and
expensive.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
In the system and method of the present invention, pressure
conditions are monitored at each valve in a pipeline system, and
certain valves are automatically closed in the event of a rapid
drop in pressure. Thereafter, the pressure is monitored on the
lower pressure side of each closed valve, and a valve is reopened
if the pressure conditions on the lower pressure side meets certain
predetermined requirements. Initially, when a break occurs, a
number of valves may close on both sides of the break and in
parallel lines. With the valves closed in this manner, the only
place where the pressure will continue to drop is that section of
the line where the break has occurred and the two valves adjacent
to the break will remain closed. The remaining valves reopen
automatically, and flow continues through the portion of the system
that is free of the break.
It is in general an object of the present invention to Provide a
new and improved system and method for controlling flow of gas in a
pipeline system.
Another object of the invention is to provide a systeM and method
of the above character which can be employed to detect a break in
the line, to automatically isolate the portion of the line in which
the break has occurred, and to maintain or reestablish flow in the
remainder of the system.
Another object of the invention is to provide a system and method
of the above character in which the operation of each valve is
controlled independently and no connection other than the pipeline
is required between the valves or with a remote station.
Another object is to provide a system and method particularly
applicable to pipeline river crossings where looped or parallel
branch lines are employed. The invention makes possible automatic
isolation of a break in one branch and prompt automatic
reestablished flow through the other branch or branches.
Another object is to provide means and a method for sensing
pressure conditions near a line valve, and to effect automatic
closing and subsequent opening under predetermined pressure
conditions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of valve operating and
control means incorporating certain features of the present
invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a shuttle valve which is particularly
suitable for sensing the pressure on the low pressure side of the
line valve in the system shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the
rate comparitor circuit of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing hydraulic means suitable for
power operation of the line valve in the system shown in FIG.
1.
FIGS. 5a and 5b are schematic diagrams of a pipeline system having
looped or parallel lines suitable for use at a river crossing, the
valves being shown in different operating conditions.
FIGS. 6a- 6d are schematic diagrams of a pipeline having a
plurality of lines and crossover stations, the valves being shown
in different operating conditions.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram, illustrating a modification of a portion
of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a pipeline system in which the
invention is utilized in connection with a compressor station.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1, the valve operating and control apparatus illustrated
serves to operate a gate valve 11 which controls the flow of fluid
(e.g., natural gas) in a pipeline 12. This valve includes a valve
body 13, aligned flow passage 14, and a valve gate connected to an
operating rod movable between open and closed positions. The valve
is equipped with a power operator 16 which in this instance is of
the hydraulic type, such as a double-acting piston and cylinder
assembly, with the piston being connected to the operating rod of
the valve. The ends of the cylinder are connected to a hydraulic
system 17 through hydraulic lines 18 and 19. As is discussed more
fully hereinafter, system 17 serves to supply liquid under pressure
to one or the other of lines 18 and 19 for operating the valve.
Means is provided for sensing the pressure conditions in pipeline
12 adjacent the valve. This preferably includes a reverse acting
shuttle valve 21 which is connected to pipeline 12 through pipes 22
and 23 which connect to the line at opposite sides of the valve 11.
A suitable construction for the shuttle valve is shown in FIG. 2.
In that instance, it consists of a body 24 provided with end
fittings 26 and 27 through which the pipes 22 and 23 are connected.
The body is bored to provide a duct 28 which is in communication
with pipe 42 and which also extends between the valve seats 29 and
30. Valve members 31 and 32 are secured to the ends of a rod 33 and
are adapted to move between open and closed positions with respect
to the seats 29 and 30. The valve members are carried by
cylindrical guide members 34 and 35 which are loosely fitted within
the cylindrical bores 36 and 37 of the fittings 26 and 27. These
guides are shown provided with ports 38 and 39. The valve members
31 and 32 close upon either the seat 29 or 30 depending upon the
difference in pressure between the gas supplied through pipes 22
and 23. Thus if pressure applied through pipe 22 is substantially
higher than that in pipe 23, the valve member 31 closes upon the
seat 29 and valve member 32 is moved to open position with respect
to seat 30. This in effect serves to establish communication
between the pipe 23 which has the lower pressure and pipe 42.
Conversely, if the pressure in pipe 23 is greater than that in pipe
22, then the valve members move to the left as shown in FIG. 2
whereby member 31 is opened with respect to seat 29 and valve
member 32 closed upon seat 30. This serves to establish
communication between pipes 22 and 42.
The reverse acting shuttle valve 21 is connected to a pressure
transducer 41 through pipe 42. In the preferred embodiment, the
pressure transducer includes a pressure sensitive resistive element
and a current source which passes a current of constant magnitude
through a resistive element to provide a voltage having a magnitude
corresponding to the static pressure in the line pressure on the
low-pressure side of valve 11, as sensed by shuttle valve 21.
The output of transducer 41 is connected through a circuit 43 to a
rate comparator 44 which produces an alarm signal in the event that
the pressure drops at a rate corresponding to a break in the line.
One particularly suitable apparatus for use as rate comparator 44
is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,666,945, issued May 30,
1972 to the assignee herein, and is shown in block form in FIG. 3.
It includes an input terminal 46 to which the pressure signal is
connected through circuit 43. Terminal 46 is connected to one input
of difference amplifier 47 through a circuit 48. The difference
amplifier receives a second input from a capacitor memory 49
through a circuit 51. The capacitor memory includes a capacitor
which is charged through a circuit 52 by the difference amplifier
to provide a reference signal having a level corresponding to the
normal or average pressure sensed in the pipeline. In the
difference amplifier, the pressure signal is compared with the
reference signal, and if the level of the pressure signal drops
below that of the reference signal, the amplifier delivers a signal
through a circuit 53 for turning on a timing circuit 54 and a ramp
generator 56. The timing circuit delivers a signal to an output
terminal 57 a predetermined time (e.g., 10 to 90 seconds) after it
is turned on. Ramp generator 56 produces a voltage ramp which
increases in magnitude at a rate corresponding to the maximum rate
of pressure drop which would ordinarily be expected to occur in the
pipeline in the absence of a break. The rate at which the ramp
increases can be made adjustable to accommodate different pipeline
conditions and it might, for example, cover a range on the order of
10 to 20 p.s.i. per minute. The output of the ramp generator is
applied to difference amplifier 47 through a circuit 58. The ramp
signal is added to the pressure signal from input terminal 46, and
the level of the combined signal is compared with the level of the
reference signal in the difference amplifier. The relative levels
of the combined and reference signals are monitored by a memory
reset circuit 59 through a circuit 61. If the level of the combined
signal exceeds that of the preference signal, reset circuit 59
delivers reset signals to the memory capacitor, ramp generator and
timer through circuits 62 and 63.
Operation of the rate comparator shown in FIG. 3 can be described
briefly as follows: Under normal conditions, that is, when there is
no break in the line, difference amplifier 47 charges the memory
capacitor to a level corresponding to the average static pressure
in the line. Timer 54 and ramp generator 56 remain in their off
conditions. If the pressure signal at input terminal 46 begins to
decrease, as it would in the event of a break in the line, timer 54
and ramp generator 56 would both be turned on. The output of the
ramp generator is then added to the pressure signal, and if the
pressure signal is decreasing at a rate less than the maximum safe
rate set by the ramp generator, the level of the combined signal
will be greater than the level of the reference signal. In this
event, memory reset circuit 59 Will turn off the ramp generator and
timer, reset the ramp generator to its initial level, and reduce
the level of the charge on memory capacitor 49. Thereafter, the
capacitor will be recharged by the difference amplifier to a level
corresponding to the average pressure in the line. If the pressure
signal at input terminal 46 is decreasing at a rate greater than
the maximum safe rate set by the ramp generator, timer 54 will
continue to operate, and at the end of tis period (e.g., 10 90
seconds), it will deliver an alarm signal to output terminal 57
indicating a break in the line.
The output of rate comparator 44 is shown connected to a relay 66
through a circuit 67. This relay is adapted for actuation in
response to an alarm signal from the rate comparator.
Means is also provided for actuating relay 66 in the event that the
pressure in the line drops below a predetermined minimum level.
This means includes a low pressure detector 68 which is connected
to the output of pressure transducer 41 through a circuit 69 for
monitoring the level of the pressure signal. Detector 68 is adapted
for providing an output signal in the event that the level of the
pressure signal drops below a predetermined minimum. In the
preferred embodiment, this minimum is made adjustable over a range
on the order of 50 to 200 p.s.i. to accommodate different pipeline
conditions. The output of low pressure detector 68 is applied one
input of an AND gate 71 through a circuit 72. The output of this
gate is connected to alarm relay 66 through a circuit 73.
The output of relay 66 is connected to one input of an AND gate 76
through a circuit 77 and to one input of an AND gate 78 through a
circuit 79. The oFtput of AND gate 76 is connected through a
circuit 81 to one input of hydraulic system 17 for initiating
closing of valve 11. The output of AND gate 78 is connected by a
circuit 82 to an inhibit input on a time delay relay 83. This relay
is adapted for delivering a signal to an output circuit 86 a
predetermined time after receipt of a signal from an input circuit
84. Circuit 86 is connected to a second input of hydraulic system
17 for initiating reopening of valve 11.
Means is provided for detecting the position of gate valve 11. This
means includes limit switches 87 and 88 which are mounted on the
valve operator and adapted for actuation when the valve is in its
fully open and fully closed positions, respectively. The limit
switches are connected to the inputs of a valve position detecting
relay 91 through circuits 92 and 93. This relay has one output
connected to the input of time delay relay 83 through circuit 84,
and it is adapted for delivering a signal to the time delay relay
upon actuation of limit switch 88. Relay 91 has additional outputs
connected respectively to a reset circuit 94 and to inputs of AND
gates 71, 76 and 78 through circuits 96-99. The relay is adapted
for delivering an enabling signal to the circuit connected to gate
76 when the valve is in its open position and for delivering
enabling signal to the circuits connected to gates 71 and 78 when
the valve is in its closed position. Additionally, relay 91 is
adapted for delivering a signal to the circuit connected to reset
circuit 94 when the valve reaches its closed position. This reset
circuit has outputs connected to rate comparator 44 and alarm relay
66 through circuits 101 and 102, respectively. With specific
reference to the rate comparator shown in FIG. 3, the reset signal
from circuit 101 is preferably applied to an input of memory reset
circuit 59. The reset signal from circuit 102 is applied to alarm
relay 66 in such manner that the relay is deactivated thereby.
Operation of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1-3 and the method
involved therein can now be described as follows: Initially, it is
assumed that gate valve 11 is open and that a gas, such as natural
gas, is flowing normally through pipeline 12 within a normal range
of static pressure (e.g., 400 - 1,100 p.s.i.). With the valve oPen,
relay 91 inhibits the operation of AND gates 71 and 78, but
delivers an enabling signal to AND gate 76, thereby completing the
circuit between alarm relay 66 and hydraulic system 17. Shuttle
valve 21 connects pressure transducer 41 in communication with the
pipeline on the side of valve 11 where the pressure is lower, and
the transducer provides an electrical signal corresponding to this
pressure. This signal is monitored by rate comparator 44, and as
long as the pressure does not drop at a rate comparator 44, and as
long as the pressure does not drop at a rate indicative of a break
in the line, the rate comparator produces no signal, the relay 66
remains deactivated, and line valve 11 remains open.
In the event of a pressure drop corresponding to a break in the
line, rate comparator 44 delivers a signal to relay 66 which then
delivers a command signal through AND gate 76 and circuit 81 to
hydraulic system 17 for closing line valve 11. When the valve
closes, relay 91 delivers a signal to the delay relay 83 for
initiating its operation. Once its operation is initiated, relay 83
will deliver a command signal to hydraulic system 17 for reopening
valve 11 a predetermined time (e.g., 90 seconds) after it closes,
unless relay 83 receives an inhibiting signal from AND gate 78
during the predetermined time.
When valve 11 closes, relay 91 delivers a signal to reset circuit
94 which resets rate comparator 44 and relay 66 to their normal
condition. With the valve closed, relay 91 inhibits the operation
of AND gate 76, but delivers enabling signals to AND gates 71 and
78. The signal produced by transducer 41 corresponds to the
pressure conditions in the pipeline on the lower pressure side of
the closed valve. This signal is monitored by both rate comparator
44 and low pressure detector 68. If the pressure continues to drop
faster than a predetermined maximum safe rate (e.g., 10 p.s.i. per
minute) while the valve is closed, the rate comparator delivers a
signal to relay 66, and this relay produces a signal which AND gate
78 applies to the inhibit input of time delay relay 83 to prevent
valve 11 from reopening. In the event that the pressure on the low
pressure side of the closed valve drops below a predetermined
minimum (e.g., 100 p.s.i.), low pressure detector 68 delivers an
alarm signal to AND gate 71. This signal actuates relay 66 which
prevents the valve from reopening in the manner described
above.
FIG. 4 illustrates a hydraulic system incorporated with the control
apparatus for the power operation of the gate valve 11. It includes
the four-way control valve 111 which controls the direction in
which liquid is supplied to the hydraulic cylinder 16 through lines
18 and 19. These lines connect with the ends of the hydraulic
cylinder through a check valve assembly of the type disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,675, issued Aug. 11, 1970 to the assignee
herein. The operating member of the four-way valve 111 is
schematically shown operatively connected to a pneumatic operator
111a of the piston-cylinder type. Also a hand operating lever 111b
is schematically indicated. Liquid under pressure is applied to the
four-way valve 111 from the discharge side of a hydraulic pump 112
which connects through a check valve 113 and takes liquid from a
reservoir 114. Device 115 represents a pressure relief valve which
bypasses liquid back into the reservoir in the event the pump
pressure becomes excessive. In addition to pump 112 there is an
emergency pump 116 which when operated applies liquid through check
valve 117. This pump takes liquid from the reservoir 114 and is
shown provided with a crank for manual operation. The pump 112 is
operatively connected to a gas motor 118.
The pneumatic operator 111a of the four-way valve is connected to
normally closed solenoid operated valves 119 and 121. These valves
are adapted to be opened in response to control signals received
through circuits 81 and 86, respectively, which in turn are
energized by the circuitry 122, which represents the circuitry of
FIG. 1. The two sides of the pneumatic operator 111a connect with
the discharge sides of solenoid valves 119 and 121 through lines
123 and 124. Gas under pressure is supplied to the solenoid valves
119 and 121 from the shuttle valve 126, the ends of which are
connected to the lines 22 and 23 to take gas under pressure from
either side of the gate valve 11, whichever side has the higher
pressure. The reverse acting shuttle valve 21, which also connects
to lines 22 and 23, is shown connected to the circuitry 122 by line
127.
The line 128 which connects with shuttle valve 126 is connected
with a pressure storage tank 129 through the check valve 131. Tank
129 serves to store gas under pressure, and this gas is available
for operating the gas motor 118 and the various pneumatic operators
even though the pressure on both sides of the gate valve 11 should
drop to a relatively low value. Storage tank 129 is connected by
line 132 to the solenoid valves 119 and 121 through the air filter
133 and pressure reducing regulator 134. The tank 129 is also
connected by line 136 with the gas motor 118 through the valve 137
and filter lubricator 138. Valve 137 may be bypassed by manually
operated valve 139. The pneumatic operator 141 for the valve 137
connects with another shuttle valve 142, the ends of which are
connected to the lines 123 and 124. The valve 137 is normally urged
toward and in closed position, and is opened by application of
pressure to the pneumatic operator 141 from shuttle valve 142.
Operation of the complete apparatus shown in FIG. 4 is as follows.
Under normal conditions no control signals are being applied by
circuits 81 and 86, and valves 119, 121, 137 and 139 are normally
closed. It may be explained that these valves are constructed
whereby when closed the lines 123 and 124 are vented to the
atmosphere. Application of a control signal to circut 81 causes
valve 119 to be opened whereby gas under pressure is delivered
through line 123 to the pneumatic operator 111a, thus positioning
the four-way control valve 111 for delivering liquid from pump 112
to the hydraulic cylinder 16 to effect closing of the valve 11.
Application of pneumatic pressure to line 123 also positions the
shuttle valve 142 whereby pressure is applied to the operator 141
of valve 137, thus opening this valve whereby gas under pressure is
supplied to the gas motor 118 for operating pump 112. Normally such
gas is supplied from the shuttle valve 126. However, if the
conditions re such that there is insufficient pressure in the line
near the valve 12 to operate the pump, then sufficient gas is
stored in the tank 129 to effect the desired operations. When valve
11 reaches the closed position, circuitry 122 removes the signal
from solenoid 119, which closes, bleeding pressure from line 123.
The bleeding of line 123 allows valve 137 to close, shutting off
gas to the gas motor, even though the four-way valve remains in the
same position. Valve 11 remains closed until the four-way valve 111
is moved to its other position, either manually or in response to a
control signal from circuitry 122, Assuming that such a signal is
received, solenoid valve 121 is opened to apply gas under pressure
to line 124 and operator 111a. Thus, the four-way valve 111 is
positioned whereby hydraulic liquid applied to the valve from pump
112 causes the operator 116 to open the valve. During this opening
operation pressure applied from line 124 to the shuttle valve 142
permits such pressure to be applied to the operator 141 of the
valve 137, and therefor this is opened to permit continuous supply
of gas to the motor 118.
In FIG. 5a, the invention is shown in connection with a gas
pipeline system having a main line connected by parallel branch
lines 147 and 148 at a river crossing 149. Lines 147 and 148 can be
suspended above the river or extended along the river bottom, as
dssired. Gas such as natural gas flows through the system in the
direction indicated by arrow 150, and line valve 151 and 152 are
provided in main line 146 on the upstream and downstream sides of
the river crossing. Line valves 153 and 154 are provided in branch
line 147, and line valves 156 and 157 are provided in branch 148,
the valves in each branch line being located on opposite sides of
the river. Valves 151-157 are preferably gate valves similar to
valve 11, and each of these valves is provided with a control
system of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1-4 and described
above.
Operation of the system shown in FIG. 5a and the method involved
therein can be understood with reference to FIG. 5b. In the absence
of a break, gas flows through the upstream section 146a and 146b of
the main line, through both branch lines 147 and 148, and then
through the downstream sections 146c and 146d of the main line. Now
let it be assumed that a break occurs in section 147b of branch
line 147 at a location 159 between valves 153 and 154. When the
break occurs, the pressure will drop rapidly throughout the system,
and valves 151-157 will all close, assuming that the rate of
pressure drop is greater than a predetermined value. With the
valves closed, pressure can continue to drop only in the section of
the line where the break has occurred. The break in section 147b is
illustrated as occurring close to valve 153, leaving only a short
section of line between the valve and the break. Gas will escape
rapidly from the short section, and the static pressure on this
side of valve 153 will drop to a low value below a predetermined
level. This low pressure will be detected by the control system
associated with the valve 153 and prevent this valve from
reopening. There is a longer section of line between valve 154 and
the break, and the pressure will drop in this section as long as
gas continues to escape. This continued drop in pressure is
detected by the control system associated with valve 154 and,
assuming that it is greater than a predetermined rate, it prevents
valve 154 from reopening. With the valves closed, the pressure at
the lower pressure side of valves 151, 152, 156 and 157 remains
above the predetermined static pressure level and at a rate of
pressure drop not indicating a break. Therefore, these valves
automatically reopen a predetermined time after they are closed.
Thus, valves 153 and 154 continue to isolate the section 147b of
line 147 in which the break occurs, and flow is restored through
the path line sections 146a, 146b, 148a, 148b, 148c, 146c and
146d.
In FIG. 6a, the invention is illustrated in connection with a
pipeline system having a plurality of parallel lines together with
crossover valves. Gas from a line 161 flows to a compressor station
162 from which it is delivered to parallel lines 163, 164 and 166.
Crossover stations, as illustrated at 167 and 168, are provided at
spaced apart locations on the downstream side of the compressor
station. Such stations are preferably provided at intervals on the
order of 10 to 100 miles throughout the system. At crossover
station 167, line valves 171-173 are connected in series with the
main lines, and valves 176-179 are connected between the lines.
Similarly, at crossover station 168, valves 181-183 are connected
in series with the main lines, and valves 186-189 are connected
between the lines. Valves 171-180 are preferably gate valves, and
they are all provided with control systems of the type illustrated
in FIG. 1. If desired, the crossover valves, namely, valves 176-179
and 186-189, can be of smaller diameter than the main line valves
171-173 and 183-183.
Operation of the system shown in FIG. 6a and the method involved
therein can be understood with reference to FIGS. 6b-6d. Compressor
station 162 delivers gas from line 161 to the upstream sections
163a, 164a and 166a of the three main lines. During normal
conditions, that is in the absence of a line break, valves 171-189
are all open, and gas flows through the entire system.
Now let it be assumed that a break occurs in section 163b, as
indicated at 191 in FIG. 6b. When the break occurs, pressure drops
rapidly throughout the system, and valves 171-189 all close in
response to the drop. Valves 171, 178, 181 and 186 remain closed
because of the low level of pressure and/or high rate of pressure
drop on their low pressure sides. Valves 172-177, 179, 182, 183 and
187-189 all reopen automatically, restoring flow in all line
sections except section 163b where the break occurs.
FIG. 6c illustrates a break 192 occurring in line section 164b
close to crossover station 168. When the break occurs, valves
171-180 will all close as before. Valves 172, 178 and 179 will
remain closed because the pressure on their low pressure side
continuous to drop faster than the alarm rate, and valves 182, 186
and 187 will remain closed because of low static pressure on their
low pressure side. Valves 171, 173-177, 181, 183 and 188-189
reopen, restoring flow in all line sections other than section
164b.
In FIG. 6d, a break 199 is illustrated as occurring between
compressor station 162 and crossover station 167. In this figure,
additional line valves 196-198 are shown connected to the main
lines at the compressor station. Valves 196-198 are preferably of
the gate type, and they all have control systems of the type
illustrated in FIG. 1. If desired, these valves can be connected to
the safety controls of the compressor for shutting the compressor
down in the event of a serious line break. When break 199 occurs,
valves 171-179 and 196-198 all close. Valves 181-180 may also
close, depending upon the magnitude of the pressure drop at
crossover station 168. Valves 173 and 177 will remain closed
because of the low static pressure on their upstream side, and
valve 198 will remain closed because of the rapid drop in pressure
on its downstream side. Valves 171-172, 176, 178-179 and 196-197
will all reopen automatically, as will the valves at crossover
station 168. Thus, flow is restored in all sections of the system
except section 166a.
In the system described above, both the pressure level and the rate
of pressure drop are monitored on the low pressure side of a closed
valve, and the valve is prevented from reopening if either the
pressure level or rate of drop indicates a break in the line. In
some instances, however, it may not be necessary to sense both
pressure level and rate of drop when the valve is closed, and the
control system can be modified accordingly. If, for example,
reopening is to be dependent only upon the rate of drop, low
pressure detector 68, AND gate 71 and the circuitry associated
therewith can be omitted from the apparatus shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 7
illustrates a modification of the apparatus which permits selection
of the parameters to be monitored when the valve is closed. In this
modification an AND gate 201 is inserted between the output of rate
comparator 44 and the input of alarm relay 66, the output of the
rate comparator being connected to one input of the AND gate, and
the output of this gate being connected to the input of the alarm
relay. Another input of AND gate 201 is connected to a circuit 202
for receiving an enabling signal from valve position detector relay
91 when valve 11 is open. A manually operable switch 203 having
open and closed positions is connected between the output of the
rate comparator and the input of the alarm relay. A similar switch
204 is inserted in the circuit between the output of AND gate 71
and the other input of the alarm relay.
Operation and use of the modified system shown in FIG. 7 is
generally similar to that described above, except that switches 203
and 204 provide means for selectively determining whether a low
pressure and/or a rapid drop in pressure will prevent the valve
from reopening. The signal applied to AND gate 201 by circuit 202
enables the gate to pass the signal from the rate comparator to the
alarm relay only when the valve is open. When the valve is closed,
AND gate 201 is disabled, and the signal from the rate comparator
can pass to the alarm relay only if switch 203 is closed. The
signal from flow pressure detector 68 and AND gate 71 can pass to
the alarm relay only if switch 204 is closed. Thus, if both
switches are closed, either a low pressure or a rapid drop in
pressure will prevent the valve from reopening. If switch 203 is
closed and switch 204 is open, only a rapid drop in pressure will
prevent the valve from reopening, and if switch 203 is open and
switch 204 is closed, only a low pressure condition will prevent
reopening.
Valves provided with automatic cycling control means may be
provided upstream and downstream of a compressor station. FIG. 8
illustrates a portion of a pipeline system 206, including a
compressor station 207 and valves 208 and 209 on the upstream and
downstream sides of the compressor station. These valves are
preferably gate valves similar to valve 11, and each of them is
provided with operating and control apparatus of the type
illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. In this system, if the pressure change
produced by the compressor turning on or off is sufficient to cause
one or both of the valves to close, the valve or valves that close
will reopen automatically unless there is a break in the line.
The invention has a number of important features and advantages.
Abnormal pressure conditions are sensed at each individual valve,
and the valves are automatically closed to isolate a line break.
The system automatically seeks out a portion of the pipeline which
is free of breaks, and flow is resumed in this portion of the line.
The operation of the system is fully automatic, and no connection
other than the pipeline itself is required between the valves. The
control apparatus for each valve can be enclosed in a cabinet
mounted on the valve, and power for the electrical portion of the
system can be provided by a battery in the cabinet.
Although the main and crossover valves referred to above are of the
gate type, it may be desirable in some instances to employ other
types of valves provided with power operators, such as ball valves
having hydraulic operators of the rotary type for turning the valve
ball through 90.degree.. Also, in some instances it may be
desirable to employ operators energized pneumatically or
electrically instead of hydraulically.
It is apparent from the foregoing that a new and improved pipeline
flow control system and method have been provided. While only the
presently preferred embodiments have been described herein, as will
be apparent to those familiar with the art, certain changes and
modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the
invention as defined by the following claims.
* * * * *