U.S. patent number 3,776,141 [Application Number 05/227,856] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-04 for transportation system particularly useful in hostile environments.
Invention is credited to Egon Gelhard, H. Rudolf Gunkel.
United States Patent |
3,776,141 |
Gelhard , et al. |
December 4, 1973 |
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN HOSTILE
ENVIRONMENTS
Abstract
A transportation system is disclosed for transporting petroleum
products, mineral ores and the like in hostile climates in an
economical manner and without the imposition of adverse effects on
the material being transported or to the surrounding environment.
In the system, at least one pipe conduit is suspended from a
plurality of supports along the path of travel with means,
preferably another conduit, providing a return path to the point of
origin to thus form a closed system. The conduit has a vehicular
trackway contained therein and extending therealong and has means
for supplying power to the vehicles passing through the conduit. A
plurality of containers are removably connected to wheel sets at
opposite ends thereof, with at least one of the wheel sets being
driven by power means received therein. Additionally, one or more
exterior tracks may be secured to the conduit to permit
transportation of freight as well as passengers along the conduit
line of the system.
Inventors: |
Gelhard; Egon (Cologne,
DT), Gunkel; H. Rudolf (Usingen, DT) |
Family
ID: |
5799336 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/227,856 |
Filed: |
February 22, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Feb 20, 1971 [DT] |
|
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P 21 08 150.5 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
104/123;
104/138.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E01B
25/00 (20130101); B61B 13/10 (20130101); E01B
25/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B61B
13/10 (20060101); E01B 25/22 (20060101); E01B
25/00 (20060101); B61b 003/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;104/123,124,138,139,140 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sheridan; Robert G.
Assistant Examiner: Saifer; Robert
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A transportation system for transporting goods in a protective
environment comprising:
a. adjacent trackways connecting a point of origin with a point of
destination each of said trackways being designed for one way
travel;
b. a loop at each end of said trackways, the loops connecting said
trackways to one another, one of said loops having filling
apparatus adjacent thereto and cooperating therewith and the other
of said loops having discharging apparatus adjacent thereto and
cooperating therewith;
c. a pipe conduit surrounding a major portion of the length of at
least one of said trackways, said trackway being secured within
said conduit;
d. support means spaced along the length of the trackways for
supporting and suspending the trackways and conduits above the
ground; and
e. a driven vehicle train receivable within said conduit and
movable along said trackway and said loops, said vehicle train
comprising a plurality of individual load carrying container cars
interconnected in tandem association, each of said container cars
being removably suspended between a pair of wheel sets and each
wheel set being in common with adjacent cars, at least one of said
wheel sets being driven and the middle longitudinal axis of each
container car being lower than the axis of rotation of the wheel
sets.
2. A transportation system as defined in claim 1 wherein said
conduit surrounds at least a major portion of the trackway from the
point or origin to the point of destination and the return trackway
is secured along the top of said conduit.
3. A transportation system as defined in claim 2 wherein at least
one additional outside rail is secured to said conduit and extends
along the length thereof, said rail having a driven vehicle
suspended therefrom for movement therealong.
4. A transportation system as defined in claim 1 wherein a conduit
surrounds at least a major portion of the length of both trackways,
said conduits being connected to each other along at least a major
portion of their lengths.
5. A transportation system as defined in claim 4, wherein said
conduits are disposed one above the other.
6. A transportation system as defined in claim 4, wherein said
conduits are disposed side by side.
7. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
vehicle trackway comprises a pair of rails secured along the bottom
of the inside of said conduits.
8. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
trackway is defined by an open top rail body received within said
conduit and secured thereto.
9. A transportation system as defined in claim 8 wherein said rail
body is mounted dish like at the bottom of said conduit and spaced
from an inner wall thereof.
10. A transportation system as defined in claim 9 wherein said rail
body has vertical and horizontal components on opposite sides
thereof, said components defining rails on which said vehicle
wheels ride.
11. A transportation system as defined in claim 10 wherein said
rail body further has a horizontal member extending inwardly from a
top portion of opposite sides thereof, said horizontal members
being spaced above said rails a sufficient distance to permit
passage of said wheels therethrough, whereby said vehicle is
prevented from jumping the rails.
12. A transportation system as defined in claim 9 wherein the space
between said rail body and said inner wall of said conduit is
filled with an insulating material.
13. A transportation system as defined in claim 12 wherein said
insulating material is a synthetic polymer foam.
14. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein further a
plurality of electrical contacts are secured to and extend along an
upper portion of said conduits.
15. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
supports comprise a plurality of struts, said struts being secured
to a foundation therefore at a lower end thereof, a cross brace,
said brce being secured to said struts at an opposite end thereof
and uniting said struts into a support structure, and means to
associate said supports with said conduits.
16. A transportation system as defined in claim 15 wherein said
means to associate said supports and said conduits comprise
flexible cables which suspend said conduits from said supports.
17. A transportation system as defined in claim 16 wherein a
plurality of cables secure said conduits to each support.
18. A transportation system as defined in claim 17 wherein said
cables are secured to said conduits at equal spacing along said
conduits.
19. A transportation system as defined in claim 16 wherein a
plurality of further flexible cables are secured to said conduits
along the sides thereof and at an opposite end to said supports
whereby lateral stability is provided for said conduits.
20. A transportation system as defined in claim 15 wherein said
struts are hingedly connected to said cross brace and said
foundations.
21. A transportation system as defined in claim 20 wherein said
hinge connection between said struts and said foundation are
produced by spherical shaped strut bottoms and conical receivers on
said foundations.
22. A transportation system as defined in claim 20 wherein said
struts have means along the lower end thereof for adjusting the
length thereof.
23. A transportation system as defined in claim 22 wherein said
struts comprise telescoping sections and wherein piston means are
provided therein to adjust said section to thereby adjust the
length of said struts.
24. A transportation system as defined in claim 22 wherein said
supports have received thereon control means to monitor the
relative position thereof and means responsive to said control
means to adjust the length of each strut upon receipt of an
appropriate signal from said control means.
25. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
loops have exposed vehicle trackway at least partially
therearound.
26. A transportation system as defined in claim 25 wherein a
plurality of vehicle trackways are arranged in said loops to
receive a plurality of vehicles thereon and wherein a plurality of
nozzles are provided adjacent said trackways to simultaneously fill
or empty containers of said vehicle.
27. A transportation system as defined in claim 25 wherein a
plurality of nozzles are provided adjacent said vehicle trackway,
said nozzles being movable along said trackway to permit filling or
emptying of said containers as said containers move thereby.
28. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein the
vehicle train includes a first container car having an aerodynamic
taper and convex cross section, said container being coupled to one
set of drive wheels, the plurality of subsequent load carrying
container cars being coupled in tandem behind said first container
car.
29. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein all wheel
sets in the vehicle train are driven.
30. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
driven wheel sets are powered by electric motors and wherein power
is supplied via electrical contacts in said conduits.
31. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
container cars are cylindrical in cross section and have cover
plates secured at opposite ends thereof.
32. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
container cars and said wheel sets are provided with flanges
extending outwardly therefrom, said flanges having at least one
borehole therethrough, boreholes of said flanges mating to receive
a bolt therethrough to thus connect adjacent container cars of said
vehicle train.
33. A transportation system as defined in claim 30 wherein said
electric motor is coupled to a hydrodynamic torque converter and
said torque converter is coupled to a sun and planet gear for
transmitting driving power to said wheels.
34. A transportation system as defined in claim 30 wherein said
wheel sets comprise a housing, a hollow shaft received in said
housing, an electric motor and a hydrodynamic torque converter
mounted around said hollow shaft, a sun and planet gear coupled to
said torque converter, and an axle passing through said hollow
shaft, said axle having wheels mounted at opposite ends thereof,
one of said wheels being associated with said sun and planet gear
to receive driving power therefrom.
35. A transportation system as defined in claim 30 wherein said
conduits are provided with electrical contacts extending therealong
at least a major portion of the length thereof and said driven
wheel sets are provided with current taps, said taps moving along
said contacts to permit passage of power to said electric
motor.
36. A transportation system as defined in claim 30 wherein said
electric motor is coupled to a hydrodynamic torque converter and
wherein speed changes for said train are made by the torque
converter and by varying the frequency of electrical power supplied
thereto.
37. A transportation system as defined in claim 5 wherein at least
one rail is secured to the outside of said conduit, said rail
receiving freight cars moving therealong outside said conduit.
38. A transportation system as defined in claim 37 wherein an
angular shaped rail is secured to the upper conduit and a T-shaped
rail is secured to the lower conduit, said rails being mounted one
above the other.
39. A transportation system as defined in claim 38 wherein at least
one car is received on said outside rails, said car having a
chassis, at least one roll secured to said chassis and in
engagement with said angular rail, at least two further rolls
secured to a lower portion of said chassis and in engagement with
said T rail, and a container secured to said chassis, one of said
rolls being driven.
40. A transportation system as defined in claim 39 wherein said car
is provided with a diesel engine for driving said roll.
41. A transportation system as defined in claim 37 wherein a
further rail system is secured to certain of said supports and
wherein means are provided to divert cars from said outside rail to
said further rail system and back to said outside rail as desired,
and wherein further a platform is provided adjacent said further
rail system.
42. A transportation system as defined in claim 39 wherein said
cars are further equipped with control means for monitoring said
transportation system.
43. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
conduits are equipped with electronic control circuits therealong,
said circuits controlling said vehicle passing therethrough.
44. A transportation system as defined in claim 4 wherein said
driven wheel sets are equipped with control means to regulate
vehicle movement through said conduits.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to transportation system particularly useful
in hostile environments.
Great difficulties are encountered in transporting minerals, oil
and the like in regions with extreme climatic conditions, such as
the Arctic. Recently vast gravities of oil have been discovered in
Alaska. Subsequently, further drillings and vast geological
investigations have confirmed that giant, exploitable oil deposits
of about 4 to 5 billion tons are present in Alaska.
Climatic and technological difficulties, however, stand in the way
of economic production of this oil in North Alaska. The main oil
deposits lie north of the 60th parallel of latitude in areas where
winter lasts from 9 to 10 months and temperatures as low as
-60.degree.C. are experienced. The soil is frozen to a depth of 300
meters but during the summer time, it will thaw down two or three
meters creating a bog on the surface since the melted water cannot
seep away. This area is referred to as the permafrost zone.
Therefore the northern most surface communication routes in Alaska
terminate some 800 kilometers south of these new oil fields.
Special land transport vehicles can only carry a fraction of the
required goods to the drilling fields and then only with great
difficulty. Transporting the petroleum by street vehicles or by
rail is impossible due to technological and economical
impracticabilities. Further, regular air flights into the oil
region are next to impossible due to cold, heavy snow storms and
frequent thick, long lasting fog.
Thus, the transportation problem remains unresolved. No means is
presently available to economically transport the oil from North
Alaska to a location where shipping is practical, or to transport
the oil into regions where transshipping is economical by
contemporary conventional means.
A suggestion has already been made to recover the oil in the Arctic
Circle by having a tanker converted into an ice breaker so that it
can plow through the waters of the Arctic Ocean from the eastern
coast of North America to Alaska. The costs are so immense, and the
associated risks so great, that such an idea has not been
economically realized. The ship speed attainable in the Polar
Circle is very slow and besides, there is great danger of damage to
the tanker in the ice sea and consequently, of spillage of oil to
pollute the water.
Plans also have been drawn up to provide the arctic regions with a
pipeline that would be insulated against the cold. This pipeline
should extend over a length of 1,000 kilometers. This plan is based
on the assumption that the crude oil will enter the pipeline at a
temperature of 60.degree.C. and will remain fluid even after 1,000
kilometers at ordinary speed of flow. This proposal however does
not take into account the dangers arising when, for instance, a
pump station breaks down and the crude oil remains longer than
foreseen in the so-called permafrost zone, that is at arctic
outside temperatures as low as -60.degree.C. In such case the oil
solidifies in the pipe and cannot be easily returned to a fluid
state. Pipelines further suffer from the drawback that enormous
quantities of oil may be spilled if the line is damaged, leading to
oil pollution as well as to an oil loss. Mountain and ice shifts
occur in North Alaska, so that the danger of breakage is
considerable for an earth-mounted pipeline.
In connection with this, strict safety regulations have been issued
for oil transportation of any kind and these regulations have made
construction and operation of a normal pipeline practically
impossible.
The present invention thus deals with the basic task of providing a
system to transport petroleum and the like from the arctic regions
or other hostile environments in a comparatively economical manner,
taking into account the low temperatures, the difficult soil
conditions, and the strict safety regulations. The transportation
problem has been solved by the present invention by providing
essentially a pipe conduit system about the ground that comprises a
plurality of sealed pipe sections arranged in series, and being
adapted to pass a plurality of individual containers through the
pipe.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
transportation system for fluid, solid or bulk products in an
extremely cold climate or other hostile environment in an
economical manner and without danger to the environment.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a conduit
transportation system through which may pass an intermittent stream
of trains or container cars carrying products, the cars being self
propelled, and through which empty cars may return for
refilling.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a novel
transportation system wherein a vehicular train may pass through a
conduit for transporting materials around a closed loop and where
additionally an exterior trackway is provided for further
transportation of freight and passengers.
Still further, another object of the present invention is to
provide a novel vehicle for passage through a conduit
transportation system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel drive
unit for use in affording motive power to containers in the conduit
transportation system.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel
conduit system through which material may be transported.
According to the invention, therefore, container cars circulate
inside sealed pipes, tubes or the like where protection of the
container cars and/or of the goods against the temperature and
weather is required, because of climatic conditions. It should be
understood, however, that no sealed pipe system need be present at
the filling or discharge stations and as a rule will not be to
simplify the filling and discharging operations. Filling the
container cars thus appropriately occurs in a heated hall. The
filling station is located near or immediately in the vicinity of
the oil where heating with oil is easily accomplished. Further, the
crude oil at the filling station is still at a sufficiently high
temperature that even a minor lowering of its temperature would
have no ill effects.
Similarly, it will not be necessary to keep the container cars
inside pipes at the discharge station where the climatic conditions
will be less severe. It is essential, however, on their itinerary
in the permafrost zone, that the container cars be surrounded by
the protective tubes.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the pipe
conduit system consists essentially of a forward pipe and a return
pipe, these two pipe conduits being connected to each other at
least along greater parts of the itinerary. The circulating trains
will use the forward pipe for their journeys to and the return pipe
for their journeys back. We are, therefore, dealing with a loop
railroad, the trains of which are surrounded by protective
tubes.
The neighboring interconnected pipe conduits may be located next to
each other or above each other. Interconnected pipe conduits
located one above the other possess a larger moment of resistance
to sagging than when located next to each other.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the forward
and return pipe conduits are interconnected at given intervals by
sequential connector pieces, of which the two opposite surfaces
adjacent to the pipe walls are shaped concavely. In this fashion
the two neighboring pipe conduits are firmly connected. Preferably,
the connector pieces are screwed onto the outer walls of the
neighboring conduit. The connector pieces may have one or more
perforations permitting passage of power cables therethrough.
According to a special development of the concept of the invention,
the pipe conduit, that is the interconnected forward and return
conduits, are suspended from suitable supports above the ground. By
suspending the tubes, minor dislocations or shifts of the arctic
soil are not immediately reflected by the pipe conduits, as
contrasted to the conventional situation, where a pipe conduit is
placed in the soil or supported by the soil from below. The
relocation of the pipe conduits according to the invention also
allows a safe compensation for expansion of the pipes.
The two pipe conduits are preferably located one above the other,
and according to another characteristic of the invention are so
located, that they are suspended on both sides from rooflike
assembled supports by means of at least one cable which is secured
between an upper end of the support and a suspension point on the
upper side of the upper pipe conduit. The upper ends of the
supports may each be separated with respect to each other and two
adjacent supports connected by a diagonal truss to which is
fastened the upper end of the suspension cable. According to a
special characteristic of the invention, several, and preferably,
five cables start from the upper ends of each pair of adjacent
supports or from the diagonal truss thereof, the several cables
being in a common vertical plane. One cable goes vertically
downward, while two cables extend to the left and two cables extend
to the right of the vertical cable and in a direction transverse to
the pipe conduit, the cables slanting downward to the appropriate
suspension points. All five suspension points on the conduits are
preferably equally spaced apart about six meters.
An evenly distributed suspension along the length of pipe conduits
is thus obtained. The two outer suspension points on the upper
conduit with respect to one pair of supports also serve as the
outer suspension points for the next pair of supports. Successive
support pairs along the pipe conduits are thus preferably 24 meters
apart and all suspension points on the conduits are preferably
spaced six meters from each other. The mid location of the two pipe
conduits, which is most vulnerable to sagging, being halfway
between two successive support pairs, is thus suspended from two
supports (See FIG. 1).
The individual supports consist of two struts pointed upwards and
meeting at an acute angle. Preferably, the upper strut ends are
hingedly connected and the lower strut ends are spherical, and are
supported in corresponding seats in the upper surface of concrete
foundations. Because of the spherical end and seat connection, the
support struts are seated in a slightly movable fashion on the
foundations. Displacement of one foundation of a support with
respect to the other foundations, caused by sinking or lateral
shifting, then, will not cause rupture of the support. According to
a further characteristic of the invention, the lower end of each
strut of a support may be telescopically extended, so that upon
sinking of a foundation the corresponding strut may be extended.
One may also use a hydraulic prop for extending the length of the
support struts.
To prevent lateral oscillation of the suspended pipe conduits, they
are put under lateral tension according to a further characteristic
of the invention, and thus protected against wind loads. At least
one cable is utilized for lateral tensioning, the cable being
secured betweeen a mooring point at the bottom of the lower pipe
conduit and the foundation or a strut of a pipe conduit support.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, a cable is
secured at one end to a corresponding mooring point at the bottom
of opposite sides of the lower pipe conduit and at the opposite end
to the foundation of each individual support strut. The cables thus
slant outwards away from the strut and upwards to their mooring
points on the conduit. All successive mooring points are preferably
an equal distance of 12 meters apart from each other.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, all or most
of the container cars inside the pipe conduits are provided with
their own drive system. This lessens the danger of slipping per car
on the rails and very large trains may be assembled, which may
result in a lower speed of travel for a given hauling capacity. If
non-driven container cars were coupled to a single motive source,
such long freight trains would not be possible. The hauling
capacity of the long trains approaches the high continuous hauling
capacity of pipelines.
A further characteristic of the invention is that each container
car consists of a cylindrical transportation container without a
chassis, the front and rear ends of which are coupled to two axles
having rail adapted wheels thereon, wherein at least one pair of
wheels is driven. Preferably, however, all pairs of wheels between
the individual transportation containers are diven. So that the
interior of the pipe can be utilized as much as possible, the wheel
sets are mounted between and not underneath the transportation
containers.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, each
transportation container is provided with a cover or plate at both
ends, the upper side of which is provided with a support flange
protruding from the front wall of the container. The support flange
is provided with at least one borehole that matches a like borehole
on a flange secured to a housing with which a pair of wheels is
associated, either driven or non-driven. A coupling bolt passes
through the matching boreholes to connect the container and
independent wheel sets. The transportation containers are therefore
bilaterally suspended between two sets of wheel housings.
It is advantageous to have three contiguous vertical boreholes in
the support flange of each transportation container and in each
flange on both sides of each wheel set housing, and to use three
corresponding coupling bolts therewith. If only one bolt is
inserted into the middle borehole, then a simple hingeable
connection is produced between the container and the wheel set.
A train thus assembled from wheel sets and containers can readily
negotiate curves. If, however, use is made of two or three
contiguous boreholes, the connection between transportion container
and wheel set becomes rigid. In such case provision is made for the
support flange to be hingeably connected to the transportation cars
so that the train may run along curves.
In order to rapidly decouple the wheel sets from the transportation
containers, the boreholes in the flanges of the wheel set housing
taper conically downward. Likewise, the lower ends of the coupling
bolts taper in like fashion, whereby uncoupling only requires
moving the wheel sets vertically by a certain amount with respect
to the containers. Each coupling bolt is accordingly spaced in a
corresponding borehole of the support flange of a transportation
container in such a way that it has a head at the upper end and
protruding collar intermediate its length, the separation between
bolt head and collar corresponding to the thickness of the support
flange mounted on the container cover.
In order to reduce air friction encountered by the trains running
inside the pipe conduit, the invention provides that a conical
shaped transportation container be coupled to the front end of the
housing of the first wheel set. The rear part of the conical
container has a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the other
transportation containers, while the front part tapers forward to a
point to provide an aerodynamic convex cross section. Petroleum or
some of the control equipment may be located in the pointed
transportation container at the front of the train.
The filling and discharging of the transportation containers with
respect to the oil, minerals or other supply goods can be
accomplished by means of two removable covers fastened to the upper
side of the container. In such cases, the containers need not have
any removable front side covers. Removable end covers with snap
closures are only required for solid goods.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the central
axis of all cylindrical transportation containers lies beneath a
horizontal plane passing through the rotation axis of all rail
wheels. The center of gravity of the containers therefore lies
below the axis of rotation of the rail wheels, which provides
stable support for the transportation containers as well as safety
for the train in motion.
The rails for the transportation cars may be conventional type
rails, and fastened in the lower part of the pipe conduits.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, however, an
open streamlined section of steel tube is used as a rail for the
container cars within the pipe conduits. This aerodynamic tube is
mounted dish-shaped in the lower part of the outer support pipe and
is separated from the inner wall of the outer support pipe.
Preferably it is rolled from 20 mm steel chrome plate. The
aerodynamic tube increases the section modulus of the support tube,
so that the already mentioned support spacing of about 24 meters
and the suspension spacing of six meters are quite ample. Span
widths may also be larger than illustrated. Further, the empty
space between the inner streamlined tube and the outer support tube
serves as insulation.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the
streamlined tube, which is open at the top, is connected to the
outer support tube, but is electrically insulated therefrom. The
streamlined tube is connected to the outer support tube by two
horizontal front sides, while the upper peripheral part of the
inner wall of the support tube remains uncovered by the inner
streamlined tube over an arc of less than 180.degree.. To insure
against rotation of the streamlined tube within the outer support
tube, stop blocks may be mounted on the inner walls of the outer
support tubes, against the two horizontally located front edges of
the streamlined tube. The stop blocks project inwardly and are
electrically insulative. For that reason there should be no
metallic contact between the inner streamlined tube and the outer
support tube, since the streamline tube will be used as a current
rail for the drive of the wheel sets.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the wheel
axles may be mounted approximately in the area of the support tube
centers, the center of the transportation container thus lying
underneath the wheel axles and in the center of the inner
streamlined tube. The inner streamlined tube runs parallel to the
inner wall of the outer support tube, and is provided with a
steplike, inwardly projecting ledge running on opposite sides
thereof along the entire length of the streamlined tube. The ledges
are located below the middle longitudinal axis of the support tube,
and have horizontal and vertical ledge areas and these two
oppositely lying ledges serve as rails for the container car
wheels.
The inner streamlined tube not only provides the two ledges serving
as rails, but also according to a further characteristic of the
invention, it provides an upper contact surface or ledge protruding
horizontally inwards, at the upper front sides. The spacing of the
upper horizontal ledges corresponds to the diameter of a rail
wheel. In this arrangement, trains running on the streamlined tube
are protected against derailment, oscillations and jumping. The
depth of the protruding ledges and contact surfaces corresponds to
the track width of a rail wheel.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, it is
possible to coordinate the speed of the trains, such that the heat
generated by friction is sufficient to maintain a constant
temperature with respect to the freight and the air contained in
the support tube. The level of temperature maintained should be
sufficient to prevent the crude oil from solidifying. Hence, the
support tube need not be additionally insulated by filling the
space between support tube and inner streamlined tube with heat
insulating material.
The heated air in the support tube rises upwards and forms a
thermal insulating cushion underneath the upper part of the inner
wall of the support tube, so that this upper part of the tube need
not be doubly walled.
It must be emphasized that the transportation system according to
this invention holds great advantages with respect to a normal
pipeline enveloped by a second tube with thermal insulating
material between the two concentric pipes. For such solution, the
thermal insulation would have to be very thick since no heat would
be generated in the normal fluid pipe line, and the transported oil
would cool rapidly. On the other hand two full tubes are not
required in the solution according to this invention. Further,
comparatively little or no thermal insulating material at all is
required. If there is breakage in the installation according to
this invention caused by earthquakes, or the like, large oil spills
will not occur since the oil is contained in the individually
sealed transportation containers. If, however, a double walled
pipeline breaks, all the oil will spill every time.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the drive
of a wheel set consists of an electrical motor, preferably an AC
motor, coupled to a hydrodynamic torque converter. The drive unit
consisting of AC motor and torque converter allows acceleration
from rest at nominal rotational speed of the AC motor.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, a
sun-and-planet gear is connected to the torque converter, one of
the two rail-wheels of the wheel set being fastened to the outer
wheel of the sun-and-planet gear. To achieve a most compact
construction, the rotor of the AC motor and the torque converter
are mounted on a hollow shaft, and the rail-wheel connected to the
outer wheel of the sun-and-planet gear is fastened to the end of a
drive shaft passing through the hollow shaft, the second rail-wheel
of the wheel set being fastened to the other end of the drive
shaft. This drive unit requires very little space.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, there is an
oil pan provided with cooling fins below the drive. The cooling
fins serve to cool and oil of the converter and may also be used to
cool the drive oil and the AC motor. The heat losses generated by
the drive units are thus dissipated by means of the cooling
fins.
The three phase AC motor is fed via two electrically isolated
current rails suspended from the upper level of the inner wall of
the support tube and via the streamlined tube. While the
streamlined tube also serves as current rail, it is electrically
isolated with respect to the outer support tube. According to
another characteristic of the invention, a rodlike current tap is
mounted on the upper side of the housing of the drive unit, the rod
being pressed against both upper current rails.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the power
supplied to the drive unit is regulated by the hydrodynamic torque
converter in the lower speed ranges, whereas other speed changes
are dealt with through changes in frequency of the current
supplying the travel power. The speed of rotation of the AC motor
changes with the change of the frequency.
The freight containers are at rest when being filled, and several
trains next to each other on neighboring rails will be
simultaneously filled from filling pipes. According to another
characteristic of the invention, the transportation container
trains circulate through a loop in order to be filled, preferably
along a serpentine, while rotating filling pipes move along with
the transportation containers to be filled. When being discharged
or being filled, the transportation containers may be uncoupled
from their wheel sets. In that case filling is best accomplished if
the containers are vertically oriented and are filled in an
installation the way bottles are filled. Also, if the wheel sets
are to be inspected, they merely have to be uncoupled from their
transportation containers.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, the pipe
conduit system can be developed into an auxiliary passenger
transportation system. For that purpose, at least one rail is
fastened to the outside of the pipe conduits. Movable
transportation cars are thus received on the outside rails beside
the pipe conduits. Thus according to the invention, the pipe
conduit is used as a girder of a suspended or overhead railroad.
The movable freight cars outside the pipe conduit serve for the
transportation of persons and loads in the fashion of a
nacelle.
When the pipe conduits are one above the other, two opposite rails
are fastened to the outer wall of the pipe conduit and to the outer
wall of the lower pipe conduit, it being advantageous for the two
to be aligned one above the other on one side of the laterally
mounted pipe conduit. It is of further advantage if the two rails
fastened to the upper pipe conduit are of angular shape and if the
two rails fastened to the lower pipe conduit are T-shaped. The
movable freight cars on the rails outside the pipe conduits consist
of a chassis with an upper roll running on the rail of the upper
pipe conduit, and with two rolls running on both sides of the T
rail of the lower pipe conduit, a transportation container being
fastened at the lower end of the chassis below the lowest roll. The
roll from the upper rail or one of the rolls of the lower rails is
driven by an engine, preferably a diesel engine. For better control
of the outer freight railroad, several rolls are mounted next to
each other on the chassis to run on the upper and lower rails.
When the pipe conduits are disposed next to each other, a rail is
fastened to the outer wall of the pipe conduit, in which at least
one driven roll is movable and from which is suspended a
transportation container.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, during the
time of construction of the transportation installation, the rails
of the outer transportation railroad will be connected at the end
of a construction section by one or two turning loops one above the
other, for forward and back journeys, the turning loops describing
circular arcs between the two open ends of the most advanced pipe
sections of the neighboring pipe conduits. The turning loops are
supported by a support at the farthest points from the open pipe
ends. By means of the turning loop, the outer railroad arriving at
one side of the pipe conduit may travel back on the opposite side
of the pipe conduit, so that the outer railroad may be operated
fairly continuously.
According to a special characteristic of the invention, certain
segments of the outer railroad at given distances from each other
may be switched towards rails which are fastened at the same height
on the outer sides of pipe railroad supports. In this manner
personnal may drive to the supports and undertake inspections,
foundation repairs or the like. It is foreseen to make the pipe
railroad supports passable every 1,000 meters in normal terrain,
but every 100 meters in difficult terrain.
In a further development of the invention, the supports holding
rails may be provided with one platform each towards the formation
of railroad stations for the outer transportation railroad. If the
transportation train nears such a station, a switch can be opened
from the nacelle whereby the nacelle will move onto the outer most
rails adjacent the platform. The switch may then be closed from the
station so that succeeding transportation nacelles are permitted to
pass without interruption. Stairs or ladders leading from each
station platform down the pipe railroad pillars to the foundation
are possible.
At the same time the outer railroad accomplishes various purposes.
First, it enables transportation of conduits and the like during
construction of the system. The outer transportation railroad
brings up the needed support pipes and the assembly equipment in a
special car, and pushes the new pipe past the already built pipe
conduit section. The need for transportation and assembly means to
be brought overland and supported by the soil is thus obviated. The
outer railroad also carried the necessary pillars, which will be
raised from the track. The whole transportation of personnal and
material is thus performed by the outer railroad during the time of
construction, and also thereafter. The outer railroad above all
serves for inspection and repair trips during the time of operation
of the transportation installation according to the invention and
therefore provides the safest and most economical surveillance of
the pipe system. Finally the outer railroad may serve as a public
means of transportation, particularly for the transportation of
tourists, so that the installation according to the invention
materializes the opening of the arctic regions to tourism. It is
thus possible to more quickly amortize the transportation
installation according to the invention, by means of the additional
revenues realized as a result of the outer railroad.
The rails of the outer transportation railroad are so connected
with the support pipe system of the transportation installation
according to the invention, the part of the heat generated by the
drive elements of the pipe trains is carried to the outer rails by
the support pipe. The outer rails thus remain free of snow, grime
and ice even at low temperatures.
According to a further characteristic of the invention, the movable
freight cars outside the pipe conduit are equipped with control
apparatus, for example, gas detectors, which detect leak areas at
the outer surface of the pipe conduits; with photo cells and lasers
for the measurement of shifts in the supports or for the
measurement of sagging of support pipes; and the like. Other
freight cars may be made into one unit for that purpose and drive
along the pipe system at constant separation for control
purposes.
According to a special development of the idea of the invention,
the transportation system consists of only one pipe conduit for the
transportation of the containers filled with petroleum, the empty
freight trains being transported back by the railroad outside the
pipe conduit. In this solution as in the preceding one, the
petroleum is protected during transportation against temperature
influences, and the transportation back is performed without
protection for the empty containers through the permafrost zone.
The possibility also exists, that the empty freight trains may
return along the upper surface of the pipe conduit. In that case,
rails must be assembled to the upper surface of the pipe conduit,
the separation of which corresponds to the track width of the wheel
sets of the trains.
Shifts of transportation pipes and conduits sinkings may be
ascertained according to the invention by fastening transmitter
laser guns at the lower part of the strut support, and receivers at
neighboring strut supports, the detected signal being fed into a
central station. This renders possible a completely automatic
seismic monitoring of the transportation system according to the
invention. In order to correct the determined shifts of
transportation pipes, the telescopic elements mounted at the bottom
of the support struts will be actuated to adjust the length of the
strut. If a pillar sinks too much, then its foundation will be
raised. Fine adjustment, however, is possible through the
telescoping arrangement or a hydraulic prop.
The upper ends of the pipe railroad pillars may serve as supports
for supply conduits, for instance electric lines. The
transportation system according to the invention in this manner
favors settlements of industry and cities in arctic areas, since it
may lead to important supply conduits in this pathless area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective presentation of a partial section of the
transportation system according to the invention showing two
suspended pipe conduits disposed one above the other.
FIG. 2 is a vertical cross section of a transportation installation
according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 and taken along line
II--II of FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a transportation installation according to
the embodiment shown in FIG 2.
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of a partial section of a
transportation installation illustrating suspended conduits
disposed in side by side relation.
FIG. 5 is a vertical cross sectional view of the embodiment shown
in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a vertical cross section of a portion of a pipe conduit
showing a container car according to the present invention
therein.
FIG. 7 is a horizontal cross sectional view through a pipe conduit
as shown in FIG. 6 showing a container car according to the
teachings of the present invention therein.
FIG. 8 is a vertical cross section of one embodiment of a pipe
conduit according to the teachings of the present invention and of
a container car positioned therein taken along the line VIII--VIII
of FIG. 6.
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a drive unit of a transportation
train as shown in FIG. 6 taken long lines IX--IX of FIG. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1, the transportation system according to the present
invention consists of two pipe conduits 10 and 11, one disposed
above the other. One pipe conduit is used for the transportation of
the petroleum from the filling station at the oil well to the
discharge station at a coast port or at a refinery. After the
petroleum has been transported in individual, sealed containers, in
accordance with the invention, the other pipe conduit is used for
return of the emptied containers. Both pipe conduits 10 and 11
consist of individual straight pipes 12 and 13, the individual
pipes of each conduit being connected by flanges 14 and 15. The
possibility exists, however, that the individual pipes could be
welded together. If the transportation itinerary is to be curved,
the individual pipes 12 and 13 of the pipe conduits may also be
correspondingly curved. Preferably the pipes 12 and 13 have
diameters between 1 meter and 1.40 meters.
The pipe conduits 10 and 11 are one above the other and
interconnected, and therefore form a static unit with a large
section modulus against sagging. The connection of the two pipe
conduits 10 and 11 is effected by spaced connector pieces, which
have two opposite and appropriately curved surfaces adjacent both
pipe conduits. Such connector piece 16 is shown in FIG. 2 between
pipe conduits 10 and 11. Connector pieces 16 are located between
the flanges 14 and 15 of the pipes 12 and 13 or elsewhere between
two successive flanges. The connector piece 16 in FIG. 2 shows two
perforations 17 and 18 through which may pass supply cables. If the
connector pieces 16 are fairly long, transverse openings may be
provided to reduce windloading transverse to the pipe conduit 10
and 11.
Pipe conduits 10 and 11 run along beside each other over much of
their length. They separate, however, at the filling and discharge
stations at both ends of the system to form turning loops.
Preferably the filling and discharge stations at each end of the
pipe conduits are enclosed.
The pipe conduits 10 and 11 of FIG. 1 are suspended from supports
of a roof-like shape located on either side of the conduits. The
upper ends of opposite supports 19 and 20 are separated from each
other and are connected by a cross strut 21. The upper ends of
steel ropes 22, 23 and 24 are fastened to strut 21 and lead to the
corresponding suspension points 25, 26 and 27 on the upper side of
the upper pipe conduit.
An advantageous pipe conduit suspension is shown in FIG. 4, which
may also be used for the vertically, one-above-the-other arrayed
pipe conduits 10 and 11 of FIGS. 1 and 2. In this case, five steel
cables 30, 32, 33, 34 and 35 issue from the connecting location at
the top of two opposite supports, and lie in a common plane. Cable
30 leads vertically downward, while in the direction transverse to
the pipe conduit 31. Cables 32 and 33, and cables 34 and 35,
respectively, lead to the left and right, next to the vertical
cable 30 and slant downwards to the particular suspension points on
the upper side of pipe conduit 31. All five suspension points 36,
37, 38, 39 and 40 preferably equally spaced apart from each other,
most preferably by six meters. In a transverse direction to the
pipe conduit 10 of FIG. 1 and 31 of FIG. 4, the two outer
suspension points 25 and 27 or 36 and 40, respectively, serve as
suspension points for adjacent supports. Preferably the successive
pairs of supports 41 and 42 along the pipe conduit 31 are therefore
separated from each other by 24 meters.
In FIG. 4, the individual oppositely located supports of each
support pair consist of two struts 43 and 44. Struts 43 and 44
extend upwards at an acute angle, and are hingeably connected at
the upper ends thereof. The lower ends 45 and 46 of struts 43 and
44 are spherical and are supported in corresponding dish-shaped
pans 47 and 48 on the upper side of concrete foundations 49 and 50.
The supports in FIG. 1 also consist of two struts 51 and 52
hingeably connected at the top, the lower ends 53 and 54 of which
are also spherical and rest on the upper side of foundations 55 and
56 in pans not shown. The lower end of each strut, or of at least
part of the strut, may be extended telescopically, as shown for
strut 43 in FIG. 4 by the reference number 57. In this manner any
sinking of a foundation 49 or 50 may be compensated for by changing
the length of the particular strut.
For the absorption of lateral wind loads, the suspended pipe
conduits are laterally braced. To that purpose, as shown in FIG. 1,
a steel cable 59 is fastened between a fastening point 58 on the
lower side of the lower pipe conduit 11 and the foundation 55 of a
strut 51 of a pipe conduit support. Fastening point 58 is
positioned precisely exactly between the foundations 55 and 60 of
the successive supports of struts 51 and 61 so that a cable 62 also
leads from foundation 60 to the fastening point 58. The fastening
point 58 is mounted on the flange 15 of the lower pipe conduit
11.
As shown in FIG. 3, where the pipe conduits are located one above
the other, steel cables 74, 75, 76 and 77 lead from the foundations
of each individual support strut 70, 71, 72 and 73 on both sides of
the pipe conduits, the cables slanting upwards and outwards, away
from the strut to a corresponding fastening point 78 and 79 on the
lower side of the lower pipe conduit. All successive fastening
points 78, 79 and 80, etc., for lateral bracing are preferably
equally spaced apart by 12 meters.
One may further recognize from FIG. 3 that the upper ends of the
two support struts 70 and 71, which lie opposite each other across
the pipe conduits, are interconnected by a cross strut 81 from
which the upper pipe conduit 10 is suspended by means of cables 82
and 83. In FIG. 2 the cross strut 81 of support struts 70 and 71,
the suspension cable 82 and foundations 84 and 85 of support struts
70 and 71 are illustrated. Further, the cables 74 and 75 lead to
the common fastening point 78 on the lower side of the lower pipe
conduit.
Pipe conduits running next to each other also may be suspended from
above and braced from below, as shown in FIG. 5. Neighboring pipe
conduits 90 and 91 are interconnected by successively spaced
connector pieces 92, which are provided with a perforation at their
center allowing passage of the supply line 93 for the pipe
railroad. Supply line 93 may also serve the drilling fields in the
area of the filling station in accordance with the invention. In
FIG. 5, the neighboring pipes are not, however, suspended from the
successive connector pieces 92. Rather, suspension cables 96 and 97
lead from the upper ends of two oppositely located supports 94 and
95 to the upper side of each pipe 90 and 91. The suspension cables
of the transportation system in FIG. 5 are so distributed as also
seen in the side view of FIG. 4. To avoid lateral oscillations of
the suspended pipes, bracing cables 98 and 99 are secured to the
lower sides of the pipe conduits and the opposite ends thereof
fastened to the foundations 100 and 101 of the support struts 94
and 95. The lower ends of the support struts 94 and 95 are
supported in the pans of the foundations 100 and 101 and are the
same as shown in FIG. 4 for struts 43 and 44.
A train is located inside the pipe conduit 31 in FIG. 4, consisting
of transportation containers 110, 111, 112, etc., and of
intermediate wheel sets 113, 114, 115, etc. A steel stream lined
tube 116 open at its top is used as a rail for the freight cars.
FIGS. 1, 5 and 8 illustrate the streamlined tube. This streamlined
tube 116 is mounted dish-like in the lower part of the outer
support tubes 10, 11, 90 and 91, and is separated from the inner
wall of the outer support tube. FIG. 8 better shows the arrangement
of the inner streamlined tube 116. The streamlined tube 116 is
connected to the outer support tube 10 at the two horizontal front
sides 117 and 118, but is electrically isolated therefrom. The
upper part of the periphery of the inner wall of the support tube
10 remains uncovered over an arc of about 120.degree. corresponding
to the open area of the inner streamlined tube. Due to the presence
of streamlined tube 116, the section modulus of the outer support
tube is appreciably increased. Electrically isolating stop blocks
119 and 120 are mounted on the inner walls of the outer support
tube 10 of FIG. 8 and protrude inwardly therefrom next to the two
horizontal front edges 117 and 118 of the inner streamlined tube
116. Stop blocks 119 and 120 thus prevent rotation of the
streamlined tube 116 with respect to the outer support tube.
The inner streamlined tube 116 runs parallel to the inner wall of
the outer support tube 10 and is provided with step-like, inward
protruding ledges 122 and 123 along the entire length of the
streamlined tube. Ledges 122 and 123 are provided with horizontal
and vertical contact surfaces and are located below the middle
longitudinal axis 121 of the support tube 10. Opposite ledges 122
and 123 hence serve as rails for wheels 124 and 125 of the wheel
sets 113, 114, 115 and the like.
The inner streamlined tube 116 is provided with further horizontal,
continuous, inward protruding upper contact surfaces, 126 and 127
at the upper front sides 117 and 118. Contact surfaces 126 and 127
prevent jumping or derailing of the wheels 124 and 125. The
separation between the upper horizontal contact surfaces 126 and
127 and the horizontal surfaces of the lower edges 122 and 123 is
somewhat larger than the diameter of a rail wheel 124 and 125. The
depth of the protruding ledges and contact surfaces corresponds to
the track width of the rail wheels 124 and 125.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show the construction of a container car which
consists of a cylindrical transportation container 110 without a
chassis. The front end of container 110 is coupled to two rail
wheels 124 and 125 mounted on axle 132 and the rear end to wheels
130 and 131 mounted on axle 133. All wheel sets located between the
individual transportation containers are preferably driven.
Every transportation container, for instance, the transportation
container 110 in FIGS. 6 and 7, is provided with cover plates 134
and 135 at both ends, the upper sides of which are provided with
support flanges 136 and 137, respectively. Flanges 136 and 137
protrude from the transportation front wall and are provided with
three contiguous boreholes 138, 139 and 140 and 141, 142 and 143,
respectively, in the vertical direction. A coupling bolt 144 is
fastened in the middle borehole 142 of the support flange 137 in
such a fashion as to be provided with a head 145 at the upper end
and with a protruding collar 146 at the middle, the separation
between bolt head and collar corresponding to the thickness of the
support flange 137. The lower end 147 of the coupling bolt 144
tapers conically downward. This end is pushed into a cylindrical
borehole 148 of a flange 149 on the wheel set housing 150 next to
the transportation container cover 135. The simple coupling
connection may be immediately disengaged. If, however, a rigid
connection between wheel set and transportation container is
desired, then coupling pins 152, 153 and 154 are placed in all
three adjacent support flange boreholes and wheel set housing
boreholes, as shown at the left end of the transportation container
110 in FIGS. 6 and 7. Each wheel set 155 is provided at both sides
with a housing flange 156 and 157, to which may be coupled a
corresponding support flange from an adjacent transportation
container.
A transportation container 158 is rigidly coupled by three coupling
bolts 159, 160 and 161 to the front housing flange 156 of the wheel
set 155, which is coupled to the front end, left end in FIGS. 6 and
7, of the first cylindrical container 110 of a train made up of
many container cars. The back part of the container 158 has a
diameter corresponding to that of the remaining transportation
containers while the front part tapers forward to a point 162 to
provide an aerodynamic convex cross section. Container 158 may
carry petroleum or a control unit.
Filling and emptying the transportation container 110 as well as
the remaining transportation containers with liquids such as
petroleum, and also with powders and sands takes place through two
short feed pipes 163 and 164 mounted on the upper side of the
container 110. If bulk goods are to be transported in the
transportation containers, the container covers 134 and 135 are
removable for filling and emptying and are provided with a snap
closure 165.
It may be seen from FIGS. 6 and 8, that the middle longitudinal
axis 170 of all transportation containers are located below the
horizontal plane 171 suspended by the rotation axis of all wheels
124, 125, etc. In this manner the transportation containers
suspended between two wheel set housings are very stable. The space
between the outer support tube 10 and the inner streamlined tube
116 of FIG. 8, is filled with a heat, sound and oscillating
insulation material 172, which is preferably a synthetic foam. Such
material must also be an electrical insulator.
FIG. 9 shows the assembly of a drive wheel set, for instance the
wheel set 155 in FIGS. 6 and 7. The wheel set consists of an AC
motor 180 coupled to a hydrodynamic torque converter 181, which is
coupled in turn to a sun-and-planet gear 182. Outer wheel 183 of
sun-and-planet gear 182 is geared to the running wheel 124 of the
wheel set 155. So as to achieve an extremely compact construction,
rotor 184 of the AC motor and the torque converter 181 are mounted
on a hollow shaft 185, while the rail wheel 124 connected with the
outer wheel 183 of the sun-and-planet gear 182 is fastened to the
end of an output shaft 132 passing through the hollow shaft 185,
namely the wheel axle as shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8. A second rail
wheel 125 is fastened at the opposite end of axle 132 of the wheel
set 155. At the bottom of the wheel set 155 is an oil pan provided
with cooling fins 186.
The three phase alternating current is conducted by the streamlined
rail tube 116 and two current rails 190 and 191, which are
suspended via the interposition of electrical isolators 192 and 193
from the upper region of the inner walls of the supporting tube
(See FIG. 8). Suspended rails 194 and 195 also conduct current at
the upper inner walls of the support tubes as shown in FIG. 5. A
dual rod-like current tap 196 is provided on the upper side of the
housing of each drive wheel set, for instance on the upper side of
the wheel set 155 (See FIGS. 6 and 9). Current tap 196 is pressed
against the two upper current rails 190 and 191 to receive
current.
The power of a drive unit while accelerating the freight train from
rest is regulated by the hydrodynamic torque converter 181 in the
lower speed range as well as for climbs, whereas other changes in
speed are effected through a change of the frequency of the
alternating current. The speed of rotation of the AC motor 180 thus
varies with current frequency. In the pipe conduit system according
to the invention, very long trains may succeed each other at close
intervals. Control of the time sequence of the trains is effected
by combined transmission antennas on the drive wheel sets 155 and
on the support tube 10 or on the streamlined tube 116 used as a
travel rail (not shown in the drawings). To achieve remote control
of the trains, the drive wheel sets of the trains following each
other receive pulses from transmitters inside the support or travel
tubes, the pulses being picked up by the antennas of the wheel
sets. Conversely, the drive wheel sets 155 also are provided with
transmitters, which in turn emit pulses to be picked up by antennas
at or inside the travel or support tube. The pulses transmitted
from the wheel sets are replayed via an electrical control circuit
or via radio to a central control station.
This pulse control system makes it possible to allow very brief
intervals between trains following each other in the system. For
instance, trains made up of 26 container cars may succeed each
other at time intervals of only 44 seconds.
Electronic control units containing pulse counters are located at
regular spacings in the pipe conduits (not shown in figures). All
electronic control units are connected to a central control station
monitoring the overall situation. As a rule, this central control
station is located at the filling station or preferably at the
discharge station in view of the advantageous climatic conditions
at the discharge station. The control system of the electronic
central control station is so laid out that the transmitter of each
drive wheel set 155 from each train sends a pulse to the central
control station when passing the control units. These pulses are
processed in the time-computation unit of the central control
station and the corresponding control pulses are continuously fed
in sequence to the control units along the itinerary in the
direction of travel. If for some reason, for example, a train
stops, which is virtually impossible in view of the many drives,
then all successive trains will be automatically stopped by the
control units. Parallel with this electronic control, there is also
an electronic monitoring of train spacings along their sequence. If
a train travels faster or slower than planned along a certain
segment of the conduits, this will be recorded by the
time-computation unit and processed, and the corresponding control
pulses will be fed to the train on that segment. The speed of that
train will be increased or decreased so long until the time values
have been reduced.
Since the support tube 10 according to the invention is wholly
sealed and the cylindrical transportation containers 110 nearly
fill the entire free cross section of the support tube, the air
entrapped between the individual trains will become denser during
mountain travel as train separation becomes less. Further, trains
still traveling in the lower regions and approaching an ascent
segment will pneumatically drive the ascending trains.
An optimum exists, in the transportation system of the invention
for economical operation, between train length, train time sequence
and speed. The optimal speed of the pipe railroad is about 50
km/hour and thus is comparatively small. At this speed range, the
railroad will experience little wear. Since, as an example, each
train is provided with a plurality of drive wheel sets, failure of
one or two electric motors or drives will not at all affect the
operational safety of the pipe railroad. Due to the simplicity of
coupling, damaged wheel sets may be rapidly removed from their
transportation containers and replaced.
According to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, two oppositely located rails 200,
201, 202 and 203 are mounted on the outer wall of the upper pipe
conduit 10 and on the outer wall of the lower pipe conduit 11. The
two rails on the same side of the pipe conduits 10 and 11 are
aligned one above the other, namely 200, 202 and 201, 203,
respectively. Rails 200 and 201 fastened to the upper pipe conduit
10 are angular shaped and rails 202 and 203 fastened to the lower
pipe conduit 11 are T shaped. Freight cars travel on these rails
outside the pipe conduits 10 and 11, so that the pipe conduits may
be used both inside and outside for shipment. The freight cars of
the outside railroad consist of a chassis 204 with upper rolls 205
running on the rail 201 or 200 of the upper pipe conduit 10, and of
two rolls 206 and 207 running on both sides, that is above and
below the T rail 203 or 202 of the lower pipe conduit 11. A
transportation container 208 in the form of the nacelle is fastened
to the bottom of the supporting structure 204 below the lowest roll
207. The nacelle may be used to transport personnal or goods. Roll
206 is driven by a diesel engine 209. For the sake of simplicity,
FIG. 1 does not show the nacelles suspended suspended from rails
201 and 203.
In the transportation system with conduits disposed side by side
according to FIGS. 4 and 5, a rail 210 and 211 of trough like cross
section is fastened to the lower side of each pipe conduit 90 and
91. At least one driven roll 212 and 213 may drive therethrough. As
an example, an open transportation container 214 is suspended from
roll 212, transportation container 214 carrying a support pipe 215.
A sealed nacelle 216 is suspended from roll 213. The cylindrical
transportation container 110 of FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 is slao shown in
the support tube 91 of FIG. 5.
An example of construction of the transportation system according
to the invention with pipe conduit disposed one above the other is
shown in FIG. 3. Rails 200 and 201 of the upper pipe conduit 10 and
rails 202 and 203 of the lower pipe conduit 11 are shown
interconnected by a turning loop for the forward and return trips
of the outer railroad. The two turning loops for the upper and
lower travel rails are exactly one above the other. FIG. 3 shows
only the upper turning loop 220, which leads around the front open
end 221 of that particular front pipe section of the pipe conduit
10 to be built in a more or less circular arc. The turning loop 220
is propped up at the point farthest from the open pipe end 221 by a
support 222.
It may be further seen from FIG. 3 that segments 225 and 226 of the
rail 201 of the outer transportation railroad may be switched
outward toward a rail 227, at given intervals. Rail 227 is fastened
at the same height of rail 201, outside of the pipe railroad
support struts 71 and 71a. If a nacelle approaches from the right
on rail 201 and it is desired to drive to the support shown on the
left in FIG. 3, then a switch 225 can be opened from within the
nacelle permitting the nacelle to pass onto rail 227. A platform
228 for the formation of an outer transportation railroad station
is provided along the support for rail 227. Starting from this
station, one may reach the support for purposes of inspection and
repairs. Further, the switch 225 may be closed from the station so
that succeeding nacelles may pass normally thereby.
FIG. 2 shows a situation, in which the nacelle 208 drives past the
support and along the pipe conduits 10 and 11, while another
nacelle 230 from the same railroad is parked at the platform 228.
The rails 227 and 231 of the outer railroad are supported by the
pipe railroad support structure and by struts 232 and 233.
FIG. 4 shows in side view how a nacelle 240 runs along a rail 241
mounted at the bottom of the pipe conduit 31. FIG. 1 shows further
that, for detection of pipe support displacements and support
sinkings, a laser gun 250 acting as transmitter is mounted at the
bottom of the support strut 51, with a corresponding receiver 251
mounted on the neighboring support strut 61. Measurements made
thereby relayed to a central station.
Safe operation of the transportation system according to the
invention requires monitoring a series of values, of which the most
important are listed below:
Tension, frequency, power absorption, apparent power, isolation
resistance, speed of travel, train separation, oil leak losses,
pipe temperature, pipe conduit slack, vertical and lateral shift as
well as meteorological and ambient values. Such values may be
monitored most economically and reliably from the outer railroad
system. Other decisive, additional advantages of the outer railroad
system have already been explained.
In the transportation system of FIG. 2, the upper ends of the pipe
railroad supports, interconnected by the cross struts 81
successively and equally spaced, serve as suspensions for supply
lines 260, such as current cables. Cables 260 may be used either
for the supply of the transportation system itself, for the current
supply at the drilling fields at one end of the line, or for the
current supply of other industry and settlements along the way.
Since petroleum transportation from arctic regions is not feasible
with pipelines and is unreliable with pipeline heating; since the
transportation of petroleum with tanker-icebreakers or submarine
tankers has not been solved technologically; and since air
transportation is uneconomical and strongly influenced by the
extreme climatic conditions, the transportation system according to
the invention represents a solution which far exceeds in
reliability, safety and economical feasibility, the above mentioned
transportation methods insofar as they are feasible at all.
Having described the present invention in detail, it is obvious
that one skilled in the art will be able to make variations and
modifications thereto without departing from the scope of the
invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should
be determined only by the claims appended hereto.
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