U.S. patent number 3,775,012 [Application Number 05/267,051] was granted by the patent office on 1973-11-27 for means for determining distance.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget. Invention is credited to Sven Karlsson, Bernt Ling.
United States Patent |
3,775,012 |
Ling , et al. |
November 27, 1973 |
MEANS FOR DETERMINING DISTANCE
Abstract
In order to determine the distance between the rollers in a
rolling mill, there is provided an optical transducer which
includes a retro-reflector in a bore within each of the rollers. A
laser beam is caused to impinge on one of the retro-reflectors and
mirrors and prisms are provided for transmitting this beam to the
other retro-reflector, from which it impinges on a detector which
detects displacement of the beam and thus determines the distance
between the rollers.
Inventors: |
Ling; Bernt (Vasteras,
SW), Karlsson; Sven (Vasteras, SW) |
Assignee: |
Allmanna Svenska Elektriska
Aktiebolaget (Vasteras, SW)
|
Family
ID: |
27484508 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/267,051 |
Filed: |
June 28, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jul 7, 1971 [SW] |
|
|
8777/71 |
Sep 8, 1971 [SW] |
|
|
11354/71 |
Sep 8, 1971 [SW] |
|
|
11352/71 |
Dec 8, 1971 [SW] |
|
|
15706/71 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/625; 356/400;
250/559.29; 356/4.01; 356/152.3; 72/31.08 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01B
11/14 (20130101); B21B 38/10 (20130101); G01B
11/0691 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01B
11/14 (20060101); B21B 38/10 (20060101); B21B
38/00 (20060101); G01B 11/06 (20060101); G01b
011/27 (); B21b 037/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/170,3,9,15,147,153,172,141,152,156 ;250/219TH ;33/125A
;72/31,35,36,37 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schonberg; David
Assistant Examiner: Morrison; Steven
Claims
We claim:
1. Means for determining the distance between two measuring points,
which comprises an optical transducer, said transducer comprising
an optical measuring arm arranged at each measuring point, a light
reflector arranged at each measuring point, a light emitter for the
optical measuring arms, arranged to send out light rays directed
towards the light reflectors in the measuring points, and a
detector arranged to receive light rays reflected from the light
reflectors and including means responsive to the displacement to
which these reflected light rays have been subjected by an
alteration in the distance between the measuring points, the light
reflectors comprising retro-reflectors having means to reflect
light rays from these parallel to light rays falling upon them.
2. Means according to claim 1, in which the light emitter consists
essentially of a gas laser.
3. Means according to claim 1, including a pulsing device arranged
in the path of the ray emitted from the light emitter, said pulsing
device including means to separate the light ray into light
pulses.
4. Means according to claim 1, in which said optical transducer
comprises separating devices arranged in the paths of the light
rays falling on and reflected by each retro-reflector, said
separating devices separating the light ray falling on each
reflector into two parallel and equal partial light rays which in
opposite directions cover the same path in said reflector and said
separating devices further include means to combine the partial
light rays reflected from the reflector to form a single reflected
light ray which is not affected by angular faults in the
reflector.
5. Means for determining the distance between two measuring points,
which comprises an optical transducer, said transducer comprising
an optical measuring arm arranged at each measuring point, a light
reflector arranged at each measuring point, a light emitter for the
optical measuring arms, arranged to send out light rays directed
towards the light reflectors in the measuring points, and a
detector arranged to receive light rays reflected from the light
reflectors and including means responsive to the displacement to
which these reflected light rays have been subjected by an
alteration in the distance between the measuring points, the
optical measuring arms being parallel.
6. Means for determining the distance between two measuring points,
which comprises an optical transducer, said transducer comprising
an optical measuring arm arranged at each measuring point, a light
reflector arranged at each measuring point, a light emitter for the
optical measuring arms, arranged to send out light rays directed
towards the light reflectors in the measuring points, and a
detector arranged to receive light rays reflected from the light
reflectors and including means responsive to the displacement to
which these reflected light rays have been subjected by an
alteration in the distance between the measuring points, the
optical transducer comprising devices arranged to separate light
rays emitted from the light emitter into partial light rays, one
for each optical measuring arm.
7. Means for determining the distance between two measuring points,
which comprises an optical transducer, said transducer comprising
an optical measuring arm arranged at each measuring point, a light
reflector arranged at each measuring point, a light emitter for the
optical measuring arms, arranged to send out light rays directed
towards the light reflectors in the measuring points, and a
detector arranged to receive light rays reflected from the light
reflectors and including means responsive to the displacement to
which these reflected light rays have been subjected by an
alteration in the distance between the measuring points, the
detector comprising a detecting unit for each measuring arm and
comparison devices connected to these units, the output signals of
the comparison devices constituting a gauge of the alteration in
distance between two measuring points.
8. Means for determining the distance between two measuring points,
which comprises an optical transducer, said transducer comprising
an optical measuring arm arranged at each measuring point, a light
reflector arranged at each measuring point, a light emitter for the
optical measuring arms, arranged to send out light rays directed
towards the light reflectors in the measuring points, and a
detector arranged to receive light rays reflected from the light
reflectors and including means responsive to the displacement to
which these reflected light rays have been subjected by an
alteration in the distance between the measuring points, the
optical transducer comprising means operable, when the light ray
directed from the light emitter falls upon a first measuring arm
and the reflected light ray from the first measuring arm falls on a
second measuring arm, the reflected light ray from the second
measuring arm being supplied to the detector, to reflect the light
ray sent out an odd number of times before it is supplied to the
detector.
9. In combination with a pair of rollers, means for determining
roller distances, which comprises an optical transducer, said
transducer comprising an optical measuring arm arranged at each
measuring point, a light reflector arranged at each measuring
point, a light emitter for the optical measuring arms, arranged to
send out light rays directed towards the light reflectors in the
measuring points, and a detector arranged to receive light rays
reflected from the light reflectors and including means responsive
to the displacement to which these reflected light rays have been
subjected by an alteration in the distance between the measuring
points, in which each roller in the pair includes an optical
measuring arm, said measuring arm being arranged in an axial hole
arranged in the roller, each light reflector being arranged in one
of said rollers centrally therein with respect to the roller
surface.
10. In a device according to claim 1, in which said light
reflectors each comprises a retro-reflector arranged centrally with
respect to the roller surface, in an axial hole in each roller,
light rays falling on the retro-reflector through said axial hole
being reflected back through said hole parallel to the approaching
light rays.
11. In a device according to claim 9, including a ray separator for
separating the light rays from the light emitter into two partial
light rays, each of which constitutes the light ray associated with
one of the rollers.
12. In a device according to claim 9, the detector including means
to detect the vertical displacement the light rays reflected from
the light reflectors have been subjected to due to alterations in
the distance between the rollers.
13. In a device according to claim 12, in which the light
reflectors comprise a first retro-reflector arranged in a first
roller of a pair and a second retro-reflector in the second roller
of a pair, a first reflector for reflecting the light ray from
first rectro-reflector arranged outside said first roller, a second
reflector in the path of the light ray reflected from said first
reflector arranged outside a second roller in said pair, the light
ray reflected from said second reflector impinging on said second
retro-reflector, and a detector in the path of the light ray
reflected from said second retro-reflector arranged outside said
second roller.
14. In a device according to claim 13, an optical member arranged
in the path of the light ray between said light emitter and the
detector for producing a further reflection of the light ray
emitted so that the total number of reflections of the light ray is
odd.
15. In a device according to claim 9, the optical transducer
comprising centering means arranged in the hollow of each of the
rollers in the paths of the light rays falling on or reflected by a
retro-reflector, means attaching said centering means to the
respective rollers in such a way that the approaching and reflected
light rays will follow the eccentric rotary movement of the
retro-reflector so that a light ray reflected from the
retro-reflector which has passed the centering means is not
affected by errors in centering of the retro-reflector with respect
to the axis of rotation of the roller.
16. In a device according to claim 15, each of the centering device
comprising an optically transparent plate placed obliquely with
respect to the axis of rotation of a roller.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a means for determining the
distance between two measuring points.
2. The Prior Art
In many fields it is necessary to be able to determine and regulate
distance continuously and very accurately. For the sake of clarity
the invention will be described with respect to one of these
fields, i.e., that of the rolling mill industry.
In rolling mills steel strip and sheet metal is rolled with very
high requirements for thickness tolerances. The thickness of the
rolled strip is dependent on a number of factors and is generally
regulated automatically during a rolling process. The thickness
tolerance of the strip is limited to a great extent by the accuracy
of the thickness transducers and their rapidity as well as the
speed of the roller setting devices.
The rolling pressure required in a certain case depends on the
diameter of the working rollers, the initial thickness of the
strip, the thickness reduction, the width of the strip, the tensile
stress in the strip before and after the rollers, the friction
between the working rollers and the strip and the yield point and
rolling speed of the material.
These factors vary more or less during a rolling process, thus
causing errors in thickness in the rolled strip. Furthermore,
deficiencies of the rolling mill will contribute additional
errors.
There are several possible measuring points in a rolling mill where
the measuring value can be obtained in relation to the rolled
thickness of the strip or variation in thickness. Since the rolling
gap is the control factor in a system for regulating the thickness
of a strip, a transducer which gives a gauge of the size of the
rolling gap is the most desirable. In the following some examples
will be given of sources of error which in various combinations may
affect measurements of the roller gap, namely thermal alterations
in dimension of the roller stand, friction between the bearing
housing of the support roller and the roller stand, eccentricity
between support roller bearing and rolling surface, irregularity of
the support rollers, a varying thickness of oil film in the support
roller bearing, deformation of the working rollers, a varying
thickness of the film of lubricant between strip and working
rollers, etc.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is for effect a means to
determining the deviation from a predetermined distance, which
means can be used with advantage in rolling mills, thus avoiding
the majority of the sources of error mentioned above.
In a device according to the invention, there are mounted in bores
in the ends of a pair of rollers retro-reflectors each forming a
part of a measuring arm of an optical transducer. A light emitter
is provided which sends out rays directed towards the
retro-reflectors at the measuring points and a detector is arranged
to detect displacement of the beam reflected from the light
reflectors and to detect displacement in the light rays caused by
an alteration in the distance between the rollers.
Since the measuring point for the device according to the invention
has been located at the central point of the rollers through axial
holes in the rollers deformation of the rollers cannot affect the
measurement since it has been found by experiment that the roller
deformation is negligible near the centre of the rollers. An
optical transducer based on the principle of measuring the radial
displacement of a light ray in a so-called retro-reflector is used.
The method requires modification of the work rollers and accurate
adjustment of the position of the retro-reflectors but, in
comparison with transducers placed outside the roller path, has the
advantages that the measuring signal obtained needs no correction
for roller deformation, different widths of strip, etc. Thermic
alterations in dimension of the work rollers remain, however, and
the transducer should therefore preferably be supplemented by an
absolute-measuring thickness transducer.
Considerable demands are made on the light emitter forming part of
the device if sufficiently accurate measuring accuracy is to be
obtained. Particularly when the light emitter consists of a laser,
this has some effect on the stability of direction, the parameters
primarily consisting of parallelity and angle errors.
The separation of the light ray emitted from the light source into
two components, one for each roller, means that measuring errors
(i.e. false alterations in roller position) caused by instability
of direction of the light emitter are considerably reduced.
The optical emitter is extremely sensitive to angular faults in
both the optical parallel-reflecting retro-reflectors which are
applied in axial holes in the rollers. A retro-reflector consists
of three surfaces which are mutually perpendicular. These surfaces
are seldom in practice exactly perpendicular, there being
deviations which give rise to errors in parallelity between
approaching and reflected light rays.
Parallelity errors in retro-reflectors of good quality are up to a
maximum of .+-. 2 arc seconds. This corresponds to a maximum fault
in position of approximately .+-. 5 microns per metre distance from
the retro-reflector when the retro-reflector is rotated one turn
around an axis through its point, as occurs in the present
arrangement. Totally, for the whole system according to the
arrangement, a maximum error is obtained in the order of .+-. 30 -
40 microns, which is a factor of 10 less than what may be
tolerated.
Since the distance measurement is performed using two light rays
which are oppositely directed and superimposed, this angular fault
can be disregarded.
The optical transducer is extremely sensitive to centering faults
in the two parallel-reflecting optical retro-reflectors.
These retro-reflectors must be accurately centred (.+-. 1 micron)
in relation to the axis of rotation of the rollers. The centering
process is made more difficult as the holes in the rollers are 1.5
- 2 m in depth.
The centering of the retro-reflectors can be considerably
simplified by providing an optically transparent obliquely
positioned glass plate which rotates with the roller so that said
fault does not affect measurement of the roller distance.
The optical transducer comprises retro-reflectors, as described
above, consisting of three reflection surfaces at right angles to
each other. The retro-reflectors rotate with the speed of the
rollers in relation to the approaching light rays, which means that
edge lines between different reflection surfaces cut the light rays
six times per turn in each retro-reflector.
When a light ray meets an edge line, there is a disturbance in the
intensity distribution of the light ray in the form of a dark line
and a diffraction pattern with alternate light and dark lines. The
dark lines dominate at the bevelled edges of the retro-reflector
and the diffraction pattern at the clear-cut edges. On the surface
of the position detector the disturbances are seen as lines moving
over the surface of the detector when the retro-reflector is
rotated. The position detector measures the position of the centre
of gravity of the intensity distribution, so that the
above-mentioned disturbances in the distribution symmetry are
registered as false position alterations. Practical tests have
shown that the disturbances correspond to position faults of the
order of 0.1 mm, which is a factor 100 above that which can be
tolerated.
The edge-line disturbances are eliminated by stopping the relative
rotation between light rays and retro-reflector. This is achieved
either by the light rays rotating synchronously with the
retro-reflector or by means of journalled suspension of the
retro-reflector inside the roller.
As well as the edge line disturbances being eliminated, the
influence of angular faults on the retro-reflectors is also
eliminated since the reflection surfaces are permanently met by the
light rays in the same sequence. This ensures a constant
parallelity error between approaching and reflected light rays.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be further described with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the principle of a retro-reflector,
FIG. 3 shows an optical transducer included in a device according
to the invention using a Dove prism,
FIG. 4 shows the device according to FIG. 3 without the Dove
prism,
FIGS. 5a and 5b show the principle of a photo-detector included in
the device, 5b being in view of 5a from the direction of I--I,
FIG. 6 shows an example of the device in use on a hydrualic system
for regulating the thickness in a cold rolling mill to which an
optical transducer according to the above is fitted,
FIG. 7 shows an example of how the optical transducer can be
suitably applied to a roller pair,
FIGS. 8, 9, 9a and 10 show an alternative design of the optical
transducer by which measuring errors due to the stability of
direction of the light emitter are reduced,
FIGS. 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b and 14 show an alternative
embodiment of the optical transducer where the measuring error
caused by angular faults in the retro-reflectors has been
eliminated, FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 show a centering device for the
optical transducer and FIGS. 18, 19, 20a and 20b show a device for
the optical transducer by means of which edge line distrubance and
angular faults in the retro-reflectors are avoided.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
First of all the principle of the transducer will be described in
connection with FIGS. 1 - 5b. The transducer is based on an optical
method measuring the displacement of reflected light rays in
relation to approaching light rays which takes place in an optical
so-called retro-reflector. According to FIG. 1 a retro-reflector 11
has three reflecting surfaces 12, 13 and 14 in the same
configuration as the sides adjacent a corner of a cube. The
approaching ray 15 is always parallel to the reflected ray 16 (see
FIG. 2) and leaves the retro-reflector 11 at a point 18 diagonally
opposite to the contact point 17 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The
retro-reflector 11 can be rotated about arbitrarily directed axes
of rotation through its apex 19 without the distance between
approaching and reflected rays 15 and 16, respectively, being
altered. If the point 19 of the retro-reflector 11 is displaced the
distance .epsilon. according to FIG. 2, a vertical displacement
2.epsilon. of the reflected ray 16 will occur.
A retro-reflector 11 is placed in a centred position, i.e. the axis
of rotation of the roller through the point 19 of the
retro-reflector 11, inside each work roller, after which a light
emitter 20 is arranged to emit a light ray 21 which is directed,
deflected and detected as shown in FIG. 3 where the light ray 23
from a first retro-reflector 22 is arranged to fall on reflector 24
which lets the ray fall on a so-called Dove-prism 25 in order to
achieve yet another reflection of the ray before it falls upon a
reflector 26 and is then directed towards a second retro-reflector
27, the reflected ray 28 being supplied to a detector unit 29. A
vertical displacement of the two retro-reflectors 22 and 27 of 1/2
.epsilon. gives a vertical displacement 2 .epsilon. of the ray 28
falling on the detector unit 29. The reflectors 24 and 26 may with
advantage consist of constantly deflecting penta-prisms.
If the Dove prism 25 shown in FIG. 3 is removed a light path is
obtained in accordance with FIG. 4, i.e. although both
retro-reflectors 22 and 27 have also been vertically displaced a
distance of 1/2 .epsilon. each, no vertical displacement of the ray
28 is obtained, so that the device is insensitive to alterations of
the relative distance between the retro-reflectors 22 and 27. In
the same way it can be shown that the device according to FIG. 3
with the Dove-prism 25 is insensitive to parallel displacements and
twisting of the retro-reflectors 22 and 27 with respect to the
emitter 20.
The displacement of the position of the emitted ray 28 will be
linear and equal to double the alteration in roller distance. The
position of the light ray 28 is sensed by a double photo-detector
29 in which the light ray is divided into two parts 30 and 31
according to FIGS. 5a and 5b where FIG. 5b shows a view in the
direction I-I from FIG. 5a. The two halves 30 and 31 of the
detector 29 are connected to a differential amplifier 32 (see FIG.
6), the output signal of which becomes non-linear when the
intensity of the light ray is normally distributed.
A continuous gas laser should preferably be used as light emitter
20 because of the requirement for parallel light rays.
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the invention used in a hydraulic
system for regulating thickness in cold rolling mills.
The AC signal 34 from the transducer 33 can be used without
correction for roller deflection or the like, to regulate the work
roller distance. The time constant of the system is essentially
determined by the time constant of the hydraulic system. The
optical detector 33 has a useful measuring range which is limited
and it is therefore necessary for the position of the detector 29
to be adjustable. The diameter variation of the rollers 35 and 36
due to regrinding should also be taken into consideration. A simple
positioning system 37 with a step motor 38 in combination with an
X-ray transducer 39 beyond the rolling mill has been introduced for
absolute positioning of the photodetector 29. The X-ray transducer
39 integrates the absolute thickness of the strip and corrects the
absolute position of the photo detector 29 via the positioning
system 37 for gradual variations in thickness. Such faults arise
mainly because of thermal variations in diameter of the work
rollers.
Before a new roll pass, the photo detector 29 is roughly positioned
by a desired value signal 40 corresponding to the desired strip
thickness being supplied to the positioning system 37. This rough
positioning may be performed, for example, simultaneously with and
in the same way as the rough positioning of the rollers 35 and 36,
i.e. by zero-adjustment of the positioning system 37 (zero
adjustment signal 41) with the roller gap being equal to zero and a
specific roller-pressure setting so that an increase in the roller
gap 42 takes place to the desired distance by a certain number of
steps from the zero position. The output signal 34 from the
transducer 33 is supplied directly to a hydrualic cylinder 44 via a
phase-sensitive rectifier 45, a regulator and amplifier 46 and a
servo-valve 47. A rotating disc 48 provided with a gap is placed in
the path of the ray emitted from the light source 20 and arranged
to pulse the light emitted so that the output signal 34 acquires AC
character (which gives high signal-noise ratio).
The light source 20, preferably consisting of a laser-emitter as
mentioned previously, and the detector 29 are suitably assembled on
a plate 49 suspended in the upper shaft pin 50 as shown in FIG. 7.
The transducer 33 will thus follow the movement of the upper shaft
pin 50, which is permissible since the arrangement is insensitive
to slight parallel displacements and twist with respect to the
retro-reflectors 22 and 27. The suspension of the transducer 33 on
the shaft pins 50 and 51 also facilitates the directioning of the
light ray and sealing about the holes 52 and 53 in the shaft pins
50 and 51. The connection to the lower shaft pin is preferably made
vertically displaceable in relation to the plate 49 so as to fit
varying shaft distances. The connections 54 and 55 are suitably
screwed to the shaft pins 50 and 51, respectively, thus enabling
quick fitting and dismantling of the transducer 33 during roller
exchange.
Due to the positioning of the retro-reflectors 22 and 26 inside the
roller track, said optical transducer 33 has the advantage that it
is not disturbed by roller deflection control. On the contrary, it
can be used as an aid in such control since it measures the
thickness variations in a plane through the retro-reflectors and
the strip with very little influence due to roller deformation.
An alternative embodiment of the device according to the invention
is illustrated in FIG. 8 where a light source 20, preferably a gas
laser, emits a light ray 201 which is divided by a light dividing
device 202 into two part light rays 203 and 204, one for each
roller. With the help of the reflectors 613, the light rays 203 and
204 are arranged to be reflected in retro-reflectors 601 and 602,
respectively and then supplied to detectors 291 and 292,
respectively.
The retro-reflectors 601 and 602 are suspended in the rollers
mounted on on an inner ring of the bearing 631 and kept in a
stationary position with respect to the roller by means of a rod
632 fixed to and projecting from the centre of the retro-reflectors
to some stationary point outside each roller. The retro-reflectors
are thus set so that the partial light rays 203 and 204 do not cut
any edge line inside the retro-reflectors in order to avoid
undesired diffraction lines during detection. This special
arrangement is further described in the following.
A flat, optically transparent glass plate 64 rotating with the
roller is arranged in each roller hole in order to remove centering
faults of the retro-reflectors. This centering plate is also
described later on.
FIG. 9 shows how errors in parallelity (parallel displacement),
.eta., and errors in angle (direction alteration), .epsilon., in
the light ray emitted affects the measurement. This special
arrangement is described in the following.
As shown in FIG. 9, both the parallelity error .eta. and the
angular error .epsilon. give signals to the detectors 291 and 292,
where 2.epsilon. is the alteration in position of the partial light
rays 203 and 204, respectively, ref cted from the retro-reflectors
601 and 602 due to the alteration in the roller distance.
The errors .eta. and .epsilon. are in phase after leaving the
detectors and can be reduced by a difference formation with the
help of a differential amplifier as shown in FIG. 9a where output
signals from the detectors 291 and 292 are supplied to a
differential amplifier 293.
An alteration .epsilon. in roller distance, on the other hand,
gives output signals from the detectors 291 and 292 which are in
counter, phase and are added in the differential amplifier, the
output signal of which thus provides a gauge of any alteration in
roller distance.
Certain conditions must prevail in order for a reduction in said
error sources to be able to take place, i.e. the difference between
the number of light ray reflections for each partial light ray must
be even, the distance a between the part light rays 203 and 204
falling on the retro-reflectors must be slight in relation to the
distance between between the dividing point of said rays in the
ray-dividing device and their point of contact in the
retro-reflector.
If this latter stipulation is not fulfilled, the ray division can
be performed symmetrically as shown in FIG. 10 where the distance c
is equal to the distance d and where the distances e and f between
the reflectors 205 and 206 and the retro-reflectors 601 and 602 are
equal.
Irrespective of how the ray division is arranged, the position
sensitivity in the two "measuring arms" must be equal.
Detecting with two separate position detectors gives the advantage
that the position sensitivity in each "measuring arm" can be
adjusted electrically so that the latter conditions are
fulfilled.
By adjusting amplifications in the "measuring arms" any differences
in intensity in the partial light rays are compensated so that the
"measuring arms" are completely symmetrical.
Another advantage with the device is that faults due to patchy
variations in intensity in a laser beam can be reduced since this
type of error develops disturbance signals which are in phase and
which are substracted in the differential amplifier.
As mentioned previously, the distance measurement is performed
using two light rays which are oppositely directed and superimposed
in order to avoid angular faults in the retro-reflectors.
FIGS. 11a and 11b show the two approaching rays separated. One ray
151 (152) falls on a reflector 111 (112) and a reflected ray 161
(162) is produced parallel to the approaching ray 151 (152).
FIGS. 12 and 12b show the displacement of the rays due to
alterations .epsilon. in position of the retro-reflector 111 (112).
The reflected ray 161 (162) is thus displaced the distance
2.epsilon. in accordance with the principle of a
retro-reflector.
FIGS. 13a and 13b show the displacement of the rays due to angular
faults of the retro-reflector 111 (112). A parallelity fault
.delta. arises in the reflected ray 161 (162) in this case.
FIG. 14 shows how the previously separated rays are superimposed
with the help of the separating devices 241 and 261 arranged so
that a ray 210 falling on a separating device 241 is separated into
two parallel and equal partial rays 211 and 212 which cover the
same distance 220 but in opposite directions in the retro-reflector
22. The approaching partial ray 211 is thus directed oppositely and
superimposed on the reflected part ray 214 caused by the partial
ray 212 and similarly the approaching ray 212 is directed
oppositely and superimposed on the part ray 213 which is a
reflection of the partial ray 211. The function of the prism 25 has
already by explained.
The reflected part rays 213 and 214 are later combined into a
single ray 215 by the separating device 241. FIG. 14 also shows how
the separating devices 241 and 261 are applied in the device
according to the invention, so that the ray conditions at the
retro-reflector 27 are analogous with the conditions at the
retro-reflector 22 and where the separating devices 241 and 261 are
also intended for the reflections produced by the previously used
reflectors (24 and 26).
As can be seen in FIGS. 13a and 13b, the displacements .delta. of
the two rays are equally great and directed opposite to each other,
which results in any error signals counteracting each other at the
photo detector 29 which was described earilier in connection with
FIGS. 5a and 5b. The displacements, 2.epsilon., shown in FIGS. 12a
and 12b are on the other hand alike and cooperate with each
other.
This means that the light ray 210 emitted from the light source 20
is divided into two oppositely directed ray components 211 and 212
with the same intensity. The two components 211 and 212 travel the
same path 220 through the retro-reflectors 22 and 27 and obtain the
same amount of position error at the photo detector 29. The
position errors will be oppositely directed, however, which results
in the centre of gravity of the total intensity distribution
remaining unchanged. The output signal from the photo detector 29
will therefore also remain unchanged. The useful measuring signal
(generated by alterations in the distance between the
retro-reflectors) remains unaltered since both the components
obtain the same displacement.
An example of a centering device for the retro-reflectors is shown
in FIGS. 15 and 16.
FIG. 15 shows how a retro-reflector 60 receives a light ray 61 and
reflects this ray (62). The retro-reflector 60 is here provided
with a centering error .epsilon. in relation to the axis of
rotation 63 of a roller. A periodic position error 2 .epsilon. thus
occurs in the reflected light ray 62. FIG. 16 shows how centering
of the retro-reflector 60 can be carried out with the help of an
obliquely placed, preferably flat, optically transparent plate 64
of, for example glass. The glass plate 64 is adjusted to a certain
angle of inclination .beta. (= 90 -.alpha.) in relation to the axis
of rotation 63 of the roller and fixed to the roller in such a way
that it rotates together with it. The result is thus a rotating
deflection of the two light rays 61 and 62.
If the glass plate is correctly adjusted, the two light rays 61 and
62 will exactly follow the eccentric rotary movement of the
retro-reflector 60, which means that the reflected light ray 621 to
the right of the glass plate 64 is not affected by centering errors
of the retro-reflector 60. The position correction .gamma. of the
glass plate 64 which in FIG. 16 is equal to .epsilon. in each ray
61 and 62, is illustrated as a function of the angle of torsion
.alpha. of the plate 64 in FIG. 17 for a glass plate having a
thickness of 5 mm and a reflection index equal to 1.51.
The correction for each coordinate direction is preferably
performed separately.
The glass plate is preferably thin (2 - 5 mm), thus giving high
step-up when adjusting the position of the plate (small position
correction per degree of twist) and low sensitivity for faulty
twisting due to roller deflection during rolling.
The greatest error is obtained at so-called cambering checking of
the rollers (forced bending). This error has in one case been
calculated to <2.5 .mu. with a plate thickness of 5 mm. The
error assumes the character of a constant average value alteration
(with constant loading of the rollers) and will there be possible
to corredt with the help of the absolute-measuring X-ray transducer
on the output side of the rolling mill.
The rotating deflection movement mentioned above can also be
achieved with other optical components than a flat plate, for
example with two wedge-shaped plates, two lenses or mirrors.
FIGS. 18, 19, 20a and 20b give examples of how edge line
disturbances of retro-reflectors can be avoided.
FIG. 18 shows a device according to the invention comprising two
rotating rhomboid prismas 611 and 612 and a stationary penta prism
613. The prismas 611 and 612 are mechanically connected to the
roller so that the rotation occurs synchronously with the rotation
of the retro-reflectors 600. The position of an axis of rotation is
marked by means of an arrow indicated by R in the drawings. The
prism 611 produces a rotating movement in the ray 614 approaching
the retro-reflector 600. The movement is transmitted in the
retro-reflector 600 to the reflecting ray 615 and ceases in the
prism 612. The ray 616 after leaving prism 612 is thus stationary.
The penta prism 613 is used for 90.degree. deflection of the light
rays 616 towards the position detector 29. Since the
retro-reflector 600 is rotation symmetrical in its function, the
transducer will function as before in spite of the fact that the
light rays are rotating.
FIG. 19 shows a variation of the device in FIG. 1 where the
stationary pentaprism 613 has been replaced by a rhomboid prism 611
with a rotating mirror surface 617, preferably included in a
ray-separating optical instrument 618. In this case a similar
ray-separating optical instrument 619 is placed before the source
20 according to the Figure.
The example shown in FIG. 19 of the device gives a simpler
mechanical construction than that of FIG. 18 but with a more
advanced optical arrangement.
FIG. 20a shows how the retro-reflector 600 can be suspended in the
roller 52. The retro-reflector 600 is in this case mounted on an
inner ring in the bearing 631 and held in stationary position by
means of a rod 632, for example, attached to and projecting from
the centre of the retro-reflector to some stationary point outside
the roller 52. The position of the retro-reflector 600 is thus set
so that the light rays 633 and 634 do not cut any edge line in it,
perhaps in accordance with what is shown in the section A--A from
FIG. 20a and FIG. 20b where an approaching ray 635 and a reflected
ray 636 are arranged to meet the retro-reflector 600 on the
reflecting surfaces so that the edge lines 637 are avoided. The
bearing 631 is then applied with its outer ring in an attachment
device 638 fixed to the roller 52 in the roller hole.
If the device for measuring the roller distance includes members
for eliminating centering faults, in the form of a flat, optically
transparent plate 64 of glass, for example, the plate can be
provided with a hole for the rod 632 mentioned above, as shown in
FIG. 20a.
An important advantage in having retro-reflectors suspended in
bearings in the device for measuring the roller distance is that
the quality requirement on the retro-reflector can be lowered so
that standard types with ordinary parallelity errors between
approaching and reflected rays.
* * * * *