U.S. patent number 3,772,107 [Application Number 05/195,205] was granted by the patent office on 1973-11-13 for method and apparatus for forming a nonwoven fibrous web.
Invention is credited to Anthony R. Gentile, Clarence Jonathan Hauck, III.
United States Patent |
3,772,107 |
Gentile , et al. |
November 13, 1973 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORMING A NONWOVEN FIBROUS WEB
Abstract
A method of forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple laps of
staple fibers, the major proportion of fibers within each lap being
substantially oriented in one direction. Laps of the staple fibers
are fed into overlying relationship with the major proportion of
oriented fibers in each lap disposed in the same direction. Air is
entrapped between adjacent laps as they are fed into overlying
relationship to create an air barrier between adjacent overlying
laps. The overlying laps are spread transversely of the direction
in which the major proportion of fibers are oriented, and fibers
within overlying laps are reoriented transversely within the plane
of the laps out of the direction in which the major proportion of
fibers are oriented while maintaining the air barrier between the
adjacent overlying laps. The laps are pressed together after the
lap spreading and fiber reorienting steps to form a unitary
nonwoven fibrous web and fibers of the unitary nonwoven fibrous web
are then bonded together. An apparatus for forming a nonwoven
fibrous web from multiple laps of staple fibers, the major
proportion of fibers within each lap being substantially oriented
in one direction. Lap forming means for forming the laps of staple
fibers and for generating air currents. A lap-confining channel is
defined in part by a lower, air-impervious conveyor belt, and a
shield encloses the downstream end of each lap forming means and
defines an enclosed flow path from the lap forming means to the
lap-confining channel. The enclosed flow path permits the laps of
staple fibers to be directed into overlying relationship with each
other within the lap-confining channel and aids in establishing
laminar flow of the air currents into the lap-confining channel to
define air barriers between adjacent laps, and between the conveyor
belt and lower lap. The conveyor belt feeds the overlying laps to a
spreading and reorienting means disposed downstream of the lap
forming means for spreading the overlying laps transversely of
their direction of feed and for reorienting fibers within overlying
laps transversely within the plane of respective laps out of the
direction in which the major proportion of fibers are oriented
while maintaining the air barrier between the adjacent overlying
laps. Calendering means disposed downstream of the spreading and
reorienting means for pressing the overlying laps together to form
a unitary nonwoven fibrous web, and bonding means disposed
downstream of the calendering means for bonding together fibers of
the unitary nonwoven fibrous web.
Inventors: |
Gentile; Anthony R. (Vineland,
NJ), Hauck, III; Clarence Jonathan (Vineland, NJ) |
Family
ID: |
22720440 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/195,205 |
Filed: |
November 3, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
156/62.8;
19/161.1; 19/302; 19/305; 156/229; 156/291; 156/305; 156/324;
156/381; 156/497; 156/543; 156/578; 425/115 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D04H
1/74 (20130101); Y10T 156/1798 (20150115); Y10T
156/1712 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
D04H
1/70 (20060101); B32b 005/12 (); B32b 007/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;156/62.2,62.6,62.8,289,291,305,381,382,496,497,548,578,181,543,555,229
;19/155,161R ;425/81,82,83,115 ;264/88 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Fritsch; Daniel J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple laps
of staple fibers at a speed in excess of 200 feet per minute, the
major proportion of said staple fibers within each lap being
substantially oriented in one direction, said method comprising the
steps of:
A. feeding the laps of staple fibers in a downstream direction into
overlying relationship with each other with said major proportion
of fibers in each lap disposed in the same direction;
B. establishing laminar air flow in said downstream direction
between adjacent overlying laps to create an air barrier between
said adjacent overlying laps for preventing extensive clinging
together of fibers between said adjacent overlying laps;
C. reorienting fibers within the plane of overlying laps
transversely out of said one direction while maintaining said air
barrier between said adjacent overlying laps;
D. pressing said laps together to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous
web; and
E. bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous
web.
2. The method according to claim 1, including spreading said
overlying laps in a direction transverse to said one direction
simultaneously with reorienting fibers within the plane of said
overlying laps.
3. A method according to cliam 1, wherein the fibers within one of
said overlying laps is reoriented to a different degree than the
fibers within another of said overlying laps.
4. The method to claim 1, wherein the fibers within said overlying
laps are reoriented by reorienting the fibers within said overlying
laps in successive stages, the successive stages of fiber
reorientation in one of said overlying laps alternating with the
successive stages of fiber reorientation in another of said
overlying laps.
5. The method according to claim 1, including wet pressing said
laps together to form said unitary nonwoven fibrous web, print
bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous web and
drying said nonwoven fibrous web after print bonding.
6. The method according to claim 5, including print bonding
together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous web in a discrete,
discontinuous pattern of bonded areas separated by unbonded
areas.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said bonded areas
comprises less than 25 percent of the entire area of said nonwoven
fibrous web.
8. A method for forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple laps
of staple fibers at a speed in excess of 200 feet per minute, the
major proportion of said staple fibers within each lap being
substantially oriented in one direction, said method comprising the
steps of:
A. directing the laps in a downstream direction into overlying
relationship within a lap-confining channel with said major
proportion of fibers in each lap being disposed in the same
direction;
B. establishing laminar air flow in said downstream direction
between adjacent overlying laps within said lap-confining channel
to form an air barrier between said adjacent overlying laps;
C. feeding said adjacent overlying laps with the air barrier
therebetween in said one direction between upper and lower sets of
reorienting rolls, the rolls in one set being spaced in said one
direction from the rolls of the other set for reorienting fibers
within the plane of overlying laps transversely out of said one
direction in successive stages;
D. pressing said adjacent overlying laps together to form a unitary
nonwoven fibrous web; and
E. bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous
web.
9. The method according to claim 8, including spreading each of
said overlying laps in a direction transverse to said one direction
simultaneously with reorienting fibers within the plane of said
overlying laps.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the number of rolls in
the upper set differs from the number of rolls in the lower set for
reorienting the fibers within overlying laps to different
degrees.
11. The method according to claim 8, including wet pressing said
adjacent overlying laps together to form said unitary nonwoven
fibrous web, print bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven
fibrous web and drying said nonwoven fibrous web after bonding.
12. The method according to claim 11, including print bonding
together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous web in a discrete
discontinuous pattern of bonded areas separated by unbonded
areas.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said bonded areas
comprise less than 25 percent of the entire area of said nonwoven
fibrous web.
14. An apparatus for forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple
laps of staple fibers at a speed in excess of 200 feet per minute,
the major proportion of said staple fibers within each lap being
substantially oriented in one direction, said apparatus
comprising:
A. lap forming means for forming said laps of oriented staple
fibers and for generating air currents;
B. a lap-confining channel being defined by a lower air-impervious
conveyor, opposed air-impervious side members disposed closely to
side margins of said air-impervious conveyor, a back member and an
upper closure, said lap-confining channel being open at a
downstream end thereof;
C. shield means for defining an enclosed flow path between said lap
forming means and said lap-confining channel, said laps and air
currents being directed through said enclosed flow path into said
lap-confining channel to form overlying laps with an air barrier
between adjacent overlying laps and between the conveyor and its
adjacent lap;
D. means for driving said air-impervious conveyor for conveying
said overlying laps in a downstream direction through the open
downstream end of said lap-confining channel;
E. fiber reorienting means disposed downstream of said lap forming
means for reorienting fibers within the plane of overlying laps
transversely out of said one direction while maintaining said air
barrier between said adjacent overlying laps;
F. calendering means disposed downstream of said fiber reorienting
means for pressing said adjacent overlying laps together to form a
unitary nonwoven fibrous web; and
G. bonding means disposed downstream of said calendering means for
bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous web.
15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said calendering
means is a wet press calendering means for wetting said adjacent
overlying laps and pressing said adjacent overlying laps together
to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous web, and drying means disposed
downstream of said bonding means for drying the bonded, nonwoven
fibrous web.
16. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said bonding means
comprises opposed rolls, at least one of said opposed rolls having
a discrete pattern therein for bonding together fibers of said
unitary nonwoven fibrous web in a pattern corresponding to said
discrete pattern.
17. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said upper closure
of said lap-confining channel has entrance openings defined
therethrough, said laps being directed through said enclosed flow
cnannel and said entrance openings into said lap-confining
channel.
18. A method for forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple laps
of staple fibers at a speed in excess of 200 feet per minute, said
method comprising the steps of:
a. feeding the laps in a downstream direction into overlying
relationship within a lap-confining channel with the major
proportion of the fibers in each lap substantially oriented in the
feed direction;
b. establishing laminar air flow in said downstream direction
within the lap-confining channel simultaneously with the feeding of
the laps into said lap-confining channel;
c. feeding the overlying laps in said downstream direction between
upper and lower sets of reorienting rolls prior to pressing said
overlying laps together, the rolls in one set being spaced in the
downstream direction from the rolls in the other set for
reorienting fibers within the plane of overlying laps in successive
stages transversely out of said downstream direction;
d. pressing said adjacent overlying laps together after
reorientation to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous web; and
e. bonding together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous
web.
19. The method according to claim 18, including spreading each of
said overlying laps in a direction transverse to said downstream
direction simultaneously with the reorienting of the fibers within
the plane of said overlying laps.
20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the number of rolls
in the upper set differs from the number of rolls in the lower set
for reorienting the fibers within overlying laps to different
degrees.
21. The method according to claim 18, including wet pressing said
adjacent overlying laps together to form said unitary nonwoven
fibrous web, print bonding together said fibers of said unitary
nonwoven fibrous web and drying said nonwoven fibrous web after
bonding.
22. The method according to claim 21, including print bonding
together fibers of said unitary nonwoven fibrous web in a discrete
discontinuous pattern of bonded areas separated by unbonded
areas.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said bonded areas
comprise less than 25 percent of the entire area of said nonwoven
fibrous web.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for forming a
nonwoven fibrous web, and more particularly to a method and
apparatus for forming a nonwoven fibrous web from multiple laps of
staple fibers, the major proportion of said staple fibers within
each lap being substantially oriented in one direction.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Nonwoven fibrous webs for use as a cover material for absorbent
components in sanitary products, such as disposable diapers,
sanitary napkins and the like, have been manufactured
conventionally from multiple laps of loosely associated staple
fibers, the major proportion of fibers within each lap being
oriented, or parallelized in the "machine-direction," i.e., in the
direction in which the laps move continuously from the lap-forming
apparatus. Such laps have been produced continuously by
conventional card machines and have been formed into a nonwoven
fibrous web by feeding the laps into overlying relationship onto a
slatted, or other air pervious conveyor; calendering, or pressing
the laps together to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous web; spreading
the web transverse to the machine-direction and bonding fibers
together in the spread web.
The above-described method of web formation produces a nonwoven web
in which the major proportion of fibers are highly oriented, or
parallelized in the machine-direction. Such a web has an
exceptionally high machine-direction tensile strength, but is
normally quite weak in the cross-machine-direction. These nonwoven
webs tend to tear when subjected to cross-direction stresses during
the use of products incorporating such webs in their
construction.
The cross-machine-direction tensile strength of a nonwoven fibrous
web can be increased to an acceptable level by cross lapping
individual laps of staple fibers such that the oriented, or
parallelized fibers in some of the laps are aligned in the
cross-machine-direction. Forming a web by cross lapping individual
laps is considerably slower, and therefore more costly, than
forming a web by superimposing individual laps with their oriented,
or parallelized fibers disposed in the same direction.
The cross-machine-direction tensile strength of a nonwoven fibrous
web can be improved by utilizing large amounts of adhesive to bond
fibers together in the web. Utilizing large amounts of adhesive
increases the cost of such nonwoven webs. Furthermore, large
amounts of adhesive will seriously impair the "hand" of the
nonwoven web, which is undesirable in most products in which such
nonwoven webs are incorporated.
Prior art apparatus for forming nonwoven fibrous webs from multiple
laps of loosely associated staple fibers, the major proportion of
which are oriented, or parallelized in the machine-direction, have
employed slatted, or air pervious conveyors upon which the laps are
directed into overlying relationship with each other. These air
pervious conveyors have been maintained open to permit the
dissipation of air currents created by the high speed rotation of
elements of conventional web forming machines, such as the high
speed rotation of a card roll in a conventional card machine. In
these prior art apparatus, turbulent air currents have been created
at web forming speeds exceeding 100 feet per minute. These
turbulent air currents roll along the loosely associated fibers in
the overlying laps and tend to disassociate the fibers within the
laps from each other to destroy the integrity of these laps and
thereby prevent the formation of an acceptable nonwoven fibrous
web. The use of an air-impervious conveyor in prior art apparatus
is somewhat effective in minimizing air turbulence through the laps
of staple fibers; however, the air impervious conveyor interacts
with the fibers in the laps to create static charges on the fibers
of the laps at high web forming speeds to prevent uniform web
formation. Therefore, the prior art apparatus are speed-limited by
the creation of turbulent air flow and/or static charges.
Prior art apparatus in which spreading means, such as Mount Hope
rolls, are utilized to spread the nonwoven fibrous web in the
cross-machine-direction, have employed a press, or calender section
prior to the spreading means to firmly press the overlying laps
into engagement with each other to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous
web prior to the spreading operation. It has been thought that a
nonwoven web having a substantially uniform fiber distribution
could only be produced if the individual laps comprising the
nonwoven web were pressed into a unitary structure prior to the
spreading operation. This method of web spreading has provided for
substantially uniform fiber distribution; however, the degree of
fiber reorientation transversely out of the machine-direction of
the web has been so minimal as to only slightly increase the
cross-machine-direction strength of the web. A nonwoven fibrous web
formed in apparatus in which a press, or calender section is
disposed upstream of the spreading section has an undesirable low
cross-machine-direction tensile strength, and tends to tear when
subjected to cross-machine-direction stresses during normal use of
products in which the nonwoven web is incorporated.
In order to improve the cross-machine-direction tensile strength of
a nonwoven fibrous web, prior art apparatus have employed spray, or
print bonding stations for applying a large amount of adhesive to
bond fibers together in the nonwoven web. The bonded area has
accounted for over 33 percent, and in many instances as much as 100
percent of the total area of the nonwoven web. A nonwoven web
formed with large amounts of adhesive has a poor "hand" which is
unsuitable for use in many end products. In addition, the cost of
manufacturing a nonwoven web is directly related to the amount of
adhesive utilized, i.e., the greater the amount of adhesive
utilized, the more expensive the cost of manufacture. Therefore, it
is important to utilize as little adhesive as possible in obtaining
the desired web characteristics in order to minimize manufacturing
costs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for forming a
nonwoven web from multiple laps of loosely associated staple
fibers, the major proportion of the fibers within each lap being
predominately oriented, or parallelized in one direction. The
method of this invention comprises the steps of feeding the laps of
staple fiber into overlying relationship with the major proportion
of fibers in each lap disposed in the same direction, entrapping
air between adjacent overlying laps to create an air barrier
between adjacent overlying laps for preventing extensive clinging
together of fibers between adjacent laps, reorienting fibers within
overlying laps transversely within the plane of the laps out of the
direction in which the major proportion of fibers are oriented
while maintaining the air barrier between said adjacent overlying
laps, pressing the laps together after fiber reorientation to form
a unitary nonwoven fibrous web and bonding together fibers of said
unitary nonwoven fibrous web.
Applicants unexpectedly have found that by maintaining an air
barrier between the overlying laps of staple fibers during the
fiber reorienting step, a greater degree of fiber reorientation can
be achieved than when the laps are pressed into a unitary web prior
to the fiber reorienting step. This greater degree of fiber
reorientation results in a nonwoven web having a higher
cross-machine-direction tensile strength than has heretofore been
achieved in webs of corresponding basis weight formed from multiple
laps of staple fibers, the major proportion of which are
substantially oriented in one direction.
Applicants are not certain of the mechanism responsible for the
greater degree of fiber reorientation resulting from the emthod of
their invention. However, applicants believe that since the fibers
within each of the overlying laps are loosely associated during the
reorienting step (by virtue of being substantially uncompressed
into a closely associated, interlocked condition prior to fiber
reorientation) they are more easily reoriented transversely out of
the direction in which the major proportion of fibers are
originally disposed than are the fibers in a lap, or web, in which
the fibers are closely associated and interlocked. Furthermore, the
air barrier between adjacent overlying laps tends to maintain said
laps separate from each other, whereby fibers within overlying laps
are reoriented separately from each other. This separate
reorientation of fibers is believed to be partly responsible for
the greater degree of fiber reorientation achieved according to the
method of this invention.
In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the fiber
reorienting step is carried out by directing the overlying laps
between upper and lower sets of bowed rolls sold under the
trademark "Mount Hope" by Mount Hope Manufacturing Company of
Tauton, Massachusetts. One of the sets of rolls is offset in the
machine-direction relative to the other set. The upper rolls
reorient fibers of one of the outer laps transversely out of the
machine-direction in successive stages, and the lower rolls
reorient fibers of the other of the outer laps transversely out of
the machine-direction in successive stages which alternate with the
successive stages of fiber reorientation of said one of the outer
laps. When more than two laps are disposed in overlying
relationship the greatest degree of fiber reorientation occurs in
the outer laps since the outer laps are engaged directly by the
sets of upper and lower rolls.
In the most preferred embodiment of this invention one of the upper
and lower sets of rolls includes more rolls than the other set to
achieve different degrees of fiber reorientation in the outer laps
adjacent each set of rolls. This different degree of fiber
reorientation results in a relative reorientation between the
fibers in the outer laps which results in the formation of a more
isotropic web than if the fibers in the overlying laps are
reoriented to the same degree.
The method of this invention eliminates the need for large amounts
of adhesive to bond together fibers in the nonwoven fibrous web to
achieve the requisite cross-machine-direction strength in said web.
Preferably, the nonwoven fibrous web is print bonded in a discrete
pattern such that the bonded area of the web accounts for less than
25 percent of the entire area thereof. Preferably, the bonded area
is 10 percent or less of the entire area of said web. In the
preferred embodiment of this invention in which the web is print
bonded, the laps are wet pressed together to prevent the web from
wrapping up about the print bonding roll. If the nonwoven web is
spray banded, a dry press, or calender operation can be utilized
instead of the wet press required when print bonding is utilized
since no wrap-up problem exists.
Apparatus of this invention in which the method of this invention
is carried out comprises at least two conventional lap forming
means, such as carding machines, for forming laps of staple fibers,
the major proportion of which are predominately oriented in the
machine-direction. The apparatus includes a lap-confining channel
which is open at a downstream end thereof, and a shield which
encloses a downstream end of each lap forming means and which
extends to the lap-confining channel to establish an enclosed flow
path from the lap forming means to the lap-confining channel. The
enclosed flow path permits the laps of staple fibers to be directed
into overlying relationship with each other within the
lap-confining channel and aids in establishing laminar flow into
the lap-confining channel of air currents generated by the lap
forming means. The air currents are generated by high speed
rotation of elements of the lap forming means, such as the high
speed rotation of a card roll in a conventional carding
machine.
The lap-confining channel is defined in part by a lower,
air-impervious conveyor belt, and the air currents establish an air
barrier between adjacent overlying laps, and between the conveyor
belt and the lower lap. The conveyor belt directs said overlying
laps through the downstream open end of said lap-confining channel,
and the air barrier between the lower lap and conveyor belt
prevents the build up of static charges on the fibers of the laps
of staple fibers as the laps are being directed through the
lap-confining channel. The generation of static charges can destroy
the integrity of the laps of staple fibers, and thereby prevent the
formation of an acceptable nonwoven web. Since the conveyor belt is
air-impervious, the air is not permitted to flow in a turbulent
manner through the upper delivery run of the conveyor belt
supporting said laps. The lap-confining channel is completed by
air-impervious side members disposed closely to opposed side
margins of the conveyor belt, and by a back member and an upper
closure. The side members prevent a substantial flow of air
transversely around side margins of the conveyor, the back member
prevents air flow in an upstream direction through the
lap-confining channel and the upper closure prevents air from
escaping upwardly from the lap-confining channel. The lap-confining
channel functions to maintain laminar air flow in a downstream
direction to establish the air barriers between the adjacent
overlying laps and between the lower lap and the conveyor belt.
The upper closure can include a continuous air-impervious member
having entrance openings formed therethrough to permit the formed
laps to be directed onto the air-impervious conveyor.
Alternatively, the upper closure may comprise separate and discrete
air-impervious members which are spaced from each other in the
machine-direction to provide entrance openings therebetween through
which the formed laps can be directed onto the air-impervious
conveyor.
The apparatus of this invention includes lap spreading and fiber
reorienting means disposed downstream of the lap forming means for
spreading the laps in the cross-machine-direction and for
reorienting fibers predominately aligned in the machine-direction
transversely within the plane of the laps out of said
machine-direction while maintaining the air barrier between
adjacent overlying laps. The apparatus of this invention further
includes calendering means disposed downstream of the spreading and
reorienting means for pressing the adjacent overlying laps together
to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous web, and bonding means disposed
downstream of the calendering means for bonding together fibers of
said unitary nonwoven fibrous web. A drying section is disposed
downstream of the bonding means for drying the web in the event it
has been moistened in the calendering or bonding operation, and for
curing and/or setting the bonding agent.
One extremely important feature of this invention is that the web
forming apparatus must be operated at high web-forming speeds,
i.e., over 200 feet per minute, to provide and/or maintain the
requisite air barrier between the adjacent laps to permit the
degree of fiber reorientation achieved according to the method of
this invention. Therefore, the present invention is not
speed-limited by the creation of turbulent air flow, and in fact
requires the formation of a web at a greater speeed than has
heretofore been achievable with prior art apparatus. Applicants
have found that enhanced cross-machine-direction tensile strength
is not achieved in a web forming operation in which the web is
formed at approximately 200 feet per minute or less. Applicants
believe that web forming speeds of 200 feet per minute or less
direct an insufficient volume of air into the lap-confining channel
to form an air barrier between adjacent overlying laps and/or the
air tends to escape from the region between adjacent overlying laps
prior to the fiber reorienting step.
It is an object of this invention to form a nonwoven web with
enhanced cross-machine-direction tensile strength from multiple
laps of staple fibers, the major proportion of which initially are
oriented predominately in the machine-direction.
It is a further object of this invention to form a nonwoven web
with enhanced cross-machine-direction tensile strength at high
speeds from multiple laps of loosely associated staple fibers, the
major proportion of which initially are oriented predominately in
the machine-direction.
It is a further object of this invention to form a nonwoven web
having enhanced cross-machine-direction tensile strengths without
utilizing large amounts of adhesive.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent
upon reading the detailed description which follows, taken in
conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevation view of an apparatus according
to this invention for carrying out the method of this
invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged side elevation view of the lap spreading and
fiber reorienting section utilized in this invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view showing the lap spreading and fiber
reorienting of a nonwoven lap of staple fibers according to the
method of this invention; and
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a nonwoven fibrous web formed according to
the method of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, an apparatus 10 of this invention for forming
nonwoven fibrous webs includes conventional lap forming means, such
as carding machines 12, for forming laps 14 and 16 of loosely
associated staple fibers, for major proportion of which are
predominately oriented in the machine direction of lap formation.
Each carding machine 12 includes a card roll 18 having a plurality
of pins or wire points (not shown) disposed about the periphery
thereof for combining fibers from a feed mat of staple fibers to
orient a major proportion of said fibers in the machine-direction,
and a doffing roll 20 for collecting and removing the oriented
fibers from the card roll in lap form. Suitable lap removing means
22; such as that which is sold under the trademark "Doffmaster" by
John D. Hollingsworth on Wheels, Inc. of Greenville, South
Carolina; is disposed adjacent the doffing roll 20 of each carding
machine 12 for removing the laps from the doffing roll and for
directing said laps into overlying relationship within a
lap-confining channel 24 onto an air-impervious continuous conveyor
belt 26.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the lap-confining channel 24 is defined
by an upper delivery run 28 of the continuous conveyor belt 26; a
pair of transversely spaced, substantially U-shaped side members
30, each of which has a central web portion 32 disposed closely to
a side margin of the upper delivery run 28 of the conveyor belt 26;
a back member 34 and an upper closure. The upper closure preferably
is defined by discrete members 36 which are spaced apart in the
machine-direction to define entrance openings 38 through which the
fibrous laps 14 and 16 are directed into the lap-confining channel
24. The lap-confining channel 24 has an open downstream end 39
through which the superimposed fibrous laps 14 and 16 are directed
by the conveyor belt 26. Each side member 30 preferably has a lower
inturned leg 41 which is secured to a floor 43 by any suitable
securing means (not shown), and an upper inturned leg 45 to which
the closure members 36 are secured by any suitable securing means
(not shown).
The individual lap 14 and 16 are directed from the carding machines
12 through the entrance openings 38 by the Doffmaster 22 into
overlying relationship within the lap-confining channel 24. High
speed rotation of the card roll 20 drives air into the
lap-confining channel 24, as is shown schematically by arrows 47 to
form an air barrier between the upper delivery run 28 of the
conveyor belt 26 and the lower lap 14, and also between the fibrous
laps 14 and 16. The air barrier between the delivery run of the
conveyor belt and the lower lap 14 prevents the build up of static
charges as the laps are fed by the conveyor. The air barrier
between fibrous laps 14 and 16 prevents extensive clinging together
of fibers in the lap 14 with fibers in its adjacent lap 16. The
lap-confining channel 24 aids in establishing laminar air flow in
the air barrier regions by confining the flow path of said air to a
substantially downstream direction.
The air-impervious conveyor belt 26 prevents air from passing
through the upper, delivery run 28 thereof. If air were permitted
to flow through the upper run of the conveyor belt, a turbulent,
swirling air flow would result at high web forming speeds which
would destroy the integrity of the fibrous laps 14 and 16. The side
members 30 prevent a significant volume of air flow transversely
around side margins of the upper delivery run 28 of the conveyor
belt 26, and thereby further aids in directing the air flow in a
substantially downstream direction through the lap-confining
channel. The back member 34 and the upper closure members 36
further aid in maintaining substantially laminar air flow in the
downstream direction through the lap-confining channel 26 by
preventing air from escaping through the upstream end and top of
said lap-confining channel.
An air-impervious shield 40 is disposed adjacent the downstream end
of each carding machine 12 and encloses the front and sides of the
machine to define a substantially enclosed flow path from each
carding machine to a respective entrance opening 38 to aid in
establishing laminar air flow from each carding machine 12 into the
lap-confining channel 24, and to assure that each lap will be
directed through a corresponding entrance opening.
The overlying fibrous laps 14 and 16, with the air barrier
maintained therebetween, is directed by the conveyor belt 26 to a
lap spreading and fiber reorienting section 42. The continuous
air-impervious conveyor belt 26 is disposed about spaced rolls 44
and 46, at least one of which is driven to convey the overlying
fibrous laps 14 and 16, with the air barrier entrapped
therebetween, through the downstream end 39 of the lap-confining
channel 24. Due to the dimensional requirements of the various
components of the apparatus 10, the upper delivery run 28 of the
continuous conveyor belt 26 is provided with an upwardly directed
section 48 disposed in a downstream direction for feeding the
overlying laps into the lap spreading and fiber reorienting section
42. The upwardly directed section 48 is established by a conveyor
diverting roll 50 which does not apply excessive pressure to the
superimposed fibrous laps 14 and 16 to dissipate the air barrier
between said laps.
The fibrous laps 14 and 16 are formed and are fed to the spreading
and reorienting section 42 at a sufficiently fast rate to establish
an air barrier between the adjacent overlying laps 14 and 16, and
between the lower lap 14 and delivery run 28 of the conveyor belt
within the lap-confining channel 24, and to maintain the air
barrier between said laps at the spreading and reorienting section
42. The exact speed limits required to establish and maintain the
air barriers have not been positively determined; however,
applicants have observed that web forming speeds below 200 feet per
minute are too low, and that web forming speeds in the range of
from about 250 feet per minute to about 425 feet per minute have
resulted in the establishment of an air barrier between adjacent
overlying laps 14 and 16 and the maintenance of said air barrier
between said overlying laps as they are fed into the spreading and
reorienting section 44. Applicants have not achieved web forming
speeds over 425 feet per minute due to limitations in the presently
existing equipment; however, applicants believe that the advantages
of the present invention will be achieved, and in fact enhanced, by
higher operating speeds.
Referring to FIG. 3, the lap spreading and fiber reorienting
section 42 includes an upper set of bowed rolls 52 and a lower set
of bowed rolls 54, both of which preferably are of the type sold
under the trademark "Mount Hope" by Mount Hope Machinery Company of
Tauton, Massachusetts. In the preferred embodiment of this
invention, the upper rolls 52 are spaced in the machine-direction
from the lower rolls 54, and all rolls are positively driven. By
spacing the rolls in the above-described manner the laps 14 and 16
will be spread in successive stages, and fibers within each lap
will be transversely reoriented out of the machine-direction in
successive stages; the successive stages of lap spreading and fiber
reorienting of lap 14 alternating with the successive stages of lap
spreading and fiber reorienting of lap 16. To further explain, when
a region of the upper fibrous lap 14 is being worked by an upper
roll 52, an underlying region of the lower fibrous lap 16 is not
being worked by a lower roll 54. When a region of the lower fibrous
lap 16 is being worked by a lower roll 54, an underlying region of
the upper fibrous lap 14 is not being worked by an upper roll 52.
Although the spreading and reorienting section 42 is shown as
comprising two upper rolls 52 and three lower rolls 54, the number
of upper and lower rolls can be varied depending upon the degree of
spreading and/or fiber reorientation that is desired in the
finished nonwoven fibrous web. In the preferred embodiment of this
invention more rolls are provided in one set than the other set to
thereby work the fibers in laps adjacent each set of rolls to
different degrees, and thereby achieve different degrees of fiber
reorientation within the laps adjacent the two sets of rolls. In
this manner a more isotropic web, i.e., a web having more uniform
strength characteristics in all directions, is formed than if the
laps adjacent each set of rolls were worked to the same degree.
Referring to FIG. 4, the mechanism of lap spreading and fiber
reorientation is shown schematically. The fibrous lap 16 enters the
upstream end of the spreading section 42 with the fibers
predominately oriented in the machine-direction. As the lap 16
traverses the lower rolls 54 in the direction indicated by arrow
56, the lap is expanded in a cross-machine-direction, and fibers
which were initially predominately oriented in the
machine-direction are transversely reoriented out of the
machine-direction within the plane of the fibrous lap 16. Since the
fibers in the laps 14 and 16 remain substantially uncompacted as
they are fed into the spreading section 62, they remain loosely
associated with respect to each other and therefore are believed to
be more easily reoriented than the fibers within a lap, or a
nonwoven web which has been compacted to cause the fibers to become
closely associated and mechanically interlocked with each other
prior to the spreading operation. Moreover, the maintenance of an
air barrier between the superimposed laps 14 and 16 permits the
laps to be spread, and the fibers therein to be reoriented,
independently of each other, which also is believed to contribute
to a greater degree of fiber reorientation than has heretofore been
achieved by spreading a nonwoven web formed by compacting
superimposed laps of staple fibers prior to the spreading
operation.
Referring to FIG. 1, the laps 14 and 16 are passed from the lap
spreading and fiber reorienting section 42 through a wet calender
station 58. The wet calender station 58 includes opposed, driven
rolls 60 and 62 defining a nip 64 therebetween. The lower roll 60
passes through a wetting solution 66, and conveys the wetting
solution to the nip 64 to accomplish wet pressing of the laps 14
and 16 in said nip to form a unitary nonwoven fibrous web 68. The
nonwoven fibrous web 68 is then directed through a bonding station
70 which is preferably a print bonding station comprising opposed,
driven rolls 72 and 74 defining a nip 76 therebetween. The lower
roll 72 passes through an adhesive solution 78, and conveys said
solution into the nip 76 to bond fibers together in the unitary
nonwoven fibrous web 68. Preferably, the lower print bonding roll
72 is patterned to pick up adhesive in discrete patterns to thereby
form discrete bonded areas in the nonwoven fibrous web 68 which
accounts for less than 25 percent of the total area of said web,
and preferably accounts for 10 percent or less of the total area of
said web. The wet calendering operation prior to the bonding
operation prevents wrap-up of the nonwoven fibrous web 68 around
either of the bonding rolls 72, 74. If a spray bonding station is
utilized to bond together fibers of the nonwoven web 68, the wet
calender station 58 may be replaced by a dry calender station,
since there is no wrap-up problem encountered at a spray bonding
station.
A dryer station 80 is disposed downstream of the bonding station
70, and preferably is comprised of a plurality of driven can dryers
81. The can dryers 81 dry the web to remove moisture therefrom, and
also serve as the means for setting and/or curing the adhesive. The
dried web is fed from the can dryers onto a supply roll (not shown)
for storage and/or subsequent use.
Referring to FIG. 5, the nonwoven fibrous web 68 has a
substantially large number of fibers oriented in the
cross-machine-direction. Fibers within the nonwoven web are bonded
together in discrete areas 86. The nonwoven web shown in FIG. 5 is
comprised of staple rayon fibers, 1-1/2 denier, 2 inches long, and
is shown as it appears at a magnification of 100x in a scanning
electron microscope.
The staple fibers utilized in forming the nonwoven webs according
to the method of this invention preferably have a length exceeding
one-half inch, and include such fibers as rayon, polyolefins,
polyamides and polyester.
Any suitable wetting solution can be utilized at the wet calender
station 58. For example, the wetting solution can include water
with less than 1 percent of a wetting agent, such as DIANOL, sold
by Quaker Chemical Company of Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
Many different adhesives can be utilized to bond together fibers of
the nonwoven web, and the specific type of adhesive utilized does
not form a part of the present invention. Lattices, such as
polyvinyl acetate, copolymer emulsions and acrylic lattices have
been satisfactorily utilized in the present invention.
As a result of the present invention, nonwoven fibrous webs can be
manufactured with a lower basis weight than prior art nonwoven
webs, while obtaining the same, or higher cross-machine-direction
tensile strengths. This fact is illustrated by the following
examples;
EXAMPLE I
Nonwoven webs were formed at a speed of 100 feet per minute from
two laps of carded rayon fibers having a length of 2 inches and a
denier of 1-1/2. These laps were superimposed upon each other,
pressed into a substantially unitary nonwoven web, passed through a
spreading section comprising two upper Mount Hope rolls and three
lower Mount Hope rolls, passed through a wet press section and
passed through a print bonding station to bond together fibers of
the nonwoven web. The bonded web was then passed over a series of
can dryers to dry the web and cure the adhesive. Nonwoven webs
formed according to the above method had a basis weight of
approximately 12.9 pounds per ream, and had an average
cross-machine-direction tensile strength of 5.9 ounces per inch
based on 5,000 tested samples.
EXAMPLE II
Nonwoven webs were formed from two laps of carded rayon fibers
having a length of two inches and a denier of 1-1/2 according to
the method of Example I, with the exception that the webs were
formed at speeds exceeding 250 feet per minute within a
lap-confining channel as described heretofore, and the laps were
passed through the spreading section without prior compression into
a unitary nonwoven web. The wetting solution and adhesive,
including the types, amounts and pattern, were identical to those
utilized in Example I. The nonwoven webs formed according to this
method had a basis weight of approximately 11 pounds per ream, and
an average cross-machine-direction tensile strength of 7.1 ounces
per inch based on 9,000 tested samples.
The above examples clearly indicate the benefits obtained according
to the method of this invention.
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