U.S. patent number 3,766,932 [Application Number 05/120,913] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-23 for collapsible reticular structures.
Invention is credited to Haim Schneider, Abraham Sidis.
United States Patent |
3,766,932 |
Sidis , et al. |
October 23, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
COLLAPSIBLE RETICULAR STRUCTURES
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a three-dimensional collapsible structure
formed by an array of bar-like elements each pivotally connected at
its ends to one or more other such elements. The elements and their
pivotal connections are arranged to permit the collapse of the
three-dimensional structure into a configuration wherein the
elements are grouped closely together and disposed in parallel,
whereby the collapsed configuration has an overall length which is
substantially the same as the length of a single one of the
elements.
Inventors: |
Sidis; Abraham (Jerusalem,
IL), Schneider; Haim (Jerusalem, IL) |
Family
ID: |
11045290 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/120,913 |
Filed: |
March 4, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
135/147; 52/646;
52/DIG.10; 135/97; 52/81.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B
1/3441 (20130101); E04B 1/1903 (20130101); E04H
15/48 (20130101); E04C 3/005 (20130101); E04H
15/50 (20130101); E04B 2001/1969 (20130101); E04B
2001/1927 (20130101); E04B 2001/1957 (20130101); Y10S
52/10 (20130101); E04B 2001/1981 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E04B
1/344 (20060101); E04H 15/50 (20060101); E04H
15/34 (20060101); E04C 3/00 (20060101); E04B
1/19 (20060101); E04H 15/48 (20060101); A45f
001/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/80,81,646
;135/4R,4A,4B,4C |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
|
|
|
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681,345 |
|
Sep 1939 |
|
DD |
|
1,139,181 |
|
Feb 1957 |
|
FR |
|
Primary Examiner: Murtagh; John E.
Claims
We claim:
1. A collapsible, reticular, three-dimensional, jointed structure,
self-supporting by virtue of its geometry and the design of its
joints, said structure conforming to geometries based on polyhedra
constituted by plane or spatial polygons having 2n sides and
comprising a plurality of joining means and a plurality of
rectilinear, substantially rigid, bar-like elements mutually
connected together and articulated by said joining means, said
joining means including integral guide and stop means which fully
define and delimit the unique angular positions of their associated
bar-like elements both with respect to each other and with respect
to a central axis of symmetry of said joining means, and which
guide and stop means enable said structure to be intrinsically
self-supporting once completely erected, said joining means also
including means for permitting a first portion of said plurality of
bar-like elements to move with more than one degree of freedom
relative to their associated joints, and for constraining a second
portion of said plurality of bar-like elements to movement in one
plane only, wherein, in the collapsed state of said structure, the
array formed by said bar-like elements is of a length substantially
equal to the length of a single bar-like element.
2. A structure according to claim 1, wherein the actual number of
bar-like elements provided therefor is either equal to the
theoretical number of bar-like elements as prescribed by the
configuration of said structure, or different from said theoretical
number, in which case one or more elements are either removed or
added to provide for access to the structure, or connecting
apertures or passage ways between a plurality of said structures,
or any combination thereof.
3. A structure as set forth in claim 1, further comprising at least
one additional said structure and a plurality of joining elements
connected between said structures, whereby said structures are
combined to provide a more complex composite structure.
4. A structure according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of said
joining means include locking means for immobilizing selected ones
of said bar-like elements.
5. A structure according to claim 1, further including means
connected thereto for anchoring said structure to the ground.
6. A structure according to claim 1, further comprising at least
one pliable covering skin attached to said structure at a plurality
of positions.
7. A structure according to claim 6, wherein said pliable covering
skin remains in situ when said structure is collapsed.
8. A structure according to claim 6, wherein said skin or skins are
attached to said structure after the erection thereof and are
removed therefrom prior to the collapse thereof.
9. A structure according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality
of preformed sheets of covering material attached to each other and
to said structure.
10. A structure as set forth in claim 1, in which one of said
joining means comprises first and second plate-shaped members
having radial slots therein, said slots in said first plate-shaped
member extending through the entire axial extent thereof, means for
connecting said plate-shaped members in a face-to-face relation
wherein said slots are disposed in alignment, one of said
plate-shaped members having pairs of aligned notches disposed
therein and projecting transversely of the walls of its said slots,
one said pair of notches for each said slot, and in which each of a
plurality of said bar-like elements has a lug shaped end portion
and a pair of rigid pivot members extending transversely of said
lug portion in opposed alignment, wherein said lug portions of said
bar-like members are received in said respective slots, and said
pairs of pivot members are received in said pairs of notches,
whereby said bar-like members are pivotable with respect to each
other on said connected plate-shaped members.
11. A structure as set forth in claim 1, in which one of said
joining means comprises a plate shaped member having a plurality of
radially disposed socket openings extending therethrough and
positioned to define slots through the peripheral edge thereof, a
circular member having a plurality of notches extending radially
therethrough, means for connecting said plate-shaped and
ring-shaped members together wherein said slots and notches are
disposed in alignment, and in which each of a plurality of said
bar-like elements has a pin, and a ball interconnected to one end
of said bar-like element by said pin, said pins being received,
respectively, through said openings, each said ball having a
diameter larger than said openings, and each said pin having a
diameter smaller than said slots and notches.
12. A structure as set forth in claim 11, in which said circular
member has a plurality or circumferential slot means in
communication respectively with said notches for receiving said
pins to releasably hold said bar-like elements against movement.
Description
The present invention relates to three-dimensional structures, the
geometries of which are specified hereinafter, and which are
distinguished by their collapsibility and by the fact that, in the
collapsed state, said structures, constituted by a plurality of
bar-like elements, form compact arrays the lengths of which arrays
do not substantially exceed the length of a single bar-like
element.
The principle of collapsibility as a means of attaining small
storage volume as well as portability is known and applied to
three-dimensional structures. Patents have been granted for such
structures (e.g., British Pat. Nos. 789,920; 791,189; 806,170;
923,231; 937,295; 1,006,972; 1,060,446; 1,123,791; and U.S. Pat.
No.3,341,989) which, in their respective claims, are called
collapsible, folding, demountable, portable, etc., and which are
intended to serve as tents, garages, buildings and other
structures. All the aforementioned inventions are characterized by
the reduced bulk, in the collapsed, folded or otherwise demounted
state, of their respective objects.
At this point, however, a definition should be introduced of the
concept of "collapsibility" and a distinction established between
the properties of "true collapsibility" as against mere
"demountability." While the latter refers to the fact that a
three-dimensional structure thus characterized can be
nondestructively taken to pieces, stored and/or transported and,
presumably, re-erected, true collapsibility, as defined for the
purpose of the present application, is intended to refer to the
fact that a three-dimensional structure thus characterized, while
obviously demountable, constitutes in the collapsed or folded state
a still coherent, or substantially coherent, whole, i.e., the
elements constituting such a structure are still interlinked while
the structure as such is substantially altered in shape and reduced
in bulk.
A collapsible, grid-like structure of the kind which may be termed
to fall within the general definitions given in the preceding
paragraphs is described in British Pat. No. 1,009,371, wherein
there is described and claimed, a collapsible reticular structure,
comprising a plurality of groups of rods each of which consists of
n rods jointed together at points intermediate their ends for
relative articulation, each end of each rod of a group being
jointed for relative articulation to the end of (n-1) rods of (n-1)
further groups, the resultant three articulation axes of each rod
being parallel and disposed transversely of the latter and lying in
a common plane which also contains the longitudinal axis of the
rod, at least some of the various joints interconnecting ends of
the rods being themselves directly interconnected by means of
flexible and unextendable means such as cables or ropes which act
in direct tension to limit unfolding of the assembly of rods to
provide a predetermined structure.
Perusal of the specification of said British Pat. No. 1,009,371
permits the following remarks to be made :
i. The collapsibility of the structures the subject of said patent
is based on what may be termed the lazy tongs principle, these
structures being in fact two-directional lazy tongs devices. With
each of their elementary bars presenting three joints
"intermediate, upper and lower," said structures must thus be
regarded as three-layer grids.
ii. Structures covered by said British Pat. No. 1,009,371 show a
need, inherent in the design principle, for additional stiffening
elements such as cables or ropes; in fact three cable or rope
systems, without which the structures would sag, or even collapse
under their own weight.
iii. While the specification of said British Pat. No. 1,009,371 is
very explicit about the manner of erection of the structures
claimed, it does not describe the collapsing procedure. It is not
clear how said structure can, in practice, be collapsed without
detaching not only the individual "trans-layer" cables c, but also
cable systems a and b mentioned therein which, upon collapsing the
structures, would appear to form unwieldly and intractable loops.
Need for removal and subsequent re-attachment of the cable systems
would, on the other hand, increase the erection and collapsing
times to such a degree as to make these structures quite
impractical for the purposes envisaged for the structures of the
present invention which are described hereinafter.
The invention described in the present application is distinguished
from the invention described in said British Pat. No. 1,009,371 in
a number of aspects detailed herebelow.
Re (i): The collapsibility of the structures according to the
present invention is based on an altogether different principle: to
collapse the structure of the present invention, the elementary
bars are caused to "jackknife," the ensuing "spatial zig-zag" then
being progressively compressed until the bars are substantially
parallel and form a compact array. Since, in consequence, each of
the elementary bars of said structure has two joints only, it can
be held to constitute single-layer or, in different embodiments,
double-layer grids, i.e., all the joints are located on one curved
surface (dome-like or cylindrical) or, in the second case, on two
such surfaces (concentric or coaxial) of slightly different radii.
This distinction is quite an important one since, in practice, a
three-layer grid would be quite unfeasible for structures of the
relatively large curvatures (R.about.1.5 times the length of the
elementary bar) envisaged by the present invention.
Re (ii): The structures according to the present invention are
self-supporting by virtue of their geometry and the design of their
joints, and any additional stiffening means suggested or required
only serve to counter extraneous, concentrated or accidental
forces. Furthermore, such stiffening means as may be advisable to
use can be activated after erection and deactivated prior to
collapsing in a matter of seconds.
Re(iii): The structures according to the present invention can be
erected and collapsed within minutes and, as indicated in the
preceding paragraph, the possible application of additional
stiffening means does not substantially add to this time. The sum
of erection and collapsing times thus constitutes only a fraction
of the likely period of use of these structures, a precondition for
the useful application of collapsible structures to such purposes
as envisaged by the present invention.
It is thus seen that the structures of the present invention are
distinguished from said British Pat. No. 1,009,371 in several
important and material aspects having a direct bearing on the
design and utilities of the respective structures. It is also seen
that none of the other aforementioned inventions dealing with
structures claimed to be collapsible, folding, demountable,
portable, etc., do in fact conform with, or fall within, the
definitions, restrictions and utilities so far presented and
further described hereinafter.
A brief description can be found in "The Dymaxion World of
Buckminster Fuller" by Robert W. Marks (Reinhold Publishing
Corporation, New York, 1960, p.195) of a collapsible reticular
structure which shows some formal similarities to the present
invention. Said structure is claimed to be an experimental project
carried out by Washington University, St. Louis, Miss. A more
detailed description of the same structure is given in "World
Design, Science Decade 1965-1975" by R. Buckminster Fuller, World
Resources Inventory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
Illinois, U.S.A., 1963, pp.51/52, reading as follows:
"As you see all the structural members are in parallel in this
first picture so that they may be transported in minimum volume in
a rocket capsule. The parallel struts of light weight magnesium
alloy consist of sets of three fastened together with a ball joint
in tripods. Each set is like a camera tripod with three tubular
magnesium legs. It has ball joints at the tripod head. Then all the
tripods' feet are fastened together with ball joints in clusters of
5 and 6 tubular-tripod feet per ball joint. We have a little mast
coming out of the top of each tripod. This mast is pushed out
automatically by a piston in a cylinder. We put 200 pounds of gas
pressure inside the cylinder and this gas pressure will push the
masts on all the tripods outwardly from each of the tripod heads.
The pushed-out masts each have three tension members leading to
their respective tripod's feet. As the masts are pushed out by the
200 pound pressure the tension members pull the legs of the tripods
outwardly from one another. The tripods all open wide with their
ball joint feet fastened together in hexagons and pentagons. There
is a triangular net of aircraft cable in a regular geodesic "star"
spherical grid, -- like the pneumatic ball's tension net, that
restrains the tripod legs from moving any further outwardly from
one another than is necessary to form a dome or sphere."
Perusal of the available text and photographs permits the following
remarks:
I. Although the aforesaid structure ("Flying Seed Pod" -- FSP) is
labeled "foldable," it is quite obvious that the primary concern of
the design was with rapid and effortless erection, while hardly
evincing any thought as to the collapsing of the structure. It is
possible to arrive at this conclusion not only because of the
absence, in the available texts, of any description concerning the
collapsing procedures, but mainly by way of analysis of both the
structure itself and its declared utility.
a. The "FSP" structure
The structure having been erected according to the explanations
cited above, it now becomes necessary to immobilize the "masts" in
their pushed-out position, in order to keep the cable systems tight
and said structure erect. In principle this could be accomplished
in two ways: pneumatically or mechanically. As to the former, this
would either mean shutting off the air pressure and assuming that
all cylinders, pistons and other sealing points are airtight enough
to keep the masts up for whatever period the structure is to be
used. As such an assumption is not very realistic, the other
pneumatic solution would be to have the structure permanently
connected to a sufficiently large compressed-gas source, a solution
even more clumsy and only slightly less unsafe. There remain thus
the mechanical solutions of which there exist, of course, any
number. Basically, such a locking device could be manually
actuated, e.g., a pin pushed into a transversal hole in the mast,
preventing it from sliding back once the pressure is relieved or
reduced. A more elegant solution would be a spring-loaded catch
which, similar to the umbrella catch, would permit the mast to
extend, but prevent it from withdrawing. Whatever the solution
applied, these locks or stops would have to be manually released,
one by one, before the structure could be collapsed. As said
structure cannot be collapsed tripod by tripod, to achieve a
controlled collapse (as opposed to a "catastrophic" collapse), this
would seem to pose a most serious problem, unless, of course, as is
contended here, said structure was never intended for collapsing
after erection, not to speak of frequent collapsing and reerection.
This is also borne out by:
b. The utility of the "FSP" structure
Concerning utility, both sources are quite explicit. B. Fuller
states in "World Design Science Decade," p. 52:
"We have the proven ability to capsule, parallel packed, geodesic,
tensegrity structures for rocketing to the moon, or to the top of
an earth mountain, or to other far earth points to be self-opened
in seconds."
Robert W. Marks in "The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller." p.
195, talks of
". . . air-droppable and rocketable, remotely installable,
controlled environments."
II. Apart from said tubular "FSP" structure which can indeed be
claimed to show a formal similarity to one particular embodiment of
the present invention, it comprises further elements essential to
its very stability, namely, the masts as well as the two cable
systems referred to in the above explanation. Now, while the
mobility feature of the masts is required merely for erection, the
masts in their extended position and the two cable systems are
definitely required to "lock" the structure and keep it from
sagging and collapsing. If the cables were out, the structure would
collapse under its own weight.
III. The three legs of each tripod which, with their corresponding
three cables, constitute in themselves a pyramidal system, can be
regarded as one layer, and the triangulated, spherical cable grid
as a second layer of a double-layer structure the stability
properties of which are determined by the distance between these
two layers.
The invention described in the present application is distinguished
from the afore-described prior art in a number of aspects detailed
herebelow:
Re (I) above: The structures claimed by the present invention are
truly collapsible or foldable not only in the sense defined on pp.
1 and 2 hereof, but also in the sense referred to under (I) (see
above), namely, in that we have in our design paid equal attention
to "erectability"and "collapsibility," collapsing, if anything,
taking even less time than erecting. The collapsing procedure
appropriate to one of the embodiments of the present invention,
e.g., the dome-like structure represented in the hereinafter
mentioned FIGS. 1 and 2, is as follows:
1. The five lowermost joints 2D (FIGS. 1 and 2) on which the
structure rests are flipped over until substantially perpendicular
to the central one of their three bar-like elements.
2. The locking disks (9) (FIG. 4) mentioned hereinafter are
detached by turning them about a quarter turn.
3. The uppermost (central) joint 2A (FIGS. 1 and 2) is pulled down,
inverting the top vertex of the structure. As during this, and
subsequent, collapsing steps, first of all, and later at least some
of the bar terminals are still angularly defined in one or two
planes due to the special design of the joints, the slight strain
induced by the inversion of the inward-folding vertices produces
enough friction to permit these inversions, i.e., in effect, the
collapsing, to be accomplished in a "controlled," as opposed to a
"catastrophic" manner.
4. The rest of the inward-folding vertices are inverted by pushing
them inward, the "controlled" effect applying here, too.
5. The now spider-like, essentially collapsed structure is turned
into an array of practically parallel bars by pushing all five
"spider legs" toward the center. The need for frequent reerection,
i.e., for simple and rapid collapsing is also implied in the
utilities envisaged for the present invention, which includes such
uses as tents and bungalows for outings, picnics and on the beach
and similar short-time uses precluding any complicated and
time-consuming erection and collapsing procedures.
Re (II) above: As stated in the claims of the present application,
the structure according to the said invention is "self-supporting
by virtue of its geometry and the design of its joints." Removal of
such non-protruding, non-cable like and, therefore, non-snarling,
locking devices as are suggested by the present invention would
still leave these structures standing.
Re (III) above: The structure according to the present invention is
strictly a single-layer structure and, therefore, both structurally
and morphologically speaking, essentially different from the
double-layer structure represented by the said "FSP" structure.
It is thus seen that the structures of the present invention are
distinguished from the afore-mentioned prior art in several
important and material aspects having a direct bearing on the
design and utilities of the respective structures, one of the
principal features of the structures of the invention being the
particular design of the joints offering different and carefully
determined degrees of freedom to the respective terminals of the
bar-like elements and presenting indent, guide and stop features
fully defining the angular position of their associated bar-like
elements both with respect to each other and with respect to the
central axis of symmetry of each vertex so as to define and delimit
the unique angular position of each bar-like element within the
whole structure as dictated by the geometries of the whole.
Another known structure, the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 3,059,658
(Thomas R. Finlayson) claims a "Shelter Framework" which may be
deemed pertinent to the present invention inasmuch as it bears a
certain formal resemblance to one particular embodiment of the
present invention. The structure covered by this U.S. Patent claims
to be collapsible and, when collapsed, to form a compact bundle,
with its constituent strut elements in a substantially parallel
relationship. The structure claimed by the above reference derives
its rigidity and stability from the fact that it is completely
triangulated, i.e., the polygons constituting its spatial
configuration are triangles, the horizontal bases of which are
formed, on the one hand, by the "eave struts" and, on the other
hand, by the means interjoining the ground-engaging ends of the
support struts or, in absence of such means, by the ground itself
to which the structure must be firmly anchored. Now, as a
polyhedral structure can only be completely collapsed if its
constituent polygons have 2n sides, the structure, prior to
collapsing, must be turned from a triangulated one (a triangle
having 2n-1 sides) into a quadrangulated one. This can only be done
by eliminating said horizontal bases of said triangles, i.e., the
"eave struts" as well as said interjoining means on the ground, be
they cable or strut means or, in absence of such, anchorage to the
ground.
The present invention is distinguished from, and constitutes an
improvement of, the invention of said U.S. Pat. No.3,059,658 by the
fact that, its constituent polygons, having 2n sides, it can be
completely collapsed without prior removal of some of its
structural elements. Most important, however, whereas said known
structure would immediately collapse without said means holding its
ground-engaging ends in a stable position, the present invention is
inherently self-supporting by virtue of its geometry and, in
particular, the design of its joints, as explained in the comment
on the above-mentioned B. Fuller disclosure. The present invention
can therefore in no way be said to be derived from the invention of
U.S. Pat. No. 3,059,658.
According to the invention there is provided a reticular,
three-dimensional, jointed structure constituted by a plurality of
joints and a plurality of rectilinear, substantially rigid,
bar-like elements mutually jointed and articulated by said joints,
said structure conforming to geometries based on polyhedra
constituted by plane or spatial polygons having 2n sides, said
structure being collapsible, wherein said joints include integral
indent and/or guide and stop means which fully define and delimit
the unique angular position of their associated bar-like elements
both with respect to each other and with respect to the central
axis of symmetry of said joints, which indent and/or guide and stop
means enable said structure to be intrinsically self-supporting
once completely erected, and wherein said joints are designed so
that at least some of said bar-like elements may move with more
than one degree of freedom at least to some extent relative to
their associated joints, while the other bar-like elements are
constrained relative to their associated joints so as to be
restricted to movement in one plane only and that in the collapsed
state of said structure, the array formed by said bar-like element
is of a length substantially equal to the length of a single
bar-like element.
Regarding the geometries of the structures of the invention, it can
be stated that the basic shapes underlying said structures are
either spherical (dome-like) or cylindrical, in which latter case
the axis of symmetry of the cylindrical envelope, being also the
axis of the structure, can be either parallel or perpendicular to
the ground. Cylindrical structures with a vertical axis of symmetry
can be closed off at the top by adding a pyramid having an n-gonal
symmetry identical with the symmetry of the cylindrical grid. The
totality of said bar-like elements, interconnected by an
appropriate number of joints, thus constitutes a spatial grid
substantially outlining said underlying basic shapes and, as
described above, consisting of a number of spatial polygons having
2n sides.
Concerning said joints, it should be noted that their design is
such as to permit at least some, but possibly all, of said bar-like
elements to move with more than one degree of freedom, said term as
herein used referring to any one of the six possibilities of motion
of a movable body relative to a fixed system of coordinates (three
translations parallel to the coordinate axes and three rotations
about these axes), while constraining other bar-like elements in
such a way that, relative to one or both of their associated
joints, said other bar-like elements may be restricted to movement
in one plane only.
As to the actual number of bar-like elements required for a
specific embodiment of the invention, it should be pointed out that
this actual number is either equal to the ideal number of bar-like
elements as prescribed by the theoretical configuration of the
structure, or different from this ideal number, in which case one
or more elements are either removed or added to provide for access
to the structure or connecting apertures or passage ways between a
plurality of said structures, or any combination thereof.
A further feature of the structures of the present invention is the
fact that, with the aid of joining elements, one such structure can
be joined to, and combined with, one or several identical or
similar or even dissimilar structures in such a way as to create a
new structure, more complex than said basic structure.
Although the structures proposed by the present invention can in
principle be regarded as self-supporting, extraneous or
concentrated or accidental forces may be countered by immobilizing
or rigidifying at least some of said articulated joints with the
aid of locking devices which are either integral with, or
attachable to, said joints.
The proposed structures do not require supporting members within or
without the space enclosed by them and can be anchored to the
ground with or without the aid of guy ropes.
The structures of the present invention may be covered by at least
one pliable covering skin which can be attached to either the inner
or the outer skin of the structure, or with a plurality of skins
some of which can be attached to the inner side and some to the
outer side of the structure. Said structure can be collapsed and/or
erected with said skin or skins in situ or, alternatively, said
skin or skins may be attached to said structure after erection and
removed from said structures prior to collapse. These skins can be
made from any pliable material, such as fabrics from natural or
synthetic or mixed fibers, and also from rigid or semi-rigid sheet
material (metallic, plastic, paper, mineral, etc.). In the latter
case, these sheets can be joined to each other and to the structure
by such known processes as lacing, cementing, welding, riveting,
etc., and/or by a plurality of properly located and shaped
connectors such as hooks, rings, clamps, links, etc.
The structures of the invention can be used as tents and bungalows
for outings, picnics and on the beach, as self-contained stands for
exhibitions and fairs, as first-aid stations and emergency
hospitals, as temporary storage facilitiates and movable packing
sheds, temporary work camps and the like.
For a better understanding of the nature of the structures
according to the invention, a description thereof will now be
given, based on the accompanying drawings which illustrate, simply
and diagrammatically and by way of example only, some preferred
embodiments of said invention and wherein :
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a dome-like structure according to
the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 represents in perspective view a specific embodiment of a
bar-like element;
FIG. 4 shows in perspective view a particular embodiment of a
ball-and-socket type of joint;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a
ball-and-socket type of joints;
FIG. 6 illustrates a lug-and-fork type of joint;
FIG. 7 represents a compound structure obtained by joining together
two structures such as shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 shows the coherent array of bar-like elements as represented
by a completely collapsed structure such as described, e.g. in FIG.
1;
FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 illustrate a further embodiment of the structure
of the invention, based on a different geometry, in plan view and
elevational view respectively.
Apart from the general shape of a particular embodiment of the
invention, FIGS. 1 and 2 also indicate the precise location of all
bar and joint elements. Here numerals 1 denote the bar elements and
2, the joint elements. The different types of these elements are
indicated by letters. Accordingly,
1b: bar-like element with one lug-type and one ball-type terminal
(see FIG. 3);
1A: bar-like element with two lug-type terminals;
2A: lug-and-fork type joint, accommodating 5 bar-like elements
1A;
2B: lug-and-fork type joint, accommodating 3 bar-like elements (see
FIG. 6);
2C: ball-and-socket type joint, accommodating 5 bar-like elements
(see FIG. 4);
2D: ground-touching joints. According to their geometry, these are
essentially of the 2C type, except that they accommodate only three
bars each, the central one of which, lying in a meridional plane of
the spherical configuration, does not require the freedoms of
motion afforded by the ball joint and, therefore, can be of the
lug-type.
One particular embodiment of an entrance opening, marked in FIG. 2
by an arrow, is delimited by joints and bars 2D.sub.d -1A.sub.d
-2Bd-1B.sub.d -2C.sub.d 1B.sub.d -2B.sub.d -1A.sub.d -2D.sub.d.
Joints 2D.sub.d and 2C.sub.d each accommodate one bar-like element
less than their non-subscripted namesakes.
The bar-like element itself, which may be either hollow or solid
and consist of any suitable material such as ferrous or nonferrous
metals, plastics, wood, or any combination of such materials, is
shown in greater detail in FIG. 3, which is a preferred embodiment
and in which body 3 thereof is shown as attached at one of its ends
to a spherical terminal 4, constituting the ball of a
ball-and-socket type joint, the other end being attached to a flat
tongue 5 constituting the male element of a lug-and-fork type
joint. Fixed to tongue 5 is a pivot 6.
A specific embodiment of a ball-and-socket type joint is
illustrated in FIG. 4, which shows two halves 7 and 8 forming the
body of said joint, an attached locking disk 9, a T-shaped nut 10
holding down the locking disk 9, a bolt 11, a head 12, which has a
hook-like shape serving for attachment of the covering skin, and
U-shaped indents comprising stop means 13 and guide means 13a,
which serve to define the position of the bar-like elements
relative to said joint, once the structure is completely erected.
One end 14 of such an element is ghosted-in. Upon collapsing of the
structure, the locking disc having duly been removed the balls
necks can, at first, move only in one plane, being still confined
between the parallel walls of the U-shaped indent. However, once
the ball neck has moved beyond the indent, the bar-like elements
and the body of the joint are able to perform the complex relative
movements required for convergence of the joints and juxtaposition
of the bar-like elements to form the compact array shown in FIG. 8.
Upon erection of the structure, the ball necks can freely follow
the complex, not necessarily symmetrical pulling forces, until they
make contact with the guide surfaces 13a which eventually ease them
into the U-shaped indent, where their motion is finally brought to
an end by the stop surfaces 13.
Another embodiment of a ball-and-socket type joint is shown in FIG.
5. Here, the locking device is an integral part of the joint and
consists of a cup 15, rotatably mounted on one of the joint halves
and provided with a number of peripheral slots 16 which, in the
open state of the lock, permit the ball necks to be introduced and
seated in the U-shaped positioning indents 16a. Rotation of the
locking cup 15, facilitated by gripping tabs 17, causes the indent
exists 16b to be blocked, thus preventing the ball necks from
leaving their respective indents.
A preferred embodiment of a lug-and-fork type joint is illustrated
in FIG. 6. This joint permits its members to move in one plane
only, as the guide slots 19a are, substantially, of the same width
as the lug 22. In this embodiment, the two halves 18 and 19 are
held together by a bolt 20 having a hook-shaped head 21. The
ghosted-in lug-type end 22 of the bar-like element 23 is provided
with a pivot 24 rotatably seated in one of the joint halves. The
bottom 18a of the upper-half guide slot serves as a stop.
In FIG. 7, two dome-like structures of the kind seen in FIG. 1 are
joined together to form a larger, more complex structure. Here, the
basic structures are denoted by 25 and 26, and the joining
accessories by 27 and 28.
The coherent array of bar-like elements as represented by a
completely collapsed structure of the kind seen in FIG. 1, is shown
in FIG. 8. The closely folded bar-like elements are in the
collapsed state substantially parallel, some of the joints coming
to rest on top of the array and some at the bottom. In the example
shown, the covering skin has been removed prior to collapsing of
the structure, although this is not necessary in practice.
Another embodiment of the proposed structures is depicted in FIG. 9
and in FIG. 10. This is a basically cylindrical structure with a
vertical axis of symmetry, closed off at the top by a pyramid.
Herebelow is a description of a preferred erection procedure of a
certain embodiment of the invention, with reference to FIGS. 1 and
2 of the drawings:
i. The bundle of parallel bar-like elements (schematically
represented in FIG. 8) is put on the ground, with the bar-like
elements in a substantially vertical position and with the
ball-and-socket type joints touching the ground.
ii. The five peripheral ground-touching joints 2D (FIG. 8) are
pulled outwardly in a radial direction as far as they will move,
imparting to the structure, at this stage, a spider-like
appearance.
iii. One of the persons engaged in the erection of the structure
(called in the following an "erector") then lifts up the two upper
bars 1B (FIG. 2), which delimit the entrance opening, thus
permitting a second erector to position himself underneath the now
partly distended structure.
iv. The second erector now lifts up the central joint 2A, holding
it high, while the first erector pulls out the peripheral
five-member joints [including the four-member joint 2C.sub.d
(FIG.2) of the entrance opening. ]
v. The five ground-contacting joints 2D (FIG. 1 and 2) are manually
tilted outwardly as far as they will go and the locking disks 9
(FIG. 4) are now applied to each of the five ball-type joints 2C by
first pulling these joints outwards until all the ball necks are
properly seated against the stops 13 (FIG. 4) of their respective
indents, then the locking disks are put on, with their slots 9a
(FIG. 4) parallel with the T-nut 10 (FIG. 4) and, finally, turning
said disks about a quarter of a turn. The structure is now erected
and may be anchored to the ground, if conditions so require.
The collapsing procedure has already been described on pages 10 and
11 of this specification and is, in effect, more or less a reverse
procedure to that described in respect of the aforementioned
erection procedure.
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