U.S. patent number 3,766,669 [Application Number 05/103,789] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-23 for profiled cellular article.
Invention is credited to Ralph E. Pearsall.
United States Patent |
3,766,669 |
Pearsall |
October 23, 1973 |
PROFILED CELLULAR ARTICLE
Abstract
A flexible polyvinyl chloride foam member is provided with a
permanent profile or shape by use of compressive pressure and radio
frequency heating. The resulting article has a higher concentration
of smaller foam cells in a portion of higher density than in a
portion of lower density.
Inventors: |
Pearsall; Ralph E. (Gloucester,
MA) |
Family
ID: |
26800854 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/103,789 |
Filed: |
January 4, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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851796 |
Aug 21, 1969 |
3591882 |
Jul 13, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
36/43; 36/28;
36/30R; 264/413; 264/321 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A43D
35/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A43D
35/00 (20060101); A43b 013/38 () |
Field of
Search: |
;36/44,43,28,32R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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865,645 |
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Mar 1941 |
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FR |
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457,717 |
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Mar 1928 |
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DD |
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Primary Examiner: Guest; Alfred R.
Parent Case Text
The present application is a division of my U.S. Pat. application
Ser. No. 851,796 filed Aug. 21, 1969 now U. S. Pat. No. 3,591,882
issued July 13, 1971.
Claims
Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire
to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A profiled insole of entirely flexible, open cell, polyvinyl
chloride material comprising a portion having cells smaller in size
than in an adjacent portion of the material for providing differing
material densities to the portions.
2. An insole as in claim 1 wherein the portion having the smaller
cells has a higher cell concentration and a higher density than the
adjacent portion.
Description
The present invention relates to flexible synthetic polymer
cellular or foam materials and particularly to a method for
profiling or shaping the same.
Introducing a defined or predetermined profile of a permanent
nature into a block or member of flexible, thermoplastic synthetic
polymeric cellular or foam material in such a way that the member
retains a foam or cellular nature, is a desired expedient. Various
products such as cushions, cushion insoles and other foot supports
as well as pads and cushion padding for garment, automotive and
many other end uses may be produced in this manner. In addition to
providing the member with the desired profile or shape, the
cellular member may be provided with predetermined cushioning
capacities or properties which may have different magnitudes within
a single member. This latter is particularly desirable in members,
such as cushioning members, where it may be anticipated that a
portion or portions of the same will be subjected to a greater
impact or compression force than the remainder. A comparable
increase in cushioning capacity, or foam density in that portion or
portions of the member will then more effectively absorb or cushion
the impact, and serve to distribute the force of the impact better
or more evenly throughout the member.
Profiling or shaping of members of the type described has generally
involved a process in which the members are compressed into the
desired profile and then heated to temperatures sufficiently high
to melt or orient the polymeric materials, followed by cooling to
set the profile or shape introduced; both the heating and cooling
being carried out while the member is maintained in the compressed
condition. Care must be taken in heating the members to avoid
completely collapsing the members or collapsing them to the extent
that they lose their foam or cellular nature.
One of the heating methods prescribed has been the radio frequency
type. In many respects that technique seems particularly
appropriate because heat penetrates quickly into interior portions
of a polymer foam body. The strongly non-heat-conductive quality of
such a body, makes it resistant to being heated to a uniform
temperature throughout using other types of heating, particularly
those which rely for heat transfer on heat conductivity.
Despite the advantages obtained from using radio frequency type of
heating certain shortcomings persist. One such shortcoming is
difficulty providing a permanent set to the introduced profile or
shape while at the same time avoiding over heating which would
result in collapse and loss of the cellular structure. Various
expedients have been practiced in attempts to overcome this
situation. One has been to coat or deposit a thermoplastic resinous
material on the cell walls. This added material is chosen to have a
lower melting point than does the material constituting the foam,
and acts either as an adhesive material which serves to adhere the
then constricted cell walls together, or as a restraining material
which effects the same end by setting or stiffening the cell walls
in the constricted or deformed position introduced as a result of
shaping pressure or compression applied to the foam or cellular
body. Another expedient has been to included in the foam or
cellular materials the so-called conditioning materials such as
water, alcohol, etc. which are more resistant to radio frequency
emissions than the polymer material constituting the foam or
cellular structure, to localize the heat generated by radio
frequency electrical field throughout the foam or cellular body at
the particular locations of the polymer foam structures within the
body. Including any of the indicated materials into the foam is a
definite disadvantage.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method or
process for profiling or shaping cellular or foam members of
thermoplastic synthetic polymeric material.
It is another object of the invention to provide a process or
method as above which does not require added materials in order to
obtain profiling or shaping which may be permanently set in the
cellular or foam member.
It is another object of the invention to produce a profiled foam
member as indicated which retain a foam or cellular structure.
These and other objects of the invention are attained in a process
or method for producing a profiled cellular article. The process
involves a number of steps. The first is that of compressing a
flexible, open cell, coherent body or member comprised of polyvinyl
chloride material to a predetermined profile or cross-sectional
dimension. Then while the body is maintained compressed it is first
subjected to a field of radio frequency electrical energy and then
is cooled or allowed to cool sufficiently for the introduced
profile or shape to become set in the body or member.
The following drawings are included for the purpose of illustrating
the invention in which:
FIG. 1 is an end elevation of an open-cell flexible polyvinyl
chloride insole blank;
FIG. 2 is a partial section taken along the lines II--II of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a plan view, in section, of a bottom half of a profiling
mold;
FIG. 4 is a side elevation, generally schematic and partly in
section showing a radio frequency heating press, preparatory to
carrying out a profiling operation;
FIG. 5 is a view corresponding to that of FIG. 3, showing the
heating press during the profiling operation;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal vertical section of a cushion insole
produced by profiling in the press shown in FIGS. 3 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a partial section taken along the lines VII--VII of FIG.
6;
FIG. 8 is a vertical section through an insole blank constituted of
two unattached pieces of flexible open-cell polyvinyl chloride;
FIG. 9 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the
blank shown in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible,
open-cell polyvinyl chloride;
FIG. 11 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the
blank shown in FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible,
open cell polyvinyl chloride including an insert of material
effectively resistant to change of state when subjected to radio
frequency electrical heating;
FIG. 13 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the
blank shown in FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible
open cell polyvinyl chloride assembled on an insole bottom
sheet;
FIG. 15 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the
assembly shown in FIG. 14;
FIG. 16 is a vertical section through an insole blank of flexible
open-cell polyvinyl chloride assembled in interposed relationship
with an insole bottom sheet and an insole top sheet; and
FIG. 17 is a vertical section through an insole produced from the
assembly shown in FIG. 16.
The present invention utilizes as blanks, blocks or other starting
members, those which are produced from flexible, open-cell
polyvinyl chloride. The polyvinyl chloride material used may be
either a homopolymer or a copolymer such as those produced by
copolymerizing vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. In the case of the
homopolymer, and copolymers, the latter in possibly lesser extent
quantitatively, flexibility results from the introduction into the
resin of a plasticizer such as dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl
phosphate, butylbenzylphthalate, dioctyl adipate, and the like.
Flexibility in the copolymer material may be obtained as a result
of internal plasticization, the choice in type and amount of
comonomer determining this, and by external plasticizers such as
the dioctyl phthalate used in conjunction with the same. In this
regard, polyvinyl chloride materials including 20 to 60 parts by
weight of plasticizer, such as dioctyl phthalate based on 100 parts
by weight of polyvinyl chloride polymer have sufficient flexibility
for conveniently practicing the present invention.
The blanks may be produced from the polyvinyl chloride resin in the
open cell form by chemical, mechanical or a combination of those
techniques. Chemical techniques involve the use of blowing agents.
The resin including the latter is heated to a temperature above the
gasification or boiling point of the blowing agent, depending on
which type is chosen and after being allowed to expand in fluid
form or while gelling in the case of plastisols the mass is then
allowed to cool. Generally, a free blow is practiced and the blank
or block which is to serve as the starting member is cut out of the
then cooled, solidified, foam mass. The blank may be blown directly
in a mold, but this is the less convenient technique of the two.
Either way the conditions and constituents, the latter having
particular reference to molecular weight of the polyvinyl chloride
polymer used, choice of plasticizer, and blowing or foaming agent
may be varied to produce a foam or cellular material of the desired
cell structure. Mechanical techniques involve punching or leaching
to remove a certain amount of the mass at selected intervals and
thereby introduce an open cell structure into an otherwise solid
body or a closed cell body, or an open cell body in which more open
cell porosity is desired. In the latter two instances needling may
also be used to increase open porosity. The most convenient
procedure is to produce the starting blank using the chemical
blowing technique.
It is also preferred to use starting blanks which have at least a
high incidence of open porosity. This allows for the production of
final products in a wide range of foam densities, cushioning
qualities, and porosities, the latter being important where vapor
or liquid transmission by the final product, such as insoles, is a
desirable attribute. Starting blanks having foam densities of 2 to
10 pounds per cubic foot operate well in this respect, with a
further preference directed to blanks having foam densities ranging
4 to 6 pounds per cubic foot.
The present invention uses radio frequency heating to facilitate
profiling of a permanent nature in or on flexible polyvinyl
chloride foam blanks or members. Frequencies which operate for this
purpose may range from about 10 MH.sub.Z to 200 MH.sub.Z with a
preferred range being about 25 MH.sub.Z to 120 MH.sub.Z. Power
wattages ranging from 1 kw. to 100 kw. with a preferred range being
about 1 to 25 kw are acceptable. Specific choices within the above
ranges of frequency and wattage relate to the size electrodes used,
and that of the work piece, blank or member to be profiled. In this
latter regard the material and construction of the mold used, are
considerations. The voltage, between electrodes is maintained as
high as is possible without causing breakdown of material taking
place. This has reference to the dielectric strength of the
material, which is the amount of voltage a material can withstand
before breaking down, Generally, the narrower the gap between
electrodes, the less the time required for heating.
The time required for exposure to radio frequency is dependent upon
the frequency, wattage, and voltage used. Generally periods may
range about 2 to 60 seconds. Based on the preferred ranges
indicated above, heating periods of 5 to 10 seconds suffice. The
cooling period which may also be referred to as dwell, sufficient
time for the latter may range 0-10 seconds. The extremely short
duration of both the heating and cooling times is an indication of
the efficiency obtained from using the radio frequency heating.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a starting block or blank 10 of flexible,
open-cell polyvinyl chloride material. As shown particularly at
FIG. 2, a significant proportion of cells 12 are intercommunicating
or intercellular in nature, which pass completely, if randonly,
through blank 10.
The block 10, which has previously been provided an outline shape
of an insole, is introduced into the correspondingly shaped cavity
16 of a mold bottom half 18. The mold is shown constituted of wood
or similar material and also includes a cavity lining 20 of
silicone rubber, see in this regard FIG. 3.
As shown in FIG. 4, the mold bottom half 18 carrying the lock 10 is
located within a radio frequency heated press 30, which includes a
movable top plate or electrode 32 and a bottom plate or electrode
34. Both of plates 32 and 34 are connected to a high-frequency
generator. The mold bottom half 18 together with the mold top half
36, which includes a mold cover 37 and a dependent shaping or
profiing portion 38, the latter fitted to the cavity 16, are
positioned on the bottom plate 34. The mold cover 37 is shown
constituted of wood, while the shaping portion 38 is constituted of
silicone rubber or similar material.
With closing or lowering of the top plate 32, the mold top half 36
is similarly closed down into the mold bottom half 18, forcing the
profiling or shaping mold portion 38 down on the block 10,
introducing, or compressing the predetermined or desired profile
shape into the block 10. See in this regard FIG. 5. The
high-frequency generator is then actuated to provide a radio
frequency electrical field to which the block 10 is exposed. For
illustrative purposes the radio frequency heated press 30 may be
considered to be a 15 kw. unit having a 7.0 kw. output because of
efficiency drop off. The frequency may be 60 MH.sub.Z, and. Under
those conditions the block 10, while compressed into the desired
profile by force applied through the shaping portion 38, may be
exposed to the field for a heat time of 5 seconds. At that point
the power is cut off followed by a dwell time of zero second, the
top plate 32 is lifted and the mold assembly unloaded. When the
mold assembly is opened, a permanently profiled insole unit 10a, as
shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. As shown specifically at FIG. 7, the
cells 12a are of smaller size than when previously shown as 12 in
FIG. 2. Nevertheless an open-cell structure is retained, giving an
insole unit 10a having desirable vapor transmission properties, as
well as increased foam density or cell concentration, and
comparable increase in cushioning properties. This is increasingly
so in concave shaped portions such as the heel portion 40 and the
metatarsal arch portion 42 where this is particularly
desirable.
The invention is also adapted to utilize more than a single
starting block, in providing a profiled insole unit. The embodiment
shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate this. In the first of those
figures a pair of flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride blocks 44
and 46 are stacked together across an interface 47. After being
exposed to a radio frequency electrical field in the manner
previously described, the result obtained is the insole unit 48
shown in FIG. 9. The insole unit 48 constitutes the blocks 44a and
46a, profiled and partially welded together into a single unit
across the interface 47a. Separation of the blocks 44a and 46a at
interface 47a is accomplished only by tearing of the polyvinyl
chloride material.
The embodiment illustrated at FIGS. 10 and 11 is intended to show a
variation of the invention by which to obtain proportionately
increased foam density in a predetermined area or portion of an
insole unit. The starting block 50 shown in FIG. 10 is of greater
thickness, and similarly includes more polyvinyl chloride material
at the heel portion 52 than the forepart portion 54. When the block
50 is subjected to a radio frequency electrical field in the manner
previously described, a permanently profiled insole unit 56 as
shown in FIG. 11, is obtained, having proportionately greater foam
density, and resultingly greater cushioning properties, in the heel
portion 52a than at the forepart 54a. The increase in cushioning
properties may be obtained at that portion while at the same time
retaining vapor transmission capability. Variations may be
practiced relative to this embodiment of the invention by locating
increased foam thicknesses elsewhere on the starting block, singly
or plurally and by varying thickness of same as desired. The
increased thickness portions may be integral with the block as
shown in FIG. 10 or it may be effected by a separate piece or
pieces assembled for that purpose. Reference in this regard may be
made to FIGS. 8 and 10 viewed together.
Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated at FIGS. 12 and
13. There starting block 60 of flexible open cell polyvinyl
chloride is provided at the heel portion 62 with a slot 64 into
which an insert member 66 is fitted. The insert member 66 is
constituted of material which is effectively resistant to change of
state when subjected to radio frequency electrical field. Materials
such as polyurethane foam or foam rubber may be used for this
purpose. The insert member 66 may serve as an effective thickness
gauge operating to control the effective cavity depth of the mold
used, and similarly the thickness of the insole unit 68 obtained as
a result of the radio frequency heating, see FIG. 13. Note in this
regard that the insert member 66a is of essentially the same
thickness as 66 in the starting block 60. It is possible to include
inserts of various sizes, shapes, thicknesses, numbers and at
different locations with respect to a given starting block, and
resulting insole unit, both for the purposes indicated above, and
other purposes as well. Other materials may include those which are
responsive to radio frequency electrical fields. In this regard
inserts of responsive materials may be included to provide adhesive
sites which would facilitate lamination with other materials and
parts, size and style indicia, etc. based on their being inscribed
while in a molten condition, etc.
Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated with respect to
FIGS. 14 and 15. In this, an insole blank or starting member 70 of
flexible open cell polyvinyl chloride is assembled superimposed on
a bottom member 72 constituting a resin impregnated cellulosic
member, such as Texon sheet, or the like. As a result of
compressing and treating with radio frequency heating, as
previously described, a permanently profiled insole unit 74, as
shown in FIG. 15 obtained. The insole unit 74 includes the profiled
top, lamina 70a which remains flexible, open-cell polyvinyl
chloride, and is strongly attached to the lower sheet or lamina
72a.
Still another embodiment of the invention is shown with respect to
FIGS. 16 and 17. In the first of those a blank of flexible
open-cell, polyvinyl chloride 80 is assembled in interposed
relationship with a top sheet 82 of thermoplastic synthetic
polymeric material, and a bottom member 84 of resin impregnated
sheet material. All three parts generally have a planar shape
corresponding to that of an insole. Top sheet 82 is preferably one
which has porosity to allow for vapor transmission. Examples of
such materials, which are flexible in nature include crushed, blown
polyvinyl chloride sheet, sprayed-on open pore flexible, resin
coatings, etc.
The profiled insole unit 86, which is obtained as a result of radio
frequency heating under compression conditions as previously
described, is constituted of three laminae 80a, 82a and 84a, all of
which are well attached one to the other. The unit 86 exhibits
vapor transmission properties throughout. This is extremely
desirable in insoles, for contributing greatly to wearer
comfort.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those
made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently
attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the
above process and in the products set forth without departing from
the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter
contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying
drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting
sense.
* * * * *